Context
Patients with prostate cancer and their physicians need knowledge of
treatment options and their potential complications, but limited data on complications
are available in unselected population-based cohorts of patients.Objective
To measure changes in urinary and sexual function in men who have undergone
radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer.Design
The Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study, a population-based longitudinal
cohort study with up to 24 months of follow-up.Setting
Population-based cancer registries in 6 geographic regions of the United
States.Participants
A total of 1291 black, white, and Hispanic men aged 39 to 79 years who
were diagnosed as having primary prostate cancer between October 1, 1994,
and October 31, 1995, and who underwent radical prostatectomy within 6 months
of diagnosis for clinically localized disease.Main Outcome Measures
Distribution of and change in urinary and sexual function measures reported
by patients at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after diagnosis.Results
At 18 or more months following radical prostatectomy, 8.4% of men were
incontinent and 59.9% were impotent. Among men who were potent before surgery,
the proportion of men reporting impotence at 18 or more months after surgery
varied according to whether the procedure was nerve sparing (65.6% of non–nerve-sparing,
58.6% of unilateral, and 56.0% of bilateral nerve–sparing). At 18 or
more months after surgery, 41.9% reported that their sexual performance was
a moderate-to-large problem. Both sexual and urinary function varied by age
(39.0% of men aged <60 years vs 15.3%-21.7% of older men were potent at ≥18
months [P<.001]; 13.8% of men aged 75-79 years
vs 0.7%-3.6% of younger men experienced the highest level of incontinence
at ≥18 months [P = .03]), and sexual function
also varied by race (38.4% of black men reported firm erections at ≥18
months vs 25.9% of Hispanic and 21.3% of white men; P
= .001).Conclusions
Our study suggests that radical prostatectomy is associated with significant
erectile dysfunction and some decline in urinary function. These results may
be particularly helpful to community-based physicians and their patients with
prostate cancer who face difficult treatment decisions.
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed solid tumor in US men.
An estimated 179,300 men will be diagnosed as having the disease in 1999,1 and in more than 70% of these patients, the disease
will be clinically localized.2 Treatment options
for men with tumors confined to the prostate who have at least a 10-year life
expectancy include radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation, brachytherapy,
or expectant management. Each of these approaches is associated with a different
spectrum of morbidity and effects on quality of life, which may be short-term
or long-term.
To make informed choices about treatment alternatives, patients with
prostate cancer and their physicians need accurate information to assess the
potential and pattern of complications associated with each option. Numerous
investigators have assessed urinary and sexual function 1 or more years after
radical prostatectomy, with rates of incontinence ranging from 4% to 40% and
impotence from 29% to 75%.3- 12
These findings reflect the experiences of patients from selected clinical
practices,3- 5,7- 9,12
a health maintenance organization,10 and Medicare
recipients.6,11 Differences in
patient mix, study size, and data collection methods may explain the wide
range of results.
Limited data are available to describe the outcome experiences of unselected
population-based patients. We report results from the multicenter Prostate
Cancer Outcomes Study (PCOS), which has completed longitudinal assessments
of functional status in a large community-based cohort of patients with prostate
cancer treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease.