Type of bacteriophage(virus) virion proteins

There are many spots on the tomato fruits, the size of a pinhole in the middle, and sometimes there is a white ring outside. Please help us and identify this pathogen. Thanks a lot!

I am planning an immunoprecipitation experiment using Mouse monoclonal [11C9] to Mannan Binding Lectin/MBL (ab26277) antibody to immunoprecipitate for MBL2 in human serum. There are many protocols online for immunoprecipitation utilising cell cultures, where the recommended amount of cells tends to be 10^6 to 10^7, however not so many that utilise human serum.

Reading online, the optimal total protein load of immunoprecipitation seems to be 1-5 mg/mL, with 0.1 mg/mL being the minimum recommended load. Considering that the normal range for total protein in human serum is 60-83g/L (average: 71.5 g/L), loading 5 mg of total protein for immunoprecipitation would mean I need 69.9 mL. Alternatively, loading the minimum (0.1 mg), I would need 1.395 mL of human serum based on my calculations.

I cannot afford to be using 1.395 mL of human serum in my experiment due to lack of sample volume. I was wondering if anyone can share the amount of human serum they've used for immunoprecipitation before, where it was successful. Thank you in advance.

I live in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and am looking at the potential of what are mostly wasted as weeds here. If you are using this plant for food, have some recipes, etc. please share your thoughts, recipes, and comments.

I am not a scientist but just somebody who is interested in Ethnobotany. My degrees are in Rhetoric, Composition, and English Language teaching. I am pleased to hear what others in their respective specialties knows. And just recipes, of course.

I am following this paper (DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02895-10) to run a PCR that could differentiate between live and dead bacteria.

The method is based on propidium monoazide (PMA), which enters the dead cells, binds to the DNA, and then polymerizes, impairing the subsequent PCR step. The s s done with UV irradiation. The authors report this step as: "10 min of incubation in the dark, samples were exposed for 5 min to a 600-W halogen light source at a distance of 15 to 20 cm from the light source".

I have available a cross-linker with an emission at 254 nm but with only 5 W, not 600 W.

I have killed the bacteria by incubating them at 99 degrees for 15 mins. I added PMA at the suggested concentration of 100 μM in the dark for 10 mins to both the treated cells and a control. To compensate, I left the samples for 30 mins under my lamp in a tissue culture plate (to be sure that light reached the samples).

However, the PCR showed only a decrease of one circle in the treated samples compared to the control.

Am I correct in thinking that 5 W is too little? Or is there another fundamental step I am overlooking?

A 600 W lamp is not readily available. I have a 40 W lamp in the cabinet. Would that be better? and how long should the samples be irradiated?

Would the normal 1.5 mL tubes be transparent to the 254 nm light to are there special tubes?

Or is the fully chemical approach to differentiate live from dead bacteria by PCR?

Thank you

I made an avidity ELISA to test this parameter in the serum of cancer patients vaccinated with a drug that generates antibodies. I tested different time points of the same patient just to see if the avidity will increase with more doses in time. but I want to interpret this result different than percentage, especially because I used different concentrations of NH4SCM as well.

Dear Concern

I have published articles in MDPI journals. After that, I reviewed handful of manuscripts. I found some skepticism as most of my colleagues do. Other than its rapid processing, it charges a lot, most of them don't have IF, advice to cite articles, are not thoroughly reviewed and the list goes on.

What are the early warning systems in place to alert communities about impending heat waves?

How does matter and the flow of energy move through the carbon cycle and cycles of matter, carbon, nitrogen, and water, and flows of energy interrelated in ecosystems?