Vasil Levski Military University, Veliko Tarnovo

The article deals with issues related to the impact of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on humans and biological objects (bio-objects). Such types of radiation as electromagnetic fields of low frequency and microwave range, infrared and ultraviolet and ionizing radiation are considered. Data on the harmful effects of EMR on biological objects are given. The basic principles of protection against EMR are considered.

Introduction/purpose: The theory of direct firing of armored units deals with the calculation of the probability of hitting the target depending on the number of projectiles fired, in certain combat circumstances as well as under certain meteorological conditions. Successful performance of the combat task of armored units in defensive actions against stationary targets depends to the greatest extent on the effectiveness of fire of tank weapons. Under the tactical assumptions that define real combat conditions, i.e., that the attacking formation opens fire from small arms and anti-tank weapons, that the defense is organized in a timely manner on maneuvering ground and in optimal meteorological conditions, and that the tank squad opens fire while stationary, the scientific goal of the research is to determine the probability of hitting and destroying the target as closely as possible depending on the method of determining the distance to the target and the number of projectiles fired. Methods: Mainly applying the method of situation modeling in scientific research, the authors try to determine, as precisely as possible, the percentage of the probability of hitting (destroying) a stationary target, with the first, second, or third projectile. Results: The main scientific contribution of the research would be the determination of various quantitative indicators as significant parameters necessary for a successful design of defense operations of ground army units. Conclusion: By creating an appropriate model for a specific situation in order to solve a problem (combat task), it is possible to precisely determine the probability of hitting and the probability of destroying the target in relation to the number of projectiles fired, as well as the expected consumption of ammunition.

The purpose of the article is to present a situational analysis of the education and training system in the field of security in the Republic of Bulgaria in 2021, in which internal and external threats, strengths and weaknesses, problem areas and possible solutions will be highlighted. The subject of the article is the education and training system, as the specific subject is the education and training system in the field of security in the Republic of Bulgaria.

The present article aims to focus the attention on the Russian-Ukrainian war from February 24, 2022 and its impact on the environment. The analysis reveals the importance of climate issues in Ukraine for the past, present and future of the country by considering: a/the war as wake-up call for climate emergency; and b/ the desire of Kiev for accession to the EU as an opportunity for green transition and sustainable recovery. It is claimed that the war in Ukraine from 2022 is an example of how military actions have a significant ecological footprint and how the post-war recovery could be a chance for low-carbon development of the economy and society of the second largest country in Europe, the seventh in terms of population and the eighth of military forces of the old continent. On the one hand, it emphasizes on the multidimensional role of the armed forces and defence sector that should be considered within the wider climate-security nexus. On the other hand, it shows that the pursuit of EU membership has a green transformative effect, considering the strategic targets of the Union to move towards Net Zero by 2050. The analysis leads to the following conclusions: 1) The military conflict between Russia and Ukraine shows the widespread use of various types of weapons, which generates large amounts of carbon dioxide, by strongly affecting the climate of the entire continent; 2) The post-war recovery is a chance for Ukraine for better sustainable development of its economy, society and security; 3) The path of Ukraine to the EU would be a stimulus for the armed forces and defence sector, as causing and suffering the consequences of climate change, to increase the resilience of their capabilities and infrastructure, by investing in green and innovative technologies and at the same time by decreasing their environmental footprint without reducing their operational effectiveness.

Studies have been made on the development of military science and it has been established that for the modernization of the army and the defense industry it is necessary to develop and search for new innovative technological solutions in the field of laser technology and photonics. According to the trends in the use of laser technologies for military applications, the need to acquire knowledge in the field of “Laser Safety” has also been proven. The report substantiates the need to train cadets and students in a military university. A curriculum on “Laser Safety” is proposed and what knowledge and skills future officers should acquire are indicated.

Objectives This article presents the eternal relevance of the decision-making process and its inseparable connection with the personality of the decision-maker. Broadly speaking, the subject of consideration is the decision-making process. The main goal of the authors is to review the decision-making process, some styles of decision making and offer information about some types of software for decision making and strategic planning. Methods The scientific methodology used is a combination of a theoretical review of the issue, a critical scientific review and the presentation of new scientific advances in the world of practice in terms of decision-making through technical means and methods. Results The conditions that the decisions must meet in order to be useful and accepted, some styles of decision-making processes and also the use of decision-making software are analysed in the article. Conclusions The authors are aware that this is a repeatedly researched topic and it is in the last part that a novelty of an applied-practical nature is definitely found. Several software for decision making and strategic planning software, which is a category of software critical for organizational leaders who want to ensure more strategic decision-making and implement simpler and more effective reporting are presented in the last part of the article. This software provides a place to manage all strategic elements, in order to achieve high-level organizational structure and long-term goals.

The invention of the laser can rightfully be considered one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. At the very beginning of the development of this technology, they already predicted a completely universal applicability, from the very beginning the prospect of solving various problems was visible, even though some tasks were not even visible on the horizon at that time. Monochromatic laser radiation can be obtained in principle at any wavelength, both in the form of a continuous wave with a certain frequency and in the form of short pulses lasting up to fractions of a femtosecond. Focusing on the studied sample, the laser beam is subjected to nonlinear optical effects, which allows researchers to perform spectroscopy by changing the frequency of light, as well as to perform coherent analysis of processes by controlling the polarization of the laser beam. Lasers were initially limited more to scientific research and military applications. The report examines the use of laser targeting. Today there are several areas in which the introduction of laser technology in the military industry follows: air, ground and underground location, communications, navigation systems, rifles, missile defense systems. In the report let’s present some of the applications of lasers, as well as protection of them

Interactions between pentacyclic triterpenes isolated from white birch (Betula pendula Roth.) bark samples from Northeast Bulgaria and bovine serum albumin or human serum albumin were investigated using fluorescence techniques. The experimental results show the formation of complexes between the isolated triterpenes with serum albumins. Quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of human serum albumins was monitored by emission spectra of varied quencher concentration solutions. By analysing the fluorescence spectra and fluorescence intensity, some parameters of the serum albumins - quencher interaction were determined to evaluate the type of quenching. An extract containing the isolated triterpenes formed complexes with both bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin, leading to quenching the fluorescence of both albumins by a combined quenching mechanism.

Bulgaria’s accession to Euro-Atlantic structures put the modernization of the Bulgarian Army and Armed Forces on the agenda. After years of reforms prior to the pre-accession period, they have been reduced as a matter of priority to reductions in structures and personnel and the release of obsolete property, weapons and equipment. Thus, under the pretext that modernization and supply of new equipment, systems and armaments compatible with those of NATO member states is forthcoming, the Bulgarian Army and its armed forces are deprived of key armaments and equipment for protection of national security and satisfactory. declared abilities. Over the years, modernization has been at the center of a number of regulations and documents, plans and programs with long-term and medium-term scope, according to the role, missions, goals and objectives of the Bulgarian Army and Armed Forces, whose implementation remains a good wish. And now, when the challenges of the security environment, whose dynamics and uncertainty are becoming increasingly difficult to predict, our country and its security are facing serious challenges. These circumstances unequivocally provoke our scientific research to study the reasons for the failed modernization of the Bulgarian Army and its armed forces.

Revealing the nature and content of the country’s defence and analysing the core of the terms leadership, command, and control, as well as the purpose and content of the leadership, command, and control system, a definition of the essence of the leadership, command, and control system of country’s defence is proposed.

Based on the analysis of the current state of the leadership, command, and control system of the country’s defence, three possible directions for optimizing this system have been formulated. The thesis argues that increasing the efficiency of the leadership, command and control system of the country’s defence is possible through the development of the regulatory framework, organizational improvement, and technological upgrading.

The paper outlines communication problems between IT companies and organizations from the sectors of logistics and that of court administration in Bulgaria connected with digitalization of activity. The research aims to identify the main problems and forms of communication between IT services client organizations and IT companies, expectations of various participants in the process and suggest directions for more effective clarification of the assignor’s requirements toward the contractors of IT services A specific aim of the research is to check whether there are significant differences in the problems organizations from the public sector and those from the business one experience in communicating with servicing IT companies. Structurally, the report consists of three parts—the first one clarifies the conceptual framework for relationship management between assignor organizations and IT companies, emphasizing on well-established good practices of IT Service Management. The second part presents the results of an empirical research and the research methods are explained, including desk research, in-depth interviews, focus-group interviews, and questionnaire survey. The third part summarizes results, differences, and shared difficulties in digitalization for logistic businesses and court administration. Paths are suggested for improving communication between assignors and IT service providers with an accent on the stakeholders to attract at the initial stage of the process, expanding IT managers’ competences and the roles they perform. Conclusions are made about the higher education sector in Bulgaria and IT managers training.

Security and defence issues have always been the subject of scientific and artistic interest. The topicality of the researched issues is especially emphasized in the conditions of changing the concepts of security and bringing them from the traditional level to a level reflecting the modern reality. The article attempts to review the genesis and development of the security concept by presenting related and fundamental concepts, related and synonymous terms of the term "security", and various levels of security. The authors try to briefly describe the problem, which is reflected in a number of Bulgarian and international scientific and legislative sources, and which reflects the research purpose of the presented work.

Objectives To clarify the factors that influence the individual’s career orientation and professional fulfillment of cadets, which can be deeply personal as well as dictated and conditioned by the external environment. Methods A Survey of trainee opinion in the professional field of Administration and Management at the National Military University. Results The study focuses on the socio-demographic and educational aspects of the need for training in the professional field of Administration and Management, following the example of the Department of Security Logistics, National Military University, Bulgaria. Respondents in the survey were 164 trainees from 5 consecutive years of study in the Bachelor's degree program in the professional field of “Military Affairs”. Conclusions It is necessary to direct its efforts to recruit future trainees mainly from secondary schools, vocational high schools of economics and vocational high schools of mechanical and electrical engineering, trainees from families with low- and middle-income, trainees with strong personal motivation to practice the military profession, trainees who achieve high results in their education. The information channels for accessing better, timely and reliable information about the applying process and training at the Vasil Levski National Military University should be expanded using social networks, media and more information campaigns in schools. To a large extent, parental opinion about trainees’ choice of the military profession, also has an influence which was found to be very positive.

In recent years, the US Army began actively looking for a replacement for the 5.56 mm M16/M4 assault rifle, which currently is the standard issue weapon for the infantry. The US Army has selected three potential companies to produce the next generation assault weapon. These are the following companies Sig Sauer, General Dynamics, and Textron systems. All companies have submitted prototypes for the next generation assault rifle that are the subject of the analysis in this paper. In addition, the companies also offer new types of ammunition for the abovementioned systems. The purpose of this paper is to compare the three assault rifle prototypes and the ammunition they use to highlight their potential strengths and weaknesses and to address possible reliability problems. Although many of the specifications of the weapons are the subject to company secret, the paper will provide a comparative analysis of small arms samples that plan to replace the 5.56 mm M16/M4 assault rifle, according to available information from various sources.