University of Babylon

ABSTRACT The present work focuses on investigating magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection in a complex I-shaped enclosure with corrugated walls, filled with nanofluid and porous media layers. This study analyzes various parameters’ effects on heat transfer and fluid flow. The enclosure’s left and right walls maintain low temperatures, while the other walls are insulated. The inner corrugated cylinder experiences high temperatures. The study examines the impact of Rayleigh number (Ra), Hartman number (Ha), nanofluid volume fraction (φ), Darcy number (Da), MHD inclination angle (γ ), position of the corrugated cylinder (δ) and number of undulations (N) on isotherms, streamlines, velocity profiles and average Nusselt number variations. The results show that higher Ra values increase the average Nusselt number while increasing Da enhances it by 65%. Magnetic source inclination greatly affects heat transfer, with Nusselt at γ = 90° being 15.34 compared to 10.234 at γ = 0°. The study concludes that optimal heat transfer occurs at γ = 90°, Ra = 106, Da = 10−3, Ha = 30 and N = 2.

Despite the actual fact that we board age of latest and advanced technologies to uncover the underlying mechanisms of disease and style new drugs, treating infectious diseases is one in the best challenges within the world today. Numerous antibiotics are wont to inhibit the expansion and kill of microbes, but the event of resistance and therefore the emergence of side effects have severely limited the employment of those agents. However, nanoscale biological compounds have unique physicochemical properties that have proven the efficacy of several classes of Nano carriers and antimicrobial nanoparticles within the treatment of infectious diseases in recent years. Also, the employment of nanoparticles as markers in molecular diagnostics rather than current markers has increased the sensitivity, selectivity and multidimensional capacity of the detector. during this article, we review recent efforts by researchers to spot and treat infectious diseases using antimicrobial nanoparticles and drug Nano carriers.

Cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2ONPs) are low-cost and exhibit unique physical and antibacterial efficiency against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that increase the DNA degradation that has received much attention in recent years. For these reasons, three different prescusors of Cu2ONPs (3, 6, and 9 wt.%) were incorporated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to prepare PVP/Cu2ONP nanofiber using electrospinning procedures to augment their physical and antibacterial performance, which is promising in different optoelectronic, biological, pharmacological, and medical fields. FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of functional groups in the PVP/Cu2ONPs nanocomposite systems. FESEM showcased smooth surfaces of fine nanofibers, having average diameters of 29.53, 38.45, and 50.23 nm for pristine PVP and its nanocomposites with Cu2ONPs, respectively, which are more than those generated by a pure PVP solution (25.79 nm). Furthermore, the presence of beads on the string qualifies it for drug delivery. The absorbance of composite nanofibers increased with the increase in the content of Cu2ONPs, and there are distinct absorption peaks in the UV region at about 300 nm. Subsequently, the thickness-independent absorption spectra fitting (ASF) approach's calculation of the optical energy gap is roughly in line with thickness-dependent Tauc's model, which was in the range of 3.60–3.35 eV. All other optical parameters were also influenced by the dopant level. Moreover, PVP/Cu2ONPs showcased higher optical activity and raised DNA degradation effectiveness, confirming their higher effectiveness as an optical and antibacterial agent than PVP.

Conventional cancer therapies can have significant adverse effects as they are not targeted to cancer cells and may damage healthy cells. Single-stranded oligonucleotides assembled in a particular architecture, known as aptamers, enable them to attach selectively to target areas. Usually, they are created by Systematic Evolution of Ligand by Exponential enrichment (SELEX), and they go through a rigorous pharmacological revision process to change their therapeutic half-life, affinity, and specificity. They could thus offer a viable substitute for antibodies in the targeted cancer treatment market. Although aptamers can be a better choice in some situations, antibodies are still appropriate for many other uses. The technique of delivering aptamers is simple and reasonable, and the time needed to manufacture them is relatively brief. Aptamers do not require animals or an immune response to be produced, in contrast to antibodies. When used as a medication, aptamers can directly suppress tumor cells. As an alternative, they can be included in systems for targeted drug delivery that administer medications specifically to tumor cells while reducing toxicity to healthy cells. The most recent and cutting-edge methods for treating gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer with aptamers will be covered in this review, with a focus on targeted therapy as a means of conquering resistance to traditional medicines.

We explore the mechanical effects of light interacting with a quantum well waveguide, specifically focusing on the emergence of quantized torque. We investigate the response of the waveguide to the influence of two intense coupling fields in conjunction with two weaker fields. We find that the electron spin coherence plays a crucial role in amplifying the torque applied to the waveguide emitters. This heightened torque, in turn, triggers a distinctive circular current flow pattern within the waveguide. Furthermore, we explore different scenarios for modulating the torque by adjusting system parameters, thereby establishing a means to control current flow. The emergence of a light-induced quantized torque not only illuminates the interplay between quantum emitters and electromagnetic fields but also opens up exciting possibilities for innovative approaches to govern induced-torque behavior within quantum well waveguides.

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are composed of a large number of sensor nodes that are distributed in a region to collect and transmit data. Video transmission is one of the most important applications of WMSNs because it can provide critical information about monitored areas. WMSNs face challenges related to energy consumption, bandwidth usage, and network congestion related to huge amounts of data collected by sensors. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes the Distributed Video Transmission Reduction Approach for Energy Saving in WMSN (DiViTRA). The method involves two phases: sensing and transmission phases. DiViTRA achieves frame rate adaptation to reduce the number of captured video frames and save energy during the sensing phase. In the transmission phase, three effective techniques, ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF), Brute‐Force (BF) Matcher, and Grid‐based Motion Statistics (GMS) are applied to decide whether to transmit the current captured frame or remove it and adjust the frame capturing rate of the video sensor accordingly. In the case of frame transmission, the DiViTRA approach compresses the frame using two data reduction approaches: PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and Huffman encoding. Through simulations, DiViTRA demonstrates a 12% reduction in energy consumption, and 71% is a ratio of reduction in sent frames while preserving stream quality. The approach has been validated in scenarios involving critical events, showcasing its efficacy in maintaining data integrity during transmission.

Exosomes are the primary category of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are lipid-bilayer vesicles with biological activity spontaneously secreted from either normal or tansformed cells. They serve a crucial role for intercellular communication and affect extracellular environment and the immune system. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) enclose high levels of immunosuppressive proteins, including programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). PD-L1 and its receptor PD-1 act as crucial immune checkpoint molecules, thus facilitating tumor advancement by inhibiting immune responses. PDL-1 is abundantly present on tumor cells and interacts with PD-1 on activated T cells, resulting in T cell suppression and allowing immune evasion of cancer cells. Various FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies inhibiting the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction are commonly used to treat a diverse range of tumors. Although the achieved results are significant, some individuals have a poor reaction to PD-1/PD-L1 blocking. PD-L1-enriched TEXs may mimic the impact of cell-surface PD-L1, consequently potentiating tumor resistance to PD1/PD-L1 based therapy. In light of this, a strong correlation between circulating exosomal PD-L1 levels and response rate to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody treatment has been evinced. This article inspects the function of exosomal PDL-1 in developing resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for opening new avenues for overcoming tumor resistance to such modalities and development of more favored combination therapy.

A novel, to our knowledge, optical 2-bit analog to digital converter (ADC) plasmonic waveguide was proposed using a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) with a circular disk resonator. A mutual cooperation between the finite element method of COMSOL software and MATLAB with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) presented by the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) has been proposed for implementing the main structure. The phase shift difference between the input and the control ports is the basic principle used to select the outcomes on the output port. The transmission threshold ( ${{{T}}_{\text{threshold}}}$ T threshold ) is selected to be 0.5, resonance wavelength is 1040 nm, and the footprint of the design is ${{1200}} \times {{2500}}\;{\rm{nm}}$ 1200 × 2500 n m . Several criteria like full width at half maximum (FWHM), contrast ratio (CR), modulation depth (MD), insertion loss (IL), and curves covering a complete wavelength range from 800 to 2000 nm versus transmission value (Tv) are simulated to evaluate the plasmonic system performance. The FWHM is 17 nm, CR is equal to 10.8 dB, MD and IL are 98.17% and ${-}1\; {\rm dB}$ − 1 d B , respectively, and the quality factor (Q-factor) for a single segment of the design reached 61.17.

ZnO-Co3O4 metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via a cost-effective and environment-friendly solid-state reaction strategy. Next, various precursors of ZnO-Co3O4 (i.e., 0.0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 wt%) were enriched into a polymeric matrix (PM) composed of PVA and CMC (90/10 wt%) to prepare polymer-based nanocomposites (PBNCs) films through the solution casting procedure. ATR-FTIR inferred that the functional groups of PVA and CMC facilitated the binding of Zn²⁺ and Co³⁺ ions into PM. The FESEM microstructure shows that the surface morphology of PM achieved a spot-free and uniform microstructure, and the ZnO-Co3O4 dispersion was uniform, creating a robust entanglement within the PM. The confirmation of ZnO and Co3O4 nanoparticles was achieved at 360 nm and 760 nm through UV–visible analysis. The optical results revealed an immense enhancement in its absorbance in the range between 190 and 230 nm from 1.6% to 3.8%, refractive index from 1.1 to 2.6, and optical conductivity from 5 × 10¹⁰ S⁻¹ to 3.5 × 10¹¹ S⁻¹ for the PM-6%Zn:6%Co sample compared to PM. The allowed and forbidden band gaps of PM (4.7, 4.2 eV) shrank to (2, 1.1 eV) in the PM-6%Zn:6%Co sample. The fine inhibition activity of ZnO-Co3O4 against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria is because of its synergistic effect and small average grain size. The shielding efficiency was proven (using a Geiger detector) in the gamma-photon energy emitted from the Cs-137 radionuclide. Remarkably, adding ZnO-Co3O4 to PM significantly enhanced the shielding ability of the PBNCs against nuclear radiation.

Heat convection plays an important role in many industries, equipment, and human lives, and heat exchangers emerge as fundamental devices for controlling this crucial orientation. The primary objective of this work was to assess the effect of single- and two-phase flows associated with wavy winglets on heat exchanger performance. Two-phase flows as the working fluid with wavy winglets are used in the oval tube bank heat exchanger (HE). The Reynolds number area (3639–4813) is investigated in this experimental work. Wavy winglets at an attack angle of 15° have been shown to affect heat transfer rate through comparisons between the experimental results and various water-air mixture flow rates (Qw = 15, 17.5, and 20 Lpm) (Qa = 8.33, 16.67, and 25 Lpm). A Nusselt number (Nu) is increased by 64.5%, and the friction factor (f) is decreased by 12.6% in water flow; the Nu is increased by 15.5%, and f remains almost constant in water-air mixture flow at moderate turbulent flow. It can be noted that the Nu and the performance parameter (j/f) are directly proportional to the velocity of flow at moderate turbulent flow with any increase in turbulent flow, and the Nu and j/f are inversely proportional to the velocity of flow. Many parameters have been studied experimentally to establish their impact on performance parameters.

The two primary forms of inflammatory disorders of the small intestine and colon that make up inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). While ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colon and the rectum, CD affects the small and large intestines, as well as the esophagus, mouth, anus, and stomach. Although the etiology of IBD is not completely clear, and there are many unknowns about it, the development, progression, and recurrence of IBD are significantly influenced by the activity of immune system cells, particularly lymphocytes, given that the disease is primarily caused by the immune system stimulation and activation against gastrointestinal (GI) tract components due to the inflammation caused by environmental factors such as viral or bacterial infections, etc. in genetically predisposed individuals. Maintaining homeostasis and the integrity of the mucosal barrier are critical in stopping the development of IBD. Specific immune system cells and the quantity of secretory mucus and microbiome are vital in maintaining this stability. Th22 cells are helper T lymphocyte subtypes that are particularly important for maintaining the integrity and equilibrium of the mucosal barrier. This review discusses the most recent research on these cells' biology, function, and evolution and their involvement in IBD.

In the current study, films of promising nanocomposites were fabricated from poly-methyl methacrylate(PMMA) filled with chromium oxide (Cr2O3) and silicon carbide(SiC) nanostrucures to employ in several advanced nanoelectronics and optical fields. The PMMA/Cr2O3/SiC nanocomposites have remarkable characteristics compared with other types of nanocomposites included inexpensive, excellent optical properties, good physical and chemical behaviours. The structural and optical properties of PMMA/Cr2O3/SiC nanocomposites films were tested. Results confirmed that the PMMA absorbance increased of 26.3% and 27.6% at λ = 380 nm (UV/spectra) and λ = 580 nm (VIS/spectra) when the Cr2O3/SiC NPs ratio reached of 5.7 wt.%. The PMMA transmittance decreased of 14.8% and 13.4% at λ = 380 nm and λ = 580 nm, these results make the PMMA/Cr2O3/SiC nanocomposites films are promising nanostructures for nanoelectronics and optics applications. The indirect allowed energy gap reduced from 3.82 eV to 3.47 eV with rising concentration of SiC/Cr2O3 NPs to 5.7 wt.%. The optical factors of PMMA improved with rising SiC/Cr2O3 NPs concentration. Finally, the attained results showed the PMMA/Cr2O3/SiC nanocomposites are promising nanocomposites and major key for potential nanoelectronics and optics applications.

Very recently, the two-dimensional (2D) structure of poly-benzimidazobenzophenanthroline (C5N) has been effectively synthesized [Javeed Mahmood et al., Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2,004,707]. Inspired by interesting experimental findings on 2D layered C5N structures, we employ DFT study to examine the electronic, structural, and optical features of C5N in bulk, bilayer, and monolayer honeycomb crystal configurations. The obtained results demonstrate that all configurations of the C5N structures have a strong bond network with cohesive energies comparable to graphene. In the ground state, the C5N bulk, bilayer and monolayer honeycomb crystal structures are a semiconductor. It is found that the bandgap of the C5N structures slightly increases with the decrease in the number of layers. The optical properties indicate the bulk structure possesses a greater capacity to absorb a broad range of visible light compared to the monolayer and bilayer.

Currently, it has been stated that psychiatric and psychological problems are equally paramount aspects of the clinical modulation and manifestation of both the central nervous and digestive systems, which could be used to restore balance. The present narrative review aims to provide an elaborate description of the bio-psycho-social facets of refractory functional gastrointestinal disorders, psychiatrists’ role, specific psychiatric approach, and the latest psychiatric and psychological perspectives on practical therapeutic management. In this respect, “psyche,” “psychiatry,” “psychology,” “psychiatrist,” “psychotropic,” and “refractory functional gastrointestinal disorders” (as the keywords) were searched in relevant English publications from January 1, 1950, to March 1, 2024, in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Eventually, the narrative technique was adopted to reach a compelling story with a high level of cohesion through material synthesis. The current literature recognizes the brain-gut axis modulation as a therapeutic target for refractory functional gastrointestinal disorders and the bio-psycho-social model as an integrated framework to explain disease pathogenesis. The results also reveal some evidence to affirm the benefits of psychotropic medications and psychological therapies in refractory functional gastrointestinal disorders, even when psychiatric symptoms were absent. It seems that psychiatrists are required to pay higher levels of attention to both the assessment and treatment of patients with refractory functional gastrointestinal disorders, accompanied by educating and training practitioners who take care of these patients.

Nanotechnology has significantly transformed cancer treatment by introducing innovative methods for delivering drugs effectively. This literature review provided an in-depth analysis of the role of nanocarriers in cancer therapy, with a particular focus on the critical concept of the ‘stealth effect.’ The stealth effect refers to the ability of nanocarriers to evade the immune system and overcome physiological barriers. The review investigated the design and composition of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of surface modifications and functionalization. The complex interaction between the immune system, opsonization, phagocytosis, and the protein corona was examined to understand the stealth effect. The review carefully evaluated strategies to enhance the stealth effect, including surface coating with polymers, biomimetic camouflage, and targeting ligands. The in vivo behavior of stealth nanocarriers and their impact on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity were also systematically examined. Additionally, the review presented clinical applications, case studies of approved nanocarrier-based cancer therapies, and emerging formulations in clinical trials. Future directions and obstacles in the field, such as advancements in nanocarrier engineering, personalized nanomedicine, regulatory considerations, and ethical implications, were discussed in detail. The review concluded by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the transformative potential of stealth nanocarriers in revolutionizing cancer therapy. This review enhanced the comprehension of nanocarrier-based cancer therapies and their potential impact by providing insights into advanced studies, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations.

The first host defense systems are the innate immune response and the inflammatory response. Among innate immune cells, macrophages, are crucial because they preserve tissue homeostasis and eradicate infections by phagocytosis, or the ingestion of particles. Macrophages exhibit phenotypic variability contingent on their stimulation state and tissue environment and may be detected in several tissues. Meanwhile, critical inflammatory functions are played by macrophage scavenger receptors, in particular, SR-A1 (CD204) and SR-E3 (CD206), in a variety of pathophysiologic events. Such receptors, which are mainly found on the surface of multiple types of macrophages, have different effects on processes, including atherosclerosis, innate and adaptive immunity, liver and lung diseases, and, more recently, cancer. Although macrophage scavenger receptors have been demonstrated to be active across the disease spectrum, conflicting experimental findings and insufficient signaling pathways have hindered our comprehension of the molecular processes underlying its array of roles. Herein, as SR-A1 and SR-E3 functions are often binary, either protecting the host or impairing the pathophysiology of cancers has been reviewed. We will look into their function in malignancies, with an emphasis on their recently discovered function in macrophages and the possible therapeutic benefits of SR-A1 and SR-E3 targeting.

The performance of pristine and Pd-doped WO3 acetone gas sensors is calculated theoretically and compared with available experimental results. Temperature, humidity, and acetone concentration variation are considered in the present work. Transition state theory calculates Gibbs free energy of transition, including its components enthalpy and entropy of transition or activation. The variation of Pd doping concentration is used to obtain the maximum response and lowest response time for the optimum performance of the gas sensor. The present theory considers the reduction of acetone gas concentration as acetone reaches its autoignition temperature. Acceptable agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. The acceptance includes the decrease of Gibbs free energy with doping percentage, variation of temperature exponent to the power twelve in the considered reactions, and reduction of response time with the increase of temperature. Density functional theory at the B3LYP level is used. 6-311G** basis set (for O atoms) and SDD (for heavy Pd and W atoms) are used to optimize the structures examined in the present work. The Gaussian 09 program and accompanying software were used to perform the current tasks.

Within the evolving landscape of fifth‐generation (5G) wireless networks, the introduction of network‐slicing protocols has become pivotal, enabling the accommodation of diverse application needs while fortifying defences against potential security breaches. This study endeavours to construct a comprehensive network‐slicing model integrated with an attack detection system within the 5G framework. Leveraging software‐defined networking (SDN) along with deep learning techniques, this approach seeks to fortify security measures while optimizing network performance. This undertaking introduces network slicing predicated on SDN with the OpenFlow protocol and Ryu control technology, complemented by a neural network model for attack detection using deep learning methodologies. Additionally, the proposed convolutional neural networks‐long short‐term memory approach demonstrates superiority over conventional ML algorithms, signifying its potential for real‐time attack detection. Evaluation of the proposed system using a 5G dataset showcases an impressive accuracy of 99%, surpassing previous studies, and affirming the efficacy of the approach. Moreover, network slicing significantly enhances quality of service by segmenting services based on bandwidth. Future research will concentrate on real‐world implementation, encompassing diverse dataset evaluations, and assessing the model's adaptability across varied scenarios.

In this research, a novel and efficient nanocatalyst, namely, palladium immobilized onto 1,4-bis(pyrid-4-yl)benzene grafted to n-propyl-functionalized Fe3O4@MCM-41 nanoparticles (PBPBPMF), was synthesized and introduced. Then, its catalytic activity was tested in the synthesis of bis(pyrazolyl)methane (14 examples, 90–97%, 9–25 min, solvent-free, 60 °C) and biphenyl (13 examples, 80–98%, 10–120 min, PEG-400, 70 °C) derivatives. Bis(pyrazolyl)methane derivatives were synthesized via a one-pot pseudo-five-component reaction of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and phenylhydrazine, and biphenyl derivatives were obtained by a Stille coupling reaction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 sorption isotherms, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and elemental mapping analyses were used to identify the catalyst. The PBPBPMF is a heterogeneous catalyst with several advantages, including a large specific surface area, ease of purification, and separation from the reaction mixture; furthermore, the nanocatalyst was recycled six times without appreciably altering its catalytic properties. Graphical Abstract

Roadside data collecting and communication applications might all benefit from power produced by energy harvesting from highways. According to the energy source they tap, roadside energy harvesters may be roughly divided into three categories: solar radiation, pavement heat, and mechanical energy from moving automobiles. In addition to environmental issues like the heat island impact on cities, asphalt pavements exposed to sun radiation may reach high temperatures that result in structural damage from hardening or rutting resulting from heat cycles. Asphalt solar collectors (ASCs) are one of the types of active systems that are doubly effective since they alleviate the difficulties that were described before and. Furthermore, ASCs can capture energy that can be utilized in a variety of different applications. To provide a complete picture of recent scientific developments, this review covers numerical, experimental, and numerical and experimental research on ASCs. Specifically, the setup, design parameters, advancement, challenges, and mathematical modeling of ASCs are systematically discussed. Accordingly, a number of suggestions for further research projects have been made in light of the associated results.