Khazar University

This study is aimed at identifying key indicators to increase knowledge-based process optimization for renewable energy projects. Within this context, a novel fuzzy decision-making model is introduced that has two different stages. The first stage is related to the weighting of the knowledge-based determinants of process optimization in investment decisions by using quantum picture fuzzy rough sets (QPFR)-based multi-step wise weight assessment ratio analysis (M-SWARA). On the other side, the second stage consists of ranking the investment alternatives for process optimization in renewable energy projects via the QPFR-based technique for order preference by similarity (TOPSIS) methodology. The main contribution of this study is that a priority analysis is conducted for information-based factors affecting the performance of renewable energy projects. This situation provides an opportunity for the investments to implement appropriate strategies to increase the optimization of these investments. It is concluded that quality is the most essential indicator with respect to the process optimization of these projects. It can be possible to increase the efficiency of these projects by using better quality products. Innovation has an important role in ensuring the use of quality products in environmental sustainability. Owing to new technologies, it is easier to use more effective and innovative products. This condition also contributes to increasing the efficiency of the energy production process. Furthermore, the findings also denote that the most appropriate energy innovation alternative is the variety of clean energy sources. By focusing on different clean energy alternatives, the risk of interruptions in energy generation can be minimized. In other words, the negative impact of climatic conditions on energy production can be lowered significantly with the help of this situation.

Let Ω⊂Rn$$ \Omega \subset {R}^n $$ be a bounded domain with sufficiently smooth boundary ∂Ω$$ \mathrm{\partial \Omega } $$ and XΩ$$ X\left(\Omega \right) $$ be a symmetric space defined on the measure space Ω;dx$$ \left(\Omega; dx\right) $$. We consider a Dirichlet problem for 2m$$ 2m $$‐th order polyharmonic equation, and we establish its solvability (in strong sense) in Sobolev space WX2mΩ$$ {W}_X^{2m}\left(\Omega \right) $$ generated by the norm of XΩ$$ X\left(\Omega \right) $$. Such spaces include classical Sobolev spaces, Orlicz–Sobolev spaces, grand Sobolev spaces, and Marcinkiewicz–Sobolev spaces. The obtained results are new for these special cases, too.

In this study, ion-track membranes with pore diameters of 2 ± 0.1 μm and a fluence of 10 7 cm −2 , with a thin layer of gold sputtered on one side, were used for the electrochemical synthesis of thin films from a polyaniline (PANI) composite with gold (Au) or silver (Ag) nanoparticles. PET (polyethylene terephthalate ion-track membranes) films with the thin film of TM+PANI/Au and TM+PANI/Ag composites, featuring a developed microstructured surface, were designed. Using ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and Raman spectroscopy, it was determined that PANI was synthesised predominantly in the form of an emeraldine salt, with a minor presence of the emeraldine base form. The TM+PANI/Au and TM+PANI/Ag films exhibited high sensitivity to ammonia, with detection thresholds of approximately 40 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively.

In order to study the use of drying models in vacuum-infrared drying, an experiment was conducted to investigate the drying process of cherry pips at different temperatures of 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, drying characteristic curves were constructed and analysed using 6 types of thin layers, and effective diffusion coefficients, moisture content and activation energy were calculated. The results showed that the drying temperature has a greater influence on the drying rate of cherry pits, and the drying time decreases with increasing drying temperature. The main drying step occurs in the downward drying stage. Comparison of the fitting results of the six thin layer drying models presented in this paper showed that Wang and Singh's model fits better for cherry pips (R 2 > 0; 9996) and the predicted values of the model agree well with the experimental values. These values are suitable for describing the drying characteristics of cherry pips under any conditions.

Pumpkin seeds swagger a wealthy vitamin and mineral composition. They contain vitamins (A, B, C, K, D, E), minerals (calcium, selenium, zinc, magnesium, copper, potassium, press, manganese and phosphorus), a few amino acids such as glutamic, linolenic and arginine, and greasy plant acids. The Peclet number includes the peripheral rotation speed of the RTS condenser tube. In our case, the Peclet number reflects how the heat transfer to the grain layer due to convection, when the RTS capacitor rotates, relates to the heat transfer due to the thermal conductivity of the grain layer. Thus, in the first drying period, the determining factors for mass transfer will be the conditions at the phase boundary-the mode of air movement outside the grain, the area of the grain, the surface temperature of the RTS condenser. In total, pumpkin seeds contain 12 essential and eight nones-sential amino acids.

We provide a theory for electronic transitions induced by ultrashort electromagnetic pulses in two-dimensional artificial relativistic atoms which are created by a charged impurity in a gapped graphene monolayer. Using a non-perturbative sudden-perturbation approximation, we derive and discuss analytical expressions for the probabilities for excitation, ionization and electron-hole pair creation in this system.

Quantum dynamics of a particle confined in a box with time-dependent wall is revisited by considering some unexplored aspects of the problem. In particular, the case of dynamical confinement in a time-dependent box in the presence of purely time-varying external potential is treated by obtaining exact solution. Also, some external potentials approving separation of space and time variables in the Schrödinger equation with time-dependent boundary conditions are classified. Time-dependence of the average kinetic energy and average quantum force are analyzed. A model for optical high harmonic generation in the presence of dynamical confinement and external monochromatic time-dependent homogeneous electric field is proposed.

Suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon involving biological, genetic, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental risk factors. Suicide occurs in all parts of the world; however, the prevalence of suicidal behavior varies significantly by region. Geographical disparities in the incidence of suicidal behavior can be attributed to several reasons, including the accuracy of suicide statistics and cultural and religious aspects. Suicide rates in Azerbaijan are not extremely high in comparison to other countries with similar geopolitical and socioeconomic backgrounds. The scarcity of scientific research regarding suicide in Azerbaijan does not allow for accurate identification of risk factors for suicide. Cultural constructs such as values and gender role expectations have an impact on the degree of suicide risk within the Azerbaijani population. In this chapter, we discuss various concepts such as stigma surrounding mental health and suicidality in general, self-construal, the construct of “culture of honor,” and their role in suicide risk. We believe that scientific findings, the development of psychometric instruments for risk assessment, and appropriate training for mental health professionals can improve the capacity for identifying at-risk populations, reduce the stigma associated with mental health, and eventually contribute to a better approach to suicide prevention and management in Azerbaijan.

This work investigated the effect of partial replacement of sulphur atoms with selenium atoms (TlInSSe) and indium atoms with chromium atoms (TlIn 0.99 Cr 0.01 S 2) on the band gap and microhard-ness of TlInS 2 single crystals irradiated with electrons with energy of 2 MeV and a fluence of up to 1.5 × 10 17 el/cm 2. The band gap from the measured absorption spectra was determined using the Tauc method. It has been established that this irradiation leads to a decrease in the band gap in TlInS 2 , TlInSSe and TlIn 0.99 Cr 0.01 S 2 crystals. It has been shown that after electron irradiation the microhardness of these crystals increased due to an increase in the size of crystallites on their surface. ARTICLE HISTORY

This paper reports the synthesis, photoluminescence (PL) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) studies of MnGa2S4 single crystal. Here, the study of photoluminescence properties of the compound in the visible and infrared regions and the calculation of colour coordinates were widely investigated. In the present work, previously observed optical transitions in various works were observed in PL spectra. A higher correlated colour temperature value of 4353 K suggests that this material is suitable for light-emitting diode applications. Ellipsometry measurements were performed on the samples using a variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer in the spectral range of 1–6 eV. The ordinary refractive index has a peculiarity at ~3.469 eV and the extraordinary component at 3.751 eV. These peculiarities in the line shape resemble the critical point M0 for the 2D case. The values of these critical points correspond to the direct band gap value.

In this work, the dielectric and electrical properties of the complex oxides La0.5Ba0.5MnO3 and La0.97Ba0.03MnO3 were studied. The studies were carried out at a temperature T = 25–225 °C and a frequency f = 20–10⁶ Hz ranges. For these compounds, the values of physical parameters (dielectric constant, dielectric losses, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity) characterizing dielectric and electrical properties are determined. From the temperature and frequency dependence of the parameters, it was established that with increasing temperature and frequency, the value of electrical conductivity in these compounds increases. A semiconductor–metal phase transition was detected in this compound at a temperature T ~ 140 °C. Oxide materials are used in a variety of processes due to their interesting chemical properties. It is known that in the process of condensation of methane with oxygen, along with ethane and ethylene, heavy hydrocarbons are also obtained. Nd2O3/MgO, La2O3/MgO, oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals, as well as PbO oxide are used as catalysts for this process. Recently, BaSnO3 and MnTiO3 compounds with a perovskite structure have been used as catalysts in these processes. Therefore, it is very important to obtain new perovskite materials and study their physical and chemical properties.

Drawing on theories of comparative regionalism, this article examines the construction of regionalist frames in Azerbaijan covering the period from 1993 to mid-2023. By examining more than 60 text passages from presidential speeches and statements, the study identifies two framings of regionalism that have dominated presidential discourses in Azerbaijan: the discourse of Turkic solidarity or unity (in the political-security domain) and the narrative of an East-West corridor or the revival of the Silk Road for transport of cargo and hydrocarbon resources (in the economic domain). By constructing these discursive frames, Azerbaijani state leaders crafted an alternative regional order reconstituting the geographic category of “South Caucasus” into a new, spatially broader area. In this formulation, “South Caucasus” is viewed as a central pillar of the Silk Road, and Azerbaijan as one of its focal points or nodes. While the study underscores a key role that actors and ideas play in the formation of regions and regional institutions, it also highlights how social construction of regional identities is embedded in and shaped by historical experiences and country-specific political-economic conditions such as historical memories, experiences of war, collective identities and cultural affinities, geographic location, domestic political economic structures, and international linkages.

In this study, TiN nanocrystals underwent initial irradiation at room temperature using a 60Co gamma source, employing four absorption doses (50, 200, 900, and 3500 kGy) within a Gamma MRX-25 unit. Subsequently, they were subjected to heating at 1173 K in a Linn™ HT-1800 oven under vacuum conditions of 10–6 Torr for Positron analysis. The investigation into the mechanism of defect formation employed annihilation lifetime and Doppler broadening annihilation spectroscopies. Pertaining to the Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) studies, two distinct lifetime components were discerned across all samples. The τ1 lifetime component ranged between 155 and 159 ps. A marginal reduction (from 81.67 to 81.51%) was observed in the corresponding I1 intensity. Analysis of the S parameter derived from Doppler Broadening Annihilation Spectroscopy (DBAS) furnished insights into the presence of vacancy defects within the TiN nanocrystals. The diminishing trend in the S parameter with increasing positron energy or depth of positron implantation indicates a decline in the density and concentration of subsurface defects.

This paper presents a new methodology for solving multiple-attribute decision-making problems (MADMs) using a complex Pythagorean normal interval-valued fuzzy set (CPNIVFS), which is an extended concept of a complex Pythagorean fuzzy set. Four types of different aggregating operations (AOs), including CPNIVF weighted averaging (CPNIVFWA), CPNIVFweightedgeometric(CPNIVFWG),generalizedCPNIVFWA(CGPNIVFWA),andgeneralizedCPNIVFWG(CGPNIVFWG), are discussed. The scoring function, accuracy function, and operational laws of the CPNIVFS are defined. Algebraic structures, such as associative, distributive, idempotent, bounded, commutativity, and monotonicity properties, are also shown to be satisfied by complex Pythagorean normal interval-valued fuzzy numbers. Furthermore, an algorithm is proposed to solve the MADM problems based on the defined AOs. The proposed approach is then used for a medical diagnosis problem about brain tumors because computer science and machine tool technology are among the most important components of brain tumor research. The five types of brain tumors diagnosed in these patients are gliomas, meningiomas, metastases, embryonal tumors, and ependymomas. Several types of treatments are available, which are often combined as part of an overall treatment plan. Brain tumors can be treated in various ways, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, andclinical trials. Based on the comparisons and options gathered, the most suitable treatment can be chosen. In this regard, it is evident that the value of the integer plays a significant role in determining the model. The candidate models under consideration can be validated by comparing them with the previously proposed ones. The proposed technique is compared with the existing method to demonstrate its superiority and validity, and the results conclude that the former is more reliable and effective than the latter. Finally, the criteria are evaluated by expert assessments to determine the most appropriate options.

In this review, the principles and characteristics of solid-phase extraction (SPE) are discussed. The categories of nanomaterial-based adsorbents namely metal/metal oxides, magnetic nanoparticles, silica-based nanoparticles, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (NMs), polymeric nanoparticles, nanotubes, semiconductor NMs, and nanoporous materials along with their features are discussed followed by evaluating their synthetic strategies. Finally, the application of nanomaterial-based sorbents for extraction and preconcentration of drugs, pesticides, and heavy metals in biological, food, and environmental samples is assessed. Overall, the future of SPE techniques is expected to include advances in downsizing, automation, selectivity, sustainability, and integration with other analytical techniques, resulting in more efficient and effective sample preparation procedures for a variety of applications.

Software testing is one of the software development activities and is used to identify and remove software bugs. Most small-sized projects may be manually tested to find and fix any bugs. In large and real-world software products, manual testing is thought to be a time and money-consuming process. Finding a minimal subset of input data in the shortest amount of time (as test data) to obtain the maximal branch coverage is an NP-complete problem in the field. Different heuristic-based methods have been used to generate test data. In this paper, for addressing and solving the test data generation problem, the black widow optimization algorithm has been used. The branch coverage criterion was used as the fitness function to optimize the generated data. The obtained experimental results on the standard benchmarks show that the proposed method generates more effective test data than the simulated annealing, genetic algorithm, ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization, and artificial bee colony algorithms. According to the results, with 99.98% average coverage, 99.96% success rate, and 9.36 required iteration, the method was able to outperform the other methods.