Kasetsart University

First-principle calculations have been performed on the Nd-based pyrochlore iridate, Nd\(_{2}\)Ir\(_{2}\)O\(_{7}\) , to investigate electronic structures and magnetic properties. The generalized gradient approximation formalism, GGA, has been used to correct the string onsite Coulomb repulsion energy (U) between localized 5d and 4f electrons. Our present study found that combinations of U value on Nd, \(U_f\), and Ir, \(U_d\) affect the electronic and magnetic properties of Nd\(_{2}\)Ir\(_{2}\)O\(_{7}\) . Setting \(U_f\) and \(U_d\) to be 5 eV for each, the all-in-all-out (AIAO) magnetic spin structure gives rise to a small Ir\(^{4+}\) magnetic moment of 0.37 \(\mu _\textrm{B}\) and Nd\(^{3+}\) magnetic moment of 3.00 \(\mu _\textrm{B}\), a band gap of Nd\(_{2}\)Ir\(_{2}\)O\(_{7}\) was estimated to be 1.50 eV starting to open a sizable band gap to change the system from metal to insulator and stable in ferromagnetic phase.

The present study investigated the neural health benefit of beta-sitosterol (BSS) against trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurodegeneration in mice. Forty male ICR mice were randomly divided into Sham-veh, TMT-veh, TMT-BSS50, and TMT-BSS100. A one-time intraperitoneal injection of 2.6 mg/kg of TMT was given to mice in TMT groups. Vehicle (veh), BSS 50 mg/kg or BSS 100 mg/kg were orally given for 2 weeks. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated. Brain oxidative status, hippocampal neuropathology, and reactive astrocytes were done. White matter pathology was also evaluated. The results indicated the massy effect of TMT on induced motor ability and spatial memory deficits in accordance with increased neuronal degeneration in CA1, CA3, and DG and internal capsule white matter damage. TMT also induced the reduction of reactive astrocytes in CA1 and DG. Brain’s catalase activity was significantly reduced by TMT, but not in mice with BSS treatments. Both doses of BSS treatment exhibited improvement in motor ability and spatial memory deficits in accordance with the activation of reactive astrocytes in CA1, CA3, and DG. However, they successfully prevented the increase of neuronal degeneration in CA1 found only with the BSS dose of 100 mg/kg, and it was indicated as the effective dose for neuroprotection in the vulnerable brain area. This study demonstrated mitigative effects of BSS against motor ability and memory deficits with neural health benefits, including a protective effect against CA1 neurodegeneration and a nurturing effect on hippocampal reactive astrocytes.

This study examines the use of dragon fruit peel (DFP) powder as a dietary supplement on growth performance, immune responses, and gene expression of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, cultured within biofloc systems. A total of 300 Nile tilapia fingerlings (14.64 ± 0.09 g) were subjected to five dietary treatments, with DFP added to a basal diet at doses of 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 g kg⁻¹ DFP. Growth and immunological responses were assessed after 4 and 8 weeks of feeding, and the transcriptional level of immune and antioxidant‐related genes was measured after 8 weeks. Fish fed diets containing DFP exhibited significantly greater weight gain, faster growth, and enhanced levels of key indicators of immunity than control fish (p < 0.05). A diet containing 40 g DFP kg⁻¹ produced the best result in terms of growth, enhanced immune response indicators in skin mucus and blood serum, and the upregulation of IL‐1, IL‐8, LBP, GPx, GST‐α, and GSR expression (p < 0.05). Based on the quadratic regression analysis, the optimum concentration of DFP was 80 g kg⁻¹. These findings collectively suggest that powdered DFP may serve as a promising feed supplement for Nile tilapia raised in biofloc systems.

The systematics and biogeography of the brown seaweed genus Lobophora (Dictyotales) are increasingly being investigated globally using DNA data coupled with morphology. In Thailand, DNA-assisted Lobophora diversity assessment has been limited to the east coast. The present study employed molecular ( cox 3, psb A, and rbc L gene sequences) and morphological analyses to explore the diversity of Lobophora around Phuket Island on the Thai west coast. Our findings revealed three new species: Lobophora phuketensis sp. nov., L. andamanensis sp. nov., and L. rachaensis sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that these new species are genetically distinct from other Lobophora species. These new Lobophora species can be distinguished morphologically by differences in their growth habit, coloration, and thallus thickness, despite some overlapping morphological traits. Our study has increased the known Lobophora diversity in Thailand to 12 species, the highest in Southeast Asia. We also detected ecological similarities and differences among these Lobophora species. This research enhances our understanding of the biodiversity and biogeographic patterns of Lobophora in Thailand and the Central Indo-Pacific region. Further studies should investigate Lobophora diversity in unsampled areas and explore ecological factors facilitating sympatric coexistence through field observations and experiments.

Astraeus is a genus of edible ectomycorrhizal star-shaped fungus with commercial value. The inner tissue of basidiomata has previously been utilized to study the macro– and micro-cultural traits of Astraeus; though, a handful of studies have focused on basidiospores. Here we report the first pure cultural traits of Indian Astraeus asiaticus and A. odoratus obtained from basidiospores dropping/dusting method. Four distinct solid culture media namely potato dextrose agar (PDA), modified Melin–Norkrans (MMN), modified Norklan’ s C (MNC), and Yeast media (YM) were used to culture the basidiospores. After about 42 days of culture in dark at 30 °C all the cultures exhibit diffused pale–yellow pigmentation followed by radial mycelial growth with fluffy and velvety surface. Monomitic, generative hyphae, and septate clamps with paariage branching were observed which are the typical traits of the cultured mycelium. A. odoratus were successfully grown on all the four media but attempts to grow A. asiaticus on MMN, MNC, and YM were unsuccessful. The fungal culture’s identity was validated by phylogenetical approach using ITS and LSU nrDNA. The findings suggest PDA medium as the most suitable medium for culture of Astraeus and provide critical information on the culture traits that could be useful for wild mushroom cultivation thus increasing the country’s mycoprotein richness.

Background and aims Concerns over the environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) plants include potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic-resistant genes used for constructing GM plants, leading to changes in soil bacterial diversity. A landfill pond with virus-resistant GM papaya, along with soil from greenhouse continuously growing GM papaya for over 10 years, were used to assess the long-term effects of GM papaya on soil bacterial diversity. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of GM plant materials on soil bacterial diversity. Methods Pre-planting soil and soil growing GM and wild-type papaya were analyzed along with soil from landfill ponds with or without GM papaya. The abundance of NPTII sequence matching the selectable marker gene sequence of the recombinant plasmid used to engineer GM papaya was assessed via high-throughput sequencing, while microbial diversity was evaluated through metagenomic analysis of 16S rRNA. Results No change was detected in the abundance of NPTII sequence due to GM papaya. Moreover, there was no distinct separation among soil samples, except those from the control pond with no GM plant material, which exhibited lower Firmicute abundance and higher Proteobacteria abundance. However, the difference is likely unrelated to GM papaya. Conclusion This study found no changes in the overall soil bacterial diversity or NPTII sequences in the bacterial population due to the presence of virus-resistant GM papaya even after more than a decade of continuous presence.

Zoonotic yeast species have been implicated in disease development in both humans and cats. This study analyzed the yeast mycobiota present in feline facial hair and human nails and explored potential interspecies associations. A total of 118 biological specimens were examined, including 59 feline facial hair and 59 human nail samples. DNA extraction and DNA sequencing were performed to identify the specific yeast species. The most predominant yeast species in humans and cats were selected for antifungal susceptibility testing (itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and terbinafine). The findings unveiled diverse yeast species in cats and humans. Malassezia pachydermatis (45.8%) and Malassezia furfur (30.5%) were the most common yeast species in cats and humans, respectively. However, no significant correlation was detected between the yeast species identified in cats and their owners residing in the same household (p > 0.05). Miconazole exhibited the highest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Malassezia pachydermatis and Malassezia furfur in both cat and human isolates, whereas terbinafine showed the lowest MICs against most Malassezia pachydermatis and Malassezia furfur in both cat and human isolates. Diverse yeast species in cat facial hair and human nails suggest possible cross-contamination among humans, pets, and environments.

Malaria in eastern Indonesia remains high despite significant reduction and elimination in other parts of the country. A rapid entomological assessment was conducted in eight high malaria endemic regencies of Papua Province, Indonesia, to expedite malaria elimination efforts in this region. This study aims to characterize specific, actionable endpoints toward understanding where and when malaria transmission is happening, where interventions may function best, and identify gaps in protection that result in continued transmission. The entomological assessment included identifying potential vectors through human landing catch (HLC), indoor morning and night resting collections, identification of larval sites through surveillance of water bodies, and vector incrimination toward understanding exposure to malaria transmission. Human landing catches (HLCs) and larval collections identified 10 Anopheles species, namely Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles punctulatus, Anopheles farauti, Anopheles hinesorum, Anopheles longirostris, Anopheles peditaeniatus, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles kochi. The most common and abundant species found overall were An. koliensis and An. punctulatus, while An. farauti was found in large numbers in the coastal areas of Mimika and Sarmi Regencies. Vector incrimination on Anopheles collected from HLCs and night indoor resting demonstrated that An. koliensis and An. punctulatus carried Plasmodium in Keerom, Jayapura, and Sarmi Regencies. Analysis of HLCs for the most common species revealed that the An. koliensis and An. punctulatus, bite indoors and outdoors at equal rates, while An. farauti predominantly bite outdoors. Larval surveillance demonstrated that most water bodies in and surrounding residential areas contained Anopheles larvae. This study demonstrated indoor and outdoor exposure to mosquito bites and gaps in protection, enabling exposure to infectious bites in all regencies. This explains why current malaria control efforts focusing on indoor protection have failed to substantially reduce malaria incidence in the region. Optimization of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), as well as installment of mosquito screens in houses, may further reduce indoor transmission. For outdoor transmission, the use of community-centric approaches to reduce or eliminate larval sources within and surrounding the village through the guidance of locally stationed entomologists, along with Social and Behavior Change mediated health education towards the local adoption of mosquito protection tools during outdoor activities, may reduce malaria transmission.

Plastic pollution is a widespread and growing concern due to its transformation into microplastics (MPs), which can harm organisms and ecosystems. This study, aimed to identify plastic pollution in the feces of terrestrial vertebrates using convenience sampling both inside and outside protected areas in Western Thailand. We hypothesized that MPs are likely to be detectable in the feces of all vertebrate species, primarily in the form of small black fragments. We predicted varying quantities of MPs in the feces of the same species across different protected areas. Furthermore, we expected that factors indicating human presence, landscape characteristics, scat weight, and the MP abundance in water, soils, and sediments would influence the presence of plastics in feces. Among 12 terrestrial species studied, potential MPs were found in 41.11% of 90 samples, totaling 83 pieces across eight species including the Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ), Eld’s deer ( Rucervus eldii ), Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ), Gaur ( Bos gaurus ), Sambar deer ( Rusa unicolor ), Wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), Northern red muntjac ( Muntiacus vaginalis ), and Butterfly lizard ( Leiolepis belliana ). Specifically, 3.61% of all potential MPs (three pieces) were macroplastics, and the remaining 96.39% were considered potential MPs with the abundance of 0.92 ± 1.89 items.scat ⁻¹ or 8.69 ± 32.56 items.100 g ⁻¹ dw. There was an association between the numbers of feces with and without potential plastics and species (χ ² = 20.88, p = 0.012). Most potential plastics were fibers (95.18%), predominantly black (56.63%) or blue (26.51%), with 74.70% smaller than two millimeters. Although there were no significant associations between species and plastic morphologies, colors, and sizes, the abundance classified by these characteristics varied significantly. FTIR identified 52.38% as natural fibers, 38.10% as synthetic fibers (rayon, polyurethane (PUR), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and PUR blended with cotton), and 9.52% as fragments of PET and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). Human-related factors were linked to the occurrence of potential plastics found in the feces of land-dwelling wildlife. This study enhances the understanding of plastic pollution in tropical protected areas, revealing the widespread of MPs even in small numbers from the areas distant from human settlements. Monitoring plastics in feces offers a non-invasive method for assessing plastic pollution in threatened species, as it allows for easy collection and taxonomic identification without harming live animals. However, stringent measures to assure the quality are necessitated to prevent exogenous MP contamination. These findings underscore the importance of raising awareness about plastic pollution in terrestrial ecosystems, especially regarding plastic products from clothing and plastic materials used in agriculture and irrigation systems.

Sugarcane bagasse fly ash, a residual product resulting from the incineration of biomass to generate power and steam, is rich in SiO2. Sodium silicate is a fundamental material for synthesizing highly porous silica-based adsorbents to serve circular practices. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a significant contaminant in animal feeds, necessitates the integration of adsorbents, crucial for reducing aflatoxin concentrations during the digestive process of animals. This research aimed to synthesize aluminosilicate and zinc silicate derived from sodium silicate based on sugarcane bagasse fly ash, each characterized by a varied molar ratio of aluminum (Al) to silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) to silicon (Si), respectively. The primary focus of this study was to evaluate their respective capacities for adsorbing AFB1. It was revealed that aluminosilicate exhibited notably superior AFB1 adsorption capabilities compared to zinc silicate and silica. Furthermore, the adsorption efficacy increased with higher molar ratios of Al:Si for aluminosilicate and Zn:Si for zinc silicate. The N2 confirmed AFB1 adsorption within the pores of the adsorbent. In particular, the aluminosilicate variant with a molar ratio of 0.08 (Al:Si) showcased the most substantial AFB1 adsorption capacity, registering at 88.25% after an in vitro intestinal phase. The adsorption ability is directly correlated with the presence of surface acidic sites and negatively charged surfaces. Notably, the kinetics of the adsorption process were best elucidated through the application of the pseudo-second-order model, effectively describing the behavior of both aluminosilicate and zinc silicate in adsorbing AFB1.

Baicalein is a functional flavonoid that has been intensively studied for its health benefits. Loading baicalein in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions could provide advantages for its application in foods. This work investigated the characteristics of O/W emulsions loaded with baicalein formulated by combination of vegetable oils and homogenisation pressures. Rice bran oil (RBO) and coconut oil (CCO), classified as long‐chain triglycerides and medium‐chain triglyceride, were used in the homogenisation process at 600–1200 bar. The rice bran oil‐in‐water emulsion loaded with baicalein (RBOb/W) produced at 1200 bar provided the emulsion with the smallest particle size of the surface‐weighted mean diameter (d3,2) of 220 nm. The result showed that loading baicalein into RBO could reduce the particle size of O/W emulsion while it increased the particle size of coconut oil‐in‐water emulsion loaded with baicalein (CCOb/W). The RBOb/W and CCOb/W emulsions were physically stable in terms of droplet size during storage at 4 °C for 28 days. The change in viscosity of freshly prepared emulsion loaded with baicalein was dominant compared with the emulsion unloaded baicalein, however, the viscosity profiles of emulsions loaded with baicalein are like emulsions unloaded with baicalein after storage. The influence of baicalein on the viscoelastic properties of emulsion was observed in the storage modulus (G′) at low frequencies. These results suggest that baicalein could potentially interfere with the stabilising effect of Tween 20, contribute to droplet interactions, and migrate from the surface of RBO but not CCO. High baicalein retention of 91–98% was observed in the RBOb/W emulsions. This study recommends that RBO is preferable over CCO to produce O/W emulsion loaded with baicalein in terms of droplet size, stability and retention. It would be useful information to produce functional ingredients for the food industry.

Anthracnose of mango is one of the major postharvest diseases of mango fruit caused by members of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex such as Colletotrichum siamense. Crude extracts from dry trunk bark of four Cinnamomum species (C. burmanni, C. iners, C. loureiroi, and C. verum), a commercial cinnamon powder, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and cinnamon oil were assayed for their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum siamense. The crude extract of C. verum at 500 mg L−1 showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth. At a concentration above 10 g L−1 cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and cinnamon oil showed 100% mycelial inhibition. Using the microdilution assay, C. burmanni and C. verum crude extracts were effective against Colletotrichum siamense spore germination and showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 625 mg L−1 while the MIC value of cinnamaldehyde was 50 mg L−1. The direct bioautography of the C. verum extract and the fractions obtained by column chromatography over silica gel against Cladosporium herbarum revealed clear inhibition zones on TLC plates. The treatment of Colletotrichum siamense spores with this active fraction led to severe membrane damage which was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Comparative HPLC analyses of the Cinnamomum extracts and the active fraction of C. verum, cinnamon power, and the cinnamaldehyde and eugenol as standards indicated cinnamaldehyde as the major compound. The C. verum fraction reduced disease severity and disease incidence on inoculated mango fruit. Moreover, uninoculated mango dipped into C. burmanni and C. verum extracts reduced the naturally occurring disease while total soluble solid, titratable acidity, and weight loss of dipped mango were insignificantly different from the untreated fruit control.

Background Basicervical femoral neck fracture is a rare proximal femur fracture with a high implant failure rate. Biomechanical comparisons between cephalomedullary nails (CMNs) and dynamic hip screws (DHSs) under torsion loading are lacking. This study compared the biomechanical performance of three fixations for basicervical femoral neck fractures under torsion load during early ambulation. Methods The biomechanical study models used three fixations: a DHS, a DHS with an anti-rotation screw, and a short CMN. Finite element analysis was used to simulate hip rotation with muscle forces related to leg swing applied to the femur. The equivalent von Mises stress (EQV) on fixation, fragment displacement, and strain energy density at the proximal cancellous bone were monitored for fixation stability. Results The EQV of the short CMN construct (304.63 MPa) was comparable to that of the titanium DHS construct (293.39 MPa) and greater than that of the titanium DHS with an anti-rotation screw construct (200.94 MPa). The proximal fragment displacement in the short CMN construct was approximately 0.13 mm, the greatest among the constructs. The risk of screw cutout for the lag screw in short CMNs was 3.1–5.8 times greater than that for DHSs and DHSs with anti-rotation screw constructs. Conclusions Titanium DHS combined with an anti-rotation screw provided lower fragment displacement, stress, and strain energy density in the femoral head than the other fixations under torsion load. Basicervical femoral neck fracture treated with CMNs may increase the risk of lag screw cutout. Graphical abstract

Deliberate open burning of crop residues emits greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. This study investigates the environmental impacts (global warming potential, GWP) and economic impacts (net cash flow) of nine agricultural residue management schemes, including open burning, fertilizer production, and biochar production for corn residue, rice straw, and sugarcane leaves. The environmental assessment shows that, except the open burning schemes, fossil fuel consumption is the main contributor of the GWP impact. The fertilizer and biochar schemes reduce the GWP impact including black carbon by 1.88–1.96 and 2.46–3.22 times compared to open burning. The biochar schemes have the lowest GWP (− 1833.19 to − 1473.21 kg CO2-eq/ton). The economic assessment outcomes reveal that the biochar schemes have the highest net cash flow (222.72—889.31 US$2022/ton or 1258.15–13409.16 US$2022/ha). The expenditures of open burning are practically zero, while the biochar schemes are the most costly to operate. The most preferable agricultural residue management type is the biochar production, given the lowest GWP impact and the highest net cash flow. To discourage open burning, the government should tailor the government assistance programs to the needs of the farmers and make the financial assistance more accessible.

The global demand from multi-sectoral partners for operational tools for One Health implementation and capacity building is increasing, yet a validated global inventory of One Health tools did not exist. Here, we map and analyze available One Health tools and assess their suitability to support One Health implementation, including the One Health Joint Plan of Action 2022–2026 (OH JPA). Our objectives were to identify (i) publicly available One Health tools to support capacity building and OH JPA implementation; (ii) optimal outcomes for countries/regions using available One Health tools; (iii) linkages to OH JPA Action Tracks and pathways in the One Health Theory of Change (TOC); and (iv) gaps and priorities for the development of additional One Health tools. One Health High Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) members compiled information on One Health tools that were publicly available and released up to June 30, 2023, via online sources and partner networks including the Quadripartite organizations. Inclusion criteria addressed One Health relevance, use at the national, subnational, or regional level in ≥5 locations, and publicly available information. Tools were assessed for applicability by OH JPA action track, TOC pathway, scope, and intended outcomes, as well as the extent to which tools addressed gender equality, social inclusion, and environmental dimensions of One Health. Of 132 candidate tools, 50 (38%) met the inclusion criteria. These tools addressed all six OH JPA Action Tracks, but relatively fewer tools addressed Action Tracks 4 (Food Safety), 5 (Antimicrobial Resistance), and 6 (Environmental Integration). Tools were available to support all three TOC outcome pathways, and many addressed more than one Action Track and TOC outcome pathway. Most available One Health tools addressed assessment and to a lesser extent implementation, with fewer tools available for action planning, prioritization, and monitoring. Gaps and opportunities for improving One Health tools were identified, including the integration of the environment dimension, gender equality, and social inclusion. Ultimately, our findings will contribute to further the advancement of One Health globally, including via OH JPA implementation, while spurring adjustments to existing One Health tools and the development of new ones to address key gaps. One Health impact statement The One Health approach is gaining momentum globally, and this study represents the first integrated mapping and analysis of globally available One Health tools. Our findings aim to improve the quality, applicability, and availability of tools to support One Health implementation at the subnational, national, regional, and global levels, including through the Quadripartite’s One Health Joint Plan of Action. By using the OHHLEP definition of One Health to assess available One Health tools and map them onto the One Health Joint Plan of Action, we identify the need for a systematic approach and enhanced integration across dimensions of One Health to lead to sustainable One Health systems.

Bandon Bay is a very fertile bay for coastal aquaculture, especially for blood cockles (Anadara granosa). Its structural pattern supports the flow of nutrients which directly sent from many rivers resulted the high production capacity of blood cockle at the top level in the country. Besides organic compounds present in sediment, inorganic substances are essential for growth, survival and shell development of blood cockles. A comparative study of minerals and oxide compounds which accumulated in the sediments at eight stations around the cockle culture area was conducted. These stations are located along the estuaries at Tha Thong, Tha Chang, Phum Riang, and Tapi. The proportion of oxide compounds were determinedusing X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique and minerals were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Results showed that sediment characteristics, oxide composition and the amount of minerals among the stations are different from each other. The sediments of the eastern and the western coasts were characterized as crumble clay and muddy sand, respectively. Twelve types of oxide compounds, namely SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, Cl, MgO, Na2O, SO3, CaO, TiO2, MnO, P2O5 were found in various quantities, with SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were the fundamental minerals ranging from 85.64–90.82%. Tha Thong estuary in the east coast showed highly significant quantities (P<0.05) of potassium, calcium and manganese compared to the other estuaries.

Banteng (Bos javanicus) is listed as an endangered species because of a global population decline of at least 50% over the last 25 years. The Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM) of Thailand has been identified as a priority site for banteng population recovery, and Huai Kha Keang Wildlife Sanctuary (HKK) is the most important source site for this species within the WEFCOM. We have provided evidence and discussed banteng dispersal from HKK to Thung Yai Naresuan West Wildlife Sanctuary (TYW). We sampled an area of 147 km² in banteng habitat next to the border between HKK and TYW using camera traps. We divided the sampled area into four grid cells and placed camera traps during January to December 2022. We setup the camera traps near saltlicks and natural water sources, as important resources for banteng, to maximize capture probability. In total, 2835 trap days were obtained. Bantengs were captured in all seasons (RAI = 1.66), especially in dry dipterocarp forest, which contains the ground forage availability for banteng, and the low‐slope area with elevation 600–700 m adjacent to the border between HKK and TYW. The results highlighted that banteng, which had never been reported in TYW before, appeared there for the first time. They most likely dispersed from the population source in HKK and settled in a habitat that is considered suitable for them. The habitat management and protection are significant for the future recovery of banteng populations in the TYW and the rest of protected areas in the WEFCOM.