College of Engineering and Managament, Kolaghat

Odd and even number detection is an important mathematical operation. Generally when any number divisible by 2 then it is called even number, otherwise it is odd number. Division by 2 can be easily obtained by putting a point before least significant bit (LSB) of any binary number. As an example a number (27) 10 = (11011) 2 when divided by 2 its result will be (1101.1) 2 = (13.5) 10 . Hence when we find the fractional bit as logic-1 we can say that the number is odd, otherwise it is even. This operation can be obtained by using a demultiplexer. Here we have developed an optical circuit which can divide any binary integer number by 2, apart from that its 1’s complement can also be obtained from the circuit. Both of the result can be obtained simultaneously. Terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD) based generally switch assumes a vital part to plan this n-bit circuit. Numerical simulations are done to urge the exhibition of the circuit.

Odd and even number detection is an important mathematical operation. Generally when any number divisible by 2 then it is called even number, otherwise it is odd number. Division by 2 can be easily obtained by putting a point before least significant bit (LSB) of any binary number. As an example a number (27) 10 = (11011) 2 when divided by 2 its result will be (1101.1) 2 = (13.5) 10 . Hence when we find the fractional bit as logic-1 we can say that the number is odd, otherwise it is even. This operation can be obtained by using a demultiplexer. Here we have developed an optical circuit which can divide any binary integer number by 2, apart from that its 1’s complement can also be obtained from the circuit. Both of the result can be obtained simultaneously. Terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer (TOAD) based generally switch assumes a vital part to plan this n-bit circuit. Numerical simulations are done to urge the exhibition of the circuit.

This study presents a structured pattern‐recognition framework for fault pattern recognition in large power systems. The main novelty of the study is in the efficient use of techniques to reduce data acquisition and administration requirements and limiting the computational overhead without sacrificing fault recognition accuracy and reliability. Optimal fault recorder placement based on the criterion of ‘network observability’ has been suggested for real‐time monitoring of voltage and current at strategic network locations. An efficient feature‐screening method has been adopted to select only the recorders whose data are assessed to be critical for fault recognition. ‘Wavelet’‐based multi‐resolution decomposition facilitated the extraction of important fault features from recorded waveforms and feature‐screening was leveraged, once more, to eliminate irrelevant features to ensure that the data presented to the fault classifier is precise and feature‐enriched. Random forest ensemble classifier was used for final class prediction and location of faults through voting of several individual learners to achieve high prediction accuracy. The proposed approach proved to be computationally efficient and consistent when tested on IEEE 118‐bus system.

The detection of citrus plant leaf disease generally includes many methods and proposing work gives the detailed information about different Image Processing methods. One of the major sources of nutrients and energy for the human race are citrus plants which are irreplaceable in nature. Bacterial disease Citrus canker is one of the diseases which are caused by Bacterium Xanthomonas Axonopodis PV Citric (XAC) and its infection results in reduced fruit quality. Detecting citrus canker at the initial stage is the key to control and it is difficult to eradicate. K-means clustering is the best method used among all other methods but Color co-occurrence Matrix gave a better analysis based on texture. Proposed paper gives information about different traditional methods which are used in detection of citrus canker leaf.

In this paper, estimation of mobility using received signal strength (RSS) is presented. In contrast to standard methods, speed can be estimated without the use of any additional hardware like accelerometer, gyroscope or position estimator. The pattern of mobility can be inferred using any hand-held device such as mobile phone, tablet or smart watch and source of RSS. The strength of Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) signal is considered herein to compute the time-domain features such as mean, minimum, maximum, and autocorrelation of signal strength. The experiments are carried out in different environments like academic area, residential area and in open space. The experimental results indicate that the average accuracy in the estimated speed is 88% using the maximum RSS model with limited data set. The accuracy can be further increased by carrying out the training with a larger dataset. The proposed method is cost-effective and having linear complexity with reasonable accuracy. Additionally, the proposed method is scalable that is the performance is not affected in a multi-smartphones scenario in a WiFi or cellular environment.

Temperature sensor based on optical ring resonator has been demonstrated with its constituent material as silicon (Si-fiber) and germanium (Ge-fiber) in this work. It has been done through optical delay line signal processing technique in Z-domain. The group indices of both the materials vary with the change in temperature due to the thermo-optic effect in materials. Thus temperature dependence of free spectral range forms the basis of modeling the sensors. Silicon (Si) fiber based optical sensor can sense the temperature in the range 30–500 °C and that for germanium (Ge) fiber the range is −25 to 300 °C. Obtained temperature sensitivities for Ge and Si-fibers are 5.55 and 2.97 MHz/°C respectively.

Prediction error expansion (PEE) based reversible watermarking (RW) has found to be efficient for meeting the high embedding rate at low visual distortion. However, the existing works mostly use single predictor over the entire host image. Further performance improvement is possible using predictors based on local characteristics of the image. To this aim, this work first proposes a method to partition the image into different regions, namely the smooth, the texture and the edge regions using multiple thresholds on pixel gradients. The threshold values are calculated by maximizing the fuzzy conditional entropy of the gradient values. The optimal set of parameters for the fuzzy membership functions are specified by differential evolution method. Two predictors are then proposed, one for prediction of gray values in the edge region and the other one for the texture and the smooth region. RW is then done using region specific PEE. A large set of simulation results are shown to highlight its improved rate-distortion performance over the existing works followed by semi-fragile nature of watermark decoding against common operations like smoothing filtering, noise addition, cropping, random bending attack, etc.

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to determine the melting point and thermal expansion coefficient of nanoparticles under a constant heat intake rate. The melting points of Cu and Al nanoparticles are estimated to be much less compared to those of the bulk materials and are found to decrease with decrease in particle size. The coefficient of thermal expansion of Cu nanoparticles evaluated on the basis of present simulations is found to be more than that of the bulk Cu and it increases with decrease in particle size or increase in temperature. The estimated results have been compared with the data available in literatures for bulk materials and have indicated the dominant role of surface in influencing both the melting point and thermal expansion coefficient of nanoparticles.

In this paper the dynamical changes of wind speed from summer to rainy season due to arrival of monsoon has been described. Wavelet transform based method identifies local dynamics of interest. This is accomplished using strong thresholding, whose advantage is to avoid the arbitary threshold that might conceal variability in raw data. Wavelet local maxima approach differentiates the seasonal variations due to arrival of monsoon. The results are furthur verified with Energy spectrum vs day plots for different seasons which also confirm the substantial changes. Keywords-Wavelet Local Maxima, Wavelet Thresholding, Wind speed data, Atmospheric Turbulence. I. INTRODUCTION Among non-conventional energy resources, the wind energy is one of the promising resources. The daily or monthly basis wind speed data is an important factor of wind energy generation. For analyzing purpose of the wind speed data, signal processing tools are very useful. The Discrete Hilbert transform (DHT) is launched for low wind speed characterization [1]. The process of DHT-RBF model is projected for wind power forecasting [2]. The utility of the signal processing tools like S transform and Wavelet transform are discussed in Ref [8, 10]. Wavelets are very well-known for their versatile applications from the field of environmental science to biomedical imaging [6-7, 12-13]. The study of wind data fluctuations are precisely done by wavelets and MFDFA which clearly shows the anisotropic nature among wind particles [14]. A comparative study of seasonal wind speed is also done by fourier and wavelet transforms [17]. This paper is aimed to diagnose the heterogenous structure of the wind turbulence where noisy wind data is first treated with hard thresholding for smoothing operation followed by wavelet local maxima for pointed out the substantial changes due to the arrival of monsoon. The results are further confirmed by energy spectrum

Reversible contrast mapping (RCM) and its various modified versions are used extensively in reversible watermarking (RW) to embed secret information into the digital contents. RCM based RW accomplishes a simple integer transform applied on pair of pixels and their least significant bits (LSB) are used for data embedding. It is perfectly invertible even if the LSBs of the transformed pixels are lost during data embedding. RCM offers high embedding rate at relatively low visual distortion (embedding distortion). Moreover, low computation cost and ease of hardware realization make it attractive for real-time implementation. To this aim, this paper proposes a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based very large scale integration (VLSI) architecture of RCM-RW algorithm for digital images that can serve the purpose of media authentication in real-time environment. Two architectures, one for block size (8×8) and the other one for (32×32) block are developed. The proposed architecture allows a 6-stage pipelining technique to speed up the circuit operation. For a cover image of block size (32×32), the proposed architecture requires 9881 slices, 9347 slice flip-flops, 11291 number 4-input LUTs, 3 BRAMs and a data rate of 1.0395 Mbps at an operating frequency as high as 98.76 MHz.

All-optical 5-bit binary coded decimal (BCD) to binary converter has been designed with the help of Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) - assisted Sagnac switches. Binary is handy because we can easily use something physical to represent numbers. We use laser source for incoming pulse and input data. When it is on, it means 1-state and when it is off, it means 0-state. The paper describes all-optical conversion scheme using a set of all-optical NOT and AND gates. The circuit can perform the conversion at very high speed. The operations of the circuit are studied theoretically. We also make the simulation of this proposed circuit.

In modern deep sub-micron technology, it is very crucial to have quality product with low power test and desired level of fault coverage. In this paper, we address a technique to reduce test length with efficiently managed scan power and higher test quality, targeting to achieve a desired level of fault coverage with all essential (marked) faults being covered as well. This can aid in achieving a trade-off between test time and quality assurance of the product. It can provide a level of confidence about the correctness of system functionalities for the amount of test effort incorporated. Experimental results of our approach on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show a good reduction in test length with improved fault coverage. It also makes the resulting test set power aware.

Interferometric devices have drawn a great interest in all-optical signal processing for their high-speed photonic activity. Quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier (QD-SOA)-based gate has added a new momentum in this field to perform all-optical logic and algebraic operations. In this paper, a new and alternative scheme for all-optical half adder using two QD-SOA-based Mach-Zehnder interferometers is theoretically investigated and demonstrated. The proposed scheme is driven by the pair of input data streams for one switch between which the Boolean xor function is to be executed to produce sum-bit. Then the output of the first switch and one of the input data are utilized to drive the second switch to produce carry-bit. The impact of the peak data power as well as of the QD-SOAs current density, small signal gain, and QD-SOAs length on the ER and Q-factor of the switching outcome are explored and assessed by means of numerical simulation. The operation of the system is demonstrated with 160 Gbit/s.

The shape of a popular split-ring defected ground structure (DGS) is modified by etching two concentric split-ring defective pattern which have different size and inverse split direction in the ground plane underneath a microstrip line. The frequency characteristics of proposed DGS unit show an attenuation zero close to the attenuation pole frequency. As a result, better transition sharpness is observed. An equivalent lumped L-C network is proposed to model the introduced DGS unit and corresponding L-C parameters are extracted. A 3 rd order quasi-elliptic lowpass filter is designed by cascading the three investing DGS units under High-Low impedance microstrip line and the generated first harmonic has been removed with the help of defected microstrip structure (DMS) underneath the cascading DGS unit.

The modern microwave and millimeter wave communication system demands good filtering characteristics with compact sizes. In this paper the attention has been given towards the design of a good elliptical lowpass filter with sharp transition between passband and stopband, negligible passband insertion loss and wide stop band. A new defected ground structure (DGS) consisting of two square slots connects with a rectangular slot by two thin transverse slots underneath a microstrip line is proposed. In the frequency characteristics of proposed unit pattern provides an attenuation zero close to an attenuation pole. As a result, better transition sharpness, lower passband insertion loss and broader stopband are observed compares to dumbbell DGS. An equivalent lumped L-C network is proposed to model the introduced DGS unit and corresponding L-C parameters are extracted. A 3rd order quasi-elliptic lowpass filter with 1.4 GHz cut-off frequency, 1.7 GHz attenuation pole frequency, negligible passband insertion loss, almost 100 dB/GHz sharpness factor and 1.56GHz passband bandwidth (at -15 dB) is designed by cascading three investigated DGS units of different dimensions under capacitively loaded microstrip line.

A new defected ground structure (DGS) consisting of two square ring slots connects with a rectangular ring slot by two thin transverse slots under a microstrip line is proposed. In the frequency characteristics of proposed unit pattern, an attenuation zero is observed close to the attenuation pole. As a result, better transition sharpness, lower passband insertion loss and broader stopband are observed compares to dumbbell DGS. An equivalent lumped L-C network is proposed to model the introduced DGS unit and corresponding L-C parameters are extracted. Insertion loss is reduced by alternative transmission line on the top plane of the DGS unit. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.

The formation of small but finite amplitude electrostatic shocks in the propagation of quantum ion-acoustic waves obliquely to an external magnetic field is reported in a quantum electron-positron-ion plasma. Such shocks are seen to have double-layer (DL) structures composed of the compressive and accompanying rarefactive slow-wave fronts. Existence of such DL shocks depends critically on the quantum coupling parameter H associated with the Bohm potential and the positron to electron density ratio δ . The profiles may, however, steepen initially and reach a steady state with a number of solitary waves in front of the shocks. Such novel DL shocks could be a good candidate for particle acceleration in intense laser-solid density plasma interaction experiments as well as in compact astrophysical objects, e.g., magnetized white dwarfs.

Quaternary inverters are the fundamental building blocks of multivalued flip-flops (MVFFs). A novel all-optical quaternary universal inverter circuit with the help of a semiconductor optical amplifier-assisted Sagnac switch is proposed and described. This circuit exploits the polarization properties of light. Different logical states are represented by different polarization states of light. A terahertz optical asymmetric multiplexer-based gate plays an important role here. Numerical simulation results confirming the described method are given. An all-optical circuit for a MVFF (quaternary) with the help of our proposed quaternary universal inverter is also designed, and simulation results are presented.

An all-optical binary-coded decimal (BCD) adder with the help of Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (TOAD) is proposed and described. The paper describes the all optical BCD adder by using a set of all-optical full-adder, optical beam combiner, and optical switch. In electronic computing systems, BCD is an encoding for decimal numbers in which each digit is represented by its own binary sequence. Its main virtue is that it allows easy conversion to decimal digits for printing or display and faster decimal calculations. Numerical simulations (by Mathlab6.5) result confirming described methods and conclusion are given in this paper.