Central Institute for Research on Goats

Importance of Study: Semen cryopreservation results in sperm damage due to lipid peroxidation or oxidative stress, leading to a decrease in conception rate. The sperm damage during cryopreservation can be minimized with the use of suitable antioxidant supplements in semen diluent. Some herbs have potent antioxidant potential and can be used in semen diluent to protect the spermatozoa. Objective: Hence, the investigation was planned to evaluate the effect of Asparagus racemosus (A. racemosus) aqueous extract on buck semen quality during cryopreservation. Methodology: In the current study, semen was collected from eight Sirohi bucks, and from each buck, 8 ejaculates were collected. Good-quality semen samples were pooled during each collection. Pooled semen samples were then divided into four equal parts and diluted in TRIS buffer containing different concentrations of A. racemosus aqueous extract (different groups, i.e., G I -5 mg, G II -2.5 mg, G III -1.25 mg, and G IV -0 mg of A. racemosus aqueous extract in 1 mL TRIS buffer). All the diluted semen samples were kept at equilibration temperature (5°C) for 2 hours and then cryopreserved by the manual method. Semen samples were evaluated for various sperm characteristics and antioxidant status before and after cryopreservation. Results: Asparagus racemosus aqueous extract showed significant (p < 0.05) enhancement of sperm viability, sperm motility, acrosomal integrity, and plasma membrane integrity, whereas it reduced sperm abnormality. Furthermore, in the experimental groups, the antioxidant gene expression was found to be increased compared to that of the treatment group. G III (p < 0.05) showed significantly better results in terms of sperm viability, sperm motility, acrosomal integrity, and plasma membrane integrity. Conclusion: Asparagus racemosus aqueous extract has the antioxidant potential to protect buck spermatozoa during semen cryopreservation.

The current study attempts to investigate the differences in gene expression in longissimus thoracis muscles between sheep breeds acclimated to diverse environments. Changthangi sheep inhabits the cold arid plateau of Ladakh, at an altitude above 3000 m with prevalence of rarefied atmosphere. Muzzafarnagri sheep, on the other hand is found in the sub-tropical hot and humid plains at an altitude of about 250 m. Comparative transcriptomics was used to provide a molecular perspective of the differential adaptation of the two breeds. RNA sequencing data was generated from four biological replicates of the longissimus thoracis muscles from both breeds. The common genes expressed in both breeds were involved in muscle contraction and muscle fibre organization. The most significant pathways enriched in Changthangi muscles were glycogen metabolism, reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels and NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant, while those in Muzzafarnagri were extracellular matrix organization and collagen formation. The hub genes identified in Changthangi were involved in hematopoiesis and HIF signaling pathway, suggesting the molecular acclimatization of Changthangi to the high altitude cold desert of Ladakh. The nodal genes discovered in Muzzafarnagri sheep were associated with the extracellular matrix which accentuates its significance in the development, growth and repair of muscles. The observed transcriptomic differences underscore the morphological and adaptive disparity between the two breeds. The candidate genes and pathways identified in this study will form the basis for future research on adaptation to high altitude and body size in small ruminants.

The study aimed to assess the impact of feeding Bengal gram residual forage-based pelleted Total Mixed Ration (TMR) with varying concentrate (C) to roughage (R) ratios on feed intake, nutrient utilization, growth, and carcass characteristics in Barbari kids. Sixteen weaned male Barbari kids (av. age, 233 ± 11 days; weight, 13.86 ± 0.76 kg) were divided into two groups (T1 and T2), each receiving different pelleted diets (TMR) with distinct concentrate to roughage ratios (T1 with 60:40; T2 with 40:60). The kids were fed for 133 days, and a digestion trial was conducted at the end of the study. After completion, all kids were slaughtered. Although, kids under T1 consumed higher (P < 0.001) amount of dry matter, and crude protein compared to T2, which was due to a higher concentrate to roughage ratio in T1. But, the average daily body weight gain (ADG) of finisher kids was 88.53, and 79.83 g/d/kid in T1 and T2, respectively; however, the difference was non-significant. Digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrate was also greater in T1 compared to T2. Total digestible nutrients intake was higher (P < 0.001) in T1; similarly intake of digestible energy, and metabolizable energy were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in T1 compared to T2. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and NH3-nitrogen were also enhanced (P < 0.05) in T1 compared to T2. We observed similar carcass weight, and dressing percentage in both groups, and carcass composition remained unaffected. The pelleted diet containing greater ratio of concentrate: roughage (60:40) had no additional benefits in terms of ADG, and carcass traits in finisher kids. Therefore, it may be concluded that the Bengal gram residual forage-based pelleted TMR diet containing C40: R60 (TDN 57.13%, DCP 7.64%, ME 9.11MJ/kg feed) is suitable for optimizing growth performance with desirable carcass traits, and meat composition in finisher Barbari kids reared under the intensive system.

Ladakh, one of the highest inhabited regions globally, hosts the unique Changthangi goat, renowned for producing Pashmina, the world’s most luxurious natural fiber. In comparison, the fiber derived from Changthangi sheep is considered next only to Pashmina. This research endeavors to compare the skin transcriptome profiles of Changthangi goats and Changthangi sheep, aiming to discern the molecular determinants behind the recognition of Changthangi goats as the source of Pashmina. Drawing upon previously conducted studies, a collective of 225 genes correlated with fiber characteristics were extracted from the differentially expressed genes noticed between the two species (p-value of ≤ 0.05 and a log2 fold change of ≥ 1.5). These genes were analyzed using DAVID software to understand their biological functions and to identify enriched KEGG and Reactome pathways. The protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using Cytoscape, cytoHubba, and STRING to focus on key genes and infer their biological significance. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed significantly higher expression of genes involved in signaling pathways like Wnt, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, Hedgehog, associated with fiber development and quality in Changthangi goats. These pathways play crucial roles in hair follicle (HF) formation, maintenance of epidermal stem cells, and fiber characteristics. Findings also highlight the enrichment of cell adhesion molecules and ECM-receptor interaction, emphasizing their roles in HF structure, growth, and signaling. This investigation offers an in-depth understanding of the molecular intricacies governing Pashmina production in Changthangi goats, providing valuable insights into their unique genetic makeup and underlying mechanisms influencing the exceptional quality of Pashmina fibers.

In this present study, a three-factor Box–Behnken, response surface methodology (RSM) design was employed to optimize the skimmed milk powder (SMP)/whey protein concentrate (WPC) ratio (0.25–0.75%w/v) as a source of milk protein, inulin (1–2%w/v), and honey (4–6%w/v) for production of high-quality goat milk yoghurt (GMY). The resulting ANOVA and response surface equations revealed the significant effect (p < 0.05) of these variables on the various attributes such as total solid (%), pH, titratable acidity [(LA) % by weight], syneresis (%), DPPH (% inhibition), viscosity (m.Pa⋅s), whiteness index (WI), and overall acceptability (OA). The coefficient of determination (R2) for all response variables ranged from 0.88 to 0.99. Lack-of-fit tests resulted in non-significant F-values. The optimal conditions were determined as SMP/WPC at 0.36%w/v, inulin at 1.00%w/v, and honey at 6.00%w/v. The optimum values for total solid, pH, titratable acidity, syneresis, DPPH, viscosity, WI, and OA were 22.03, 4.46, 0.77, 6.34, 25.20, 182.30, 76.29 and 8.37, respectively with desirability value of 0.95.

Background Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is a highly reliable method for validating gene expression data in molecular studies due to its sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency. To ensure accurate qPCR results, it’s essential to normalize the expression data using stable reference genes. Methods This study aimed to identify suitable reference genes for qPCR studies in goats by evaluating 18 candidate reference genes (ACTB, BACH1, B2M, GAPDH, HMBS, HPRT1, PGK1, PPIA, PPIB, RPLP0, RPL19, RPS9, RPS15, RPS28, SDHA, TBP, UXT, and YWHAZ) in 10 different caprine tissues (heart, intestine, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, rumen, skin, spleen, and testis). An integrated tool called RefFinder, which incorporates various algorithms like NormFinder, GeNorm, BestKeeper, and ΔCt, was used to assess the stability of expression among these genes. Results After thorough analysis, ACTB, PPIB, and B2M emerged as the most stable reference genes, while RPL19, RPS15, and RPS9 were found to be the least stable. The suitability of the selected internal control genes was further validated through target gene analysis, confirming their efficacy in ensuring accurate gene expression profiling in goats. Conclusion The study determined that the geometric average of ACTB, PPIB, and B2M creates an appropriate normalization factor for gene expression studies in goat tissues.

The development of infants needs an adequate amount of high-quality nutrition. Breastfeeding is the healthiest nutritional source for neonates throughout the initial months before weaning. Healthcare practitioners recommend that mothers utilize a breast milk substitute (BMS) if breast milk is unavailable. Infant formula is a breast-milk substitute that can meet all of the infant’s dietary requirements from birth to the introduction of supplemental feeding. These formulas are designed to provide adequate nutrition for infants. Still, some studies have shown the risks associated with infant formula consumption. The health issues include increased gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory infections, altered intellectual development, etc. Nutritionists and researchers are attempting to find ways to produce safe infant formula. Generally, different types of infant formulas, depending upon the added components and based upon cow milk, whey protein, elemental formula or amino-acid-based formulae, lactose-free formulae, etc., are available on the market. The current approaches and methods in developing infant formulae include supplementing the fat globular membrane, high-pressure pasteurization, and synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides in vitro, etc. This review paper will focus on various approaches to developing and formulating infant food. It further helps to disseminate current information to scientists and nutritionists about developing nutritious, risk-free infant food.

Neonatal diarrhoea is a major threat responsible for high mortality in neonates particularly during the first week of life. In goat kids besides E. coli; Group A, Group B Rotavirus (GARV/ GBRV), Bovine Corona virus (BCoV), Cryptosporidium parvum and Clostridium perfringens are frequently involved as causative agents of diarrhoea. It requires highly sensitive and specific assays to diagnose the disease at field level. Detection of GARV/GBRV and BCoV was done by one-step RT-PCR (osRT-PCR). In the present investigation, diarrhoeal(n=254) and non-diarrhoeal (n=50) faecal samples and necropsy tissue samples (n=17) of goat kids and lambs(n=22) were collected from different outbreaks and screened for GARV, GBRV and BCoV by a conventional osRT-PCR. The prevalence of rotavirus small ruminants was recorded as 14.57% for GARV, 7.48% for BCoV and 1.18% for GBRV. The prevalence of GARV in lambs was recorded as 22.7%. While non-diarrheic samples (n=50) obtained from asymptomatic kids showed 3 samples positive for GARV (6%) and 1 sample positive for BCoV (2%) while none of them were detected for GBRV. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed two major branches, where CIRG F2 strain was closely associated with bovine and human GARV strains, indicating the relevance of genetic re-assortment and its zoonotic potential. Two more strains viz., CIRG 1873 and CIRG1841 were placed in a clade genetically close to porcine GARV isolates. This shows the dynamic nature of the circulating strains of GARV.

Lung cancer, a collection of dangerous malignant tumours, is one of the major contributors to new cancer cases and cancer-related mortality. Lung cancer has a bad outcome and a relatively low life expectancy due to late detection and the lack of effectiveness of traditional therapy. Thus, drug delivery techniques that might prevent harm to healthy cells, increase treatment effectiveness, and serve as imaging instruments are receiving much interest. Unique drugs based on nanoscales have been created due to advances in material science, giving patients with lung cancer fresh hope. Because of their outstanding capacities to dissolve polar anti-cancer drugs, high thermal stability, bioactivity, and target ability, nanoemulsions (NEs) represent a viable platform for cancer treatment. In the continuous phase, NEs may be able to do various tasks with their submicron dispersed colloids, which helps overcome biological barriers that prevent traditional chemotherapeutic drug delivery from reaching the target area of lung cancer. By modifying it to target the cancer cells’ surroundings better, surface-engineered NE, combined with chemotherapy, can transform the way lung cancer is treated. This chapter aims to give an overview of the role of nanoemulsion in lung cancer treatment.

The enhanced availability of functional fibroblasts from precious tissue samples requires an ideal cell-culture system. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the performance of caprine adult fibroblast cells (cadFibroblast) when cultivated in different culture media. The cadFibroblast cell lines from adult Barbari (Capra hircus) bucks were established and the effect of different media viz. DMEM/F-12 [with low-glucose (5.5 mM; DL) and high-glucose (30 mM; DH)], α-MEM [with low-glucose (5.5 mM; ML) and with high-glucose (30 mM; MH)], and fibroblast growth medium (FGM) were evaluated. Cells were then compared for growth characteristics and in-vitro dynamics through cellular morphology, proliferation, population-doubling time, double-immunocytochemistry, colony-forming units, wound healing, transwell migration, and differential expression of fibroblast-specific markers (FSP-1 and vimentin). The results of immunocytochemistry, transwell migration/invasion, and wound healing assays showed the superiority of DH over DL and other media tested. Whereas, similar effects of glucose supplementation and expression of FSP-1 were not observed in α-MEM. Transwell migration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in FGM compared with other media tested. Overall, our results illustrate the media-dependent deviation in in-vitro dynamics and culture characteristics of cadFibroblasts that may be useful to develop strategies to cultivate these cells efficiently for research and downstream applications.

This study investigated the effect of supplementing omega fatty acids-rich oil blend, composed of sunflower oil (1.5% and 3.0%), linseed oil (1.5% and 3.0%), and FineXNV1810 (20 g) on the carcass, meat quality, fatty acid profile, and genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A, and leptin) of Barbari goats. The goat kids (n = 18) were divided into three groups, namely, group A: basal diet; group B: basal diet + oil blend level 1; and group C: basal diet + oil blend level 2, and subjected to the feeding trial for 120 days followed by slaughter and meat quality studies. No treatment effect was recorded in carcass characteristics, pH, water holding capacity, and proximate composition of meat. However, a significant (p < 0.05) treatment effect was observed in cooking loss, lightness, yellowness, and shear force values of meat. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in linoleic acid, α-linolenic acids, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n − 3 and n − 6 PUFA, PUFA/saturated fatty acids and n − 6/n − 3 ratios, and thrombogenic index among groups. An upregulation of the studied genes in the supplemented groups was observed. There were upregulations in the studied genes in the supplemented groups.

Enterotoxaemia (ET) is a severe disease that affects domestic ruminants, including sheep and goats, and is caused by Clostridium perfringens type B and D strains. The disease is characterized by the production of Epsilon toxin (ETX), which has a significant impact on the farming industry due to its high lethality. The binding of ETX to the host cell receptor is crucial, but still poorly understood. Therefore, the structural features of goat Myelin and lymphocytic (MAL) protein were investigated and defined in this study. We induced the mutations in aromatic amino acid residues of ETX and substituted them with aliphatic residues at domains I and II. Subsequently, protein-protein interactions (PPI) were performed between ETX (wild)-MAL and ETX (mutated)-MAL protein predicting the domain sites of ETX structure. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were performed for both complexes to investigate the dynamic behavior of the proteins. The binding efficiency between ‘ETX (wild)-MAL protein’ and ‘ETX (mutated)-MAL protein complex’ interactions were compared and showed that the former had stronger interactions and binding efficiency due to the higher stability of the complex. The MD analysis showed destabilization and higher fluctuations in the PPI of the mutated heterodimeric ETX-MAL complex which is otherwise essential for its functional conformation. Such kind of interactions with mutated functional domains of ligands provided much-needed clarity in understanding the pre-pore complex formation of epsilon toxin with the MAL protein receptor of goats. The findings from this study would provide an impetus for designing a novel vaccine for Enterotoxaemia in goats. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

DNA extraction from stools is the major hurdle in the detection of Cryptosporidium infection due to complex oocyst wall and presence of PCR inhibitors. There is no conventional full-proof DNA extraction method which efficiently recovers DNA from Cryptosporidium . Alternatively, commercial DNA kits costs dearer and unaffordable in smaller laboratories with limited funding. To address this, the current study explored for an efficient DNA extraction method from Cryptosporidium oocysts. Four different DNA-extraction methodologies were developed at different Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromideconcentrations and temperature-cycles and analyzed for quality-quantity parameters. Four different types of recipes were used, in brief which includes 1. Sonication+3 cycles of chill-thaw+ (24:1) Chloroform:Isoamyl alcohol, 2. Liquid Nitrogen+ thaw (@70ºC)+ (24:1) Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol, 3. Sonication + 3 cycles of freeze that + (24:1) Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol and 4. Three cycles of ‘snap-chill (@-80ºC) and boil (@95ºC) +(24:1) Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol’. Among these, a protocol involving three cycles of ‘snap-chill and boil’ (Method-4) could successfully recover Cryptosporidium DNA with better quality-quantity parameters with consistency and repeatability and lack of PCR inhibitors as evidenced by the workability of this method confirmed by conventional-PCR and real-time PCR for 18 small-subunit-ribosomal RNA ( 18SSU rRNA ). The repeated deep freezer and boil cycles successfully disrupted the thick chitin-rich oocyst wall of Cryptosporidium leading to precipitation of nucleic acids by chloroform-isoamyl alcohol. The current study aims to introduce a cost-effective method that overcomes the bottlenecks faced with the conventional DNA extraction techniques for Cryptosporidium directly from faecal samples.

The aim of this review is to highlight the significance of goat milk along with potential and prospects of dairy goat development in the country. India occupies the first position in goat milk production in the world. In the last few years, commercial dairy goat production in India gained momentum due to spread of knowledge about therapeutic, nutraceutical and medicinal benefits of goat milk and its product, and their export potential. India possesses vast caprine resources with 37 goat breeds distributed in different bio-climates with varied nutritive value, however, some goat breeds native to north and northwestern region namely Beetal, Jamunapari, Jakhrana, Surti and Zalawadi are considered as Indian dairy breed with 150 to 500 litre milk yields. The reported milk yield of Indian dairy goat is far below their potential, since they are primarily raised for mutton and also due to energy-deficient diet. Attempts so far made were scarce and limited for milk improvement of dairy goats and in creating infrastructure for goat milk processing and marketing. Use of potential sire/semen and infrastructural support for a secured market for goat milk and products is necessary to enhance dairy goat productivity and profitability. To cater the demand for goat milk in southern, eastern and hilly regions, suitable dairy breeds need to be developed along with increasing the genetic potential of existing breeds. Development of the goat dairy sector will require focused efforts to encourage entrepreneurship to set as many as possible commercial dairy farms by involving private sector through appropriate policy support and incentives.

Genetic variability at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is important in any species due to significant role played by MHC for antigen presentation. DQA locus has not been studied for its genetic variability across sheep population in India. In the present study, MHC of sheep at DQA1 and DQA2 loci were evaluated across 17 Indian sheep breeds. Results revealed high degree of heterozygosity (10.34% to 100% for DQA1 and 37.39 to 100% for DQA2). 18 DQA1 alleles and 22 DQA2 alleles were isolated in different breeds. Nucleotide content for DQA region revealed richness of AT content (54.85% for DQA1 and 53.89% for DQA2). DQA1 and DQA2 sequences clustered independently. We could see evidence of divergence of DQA as DQA1 and DQA2 across sheep breeds. Wu-Kabat variability index revealed vast genetic variation across DQA1 and DQA2, specifically at peptide binding sites (PBS) that consisted 21 residues for DQA1 and 17 residues for DQA2. Evolutionary analysis revealed the presence of positive and balancing selection for DQA1 locus, however DQA2 was under purifying selection across sheep breeds. Higher heterozygosity and large diversity at both loci especially at PBS indicated the fitness of the sheep population for evading pathogens and adapt to the harsh tropical climate.

The enhanced availability of functional fibroblasts from precious tissue samples requires an ideal cell-culture system. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the performance of caprine adult fibroblast cells (cadFibroblast) when cultivated in different culture media. The cadFibroblast cell lines from adult Barbari bucks were established and the effect of different media viz. DMEM/F-12 [with low glucose (5.5 mM; DL) and high glucose (30 mM; DH)], α-MEM [with low glucose (5.5 mM; ML) and with high glucose (30 mM; MH)], and fibroblast growth medium (FGM) were evaluated and compared for growth characteristics and in-vitro dynamics through cellular morphology, proliferation, population doubling time, double-immunocytochemistry, colony forming units, wound healing, transwell migration and differential expression of fibroblast-specific markers [FSP-1 and vimentin]. The results of immunocytochemistry, transwell migration/invasion, and wound healing assays showed the superiority of DH over DL and other media tested. Whereas, similar effects of glucose supplementation and expression of FSP-1 were not observed in α-MEM. Transwell migration was significantly (p<0.05) lower in FGM compared with other media tested. Overall, our results illustrate the media-dependent deviation in in-vitro dynamics and culture characteristics of cadFibroblasts that may be useful to develop strategies to cultivate these cells efficiently for research and downstream applications.

The present study aimed to identify the effects of sugar and methods [slow freezing (SF) vs fast freezing (FF)] on post-thaw in-vitro functional characteristics of cryopreserved caprine SSCs (cSSCs) and the cells obtained from cryopreserved testis tissue of pre-pubertal Barbari bucks. For this, in experiment-1, cSSCs were isolated and cryopreserved by either SF or FF method with different nonpermeable [sugars; trehalose (140 mM; 140T or 400 mM; 400T), and sucrose (140 mM; 140S or 400 mM; 400S)] or/and permeable [5% ethylene glycol (EG) and DMSO] cryoprotectants. After one-wk of cryopreservation, the cSSCs were thawed and cultured for evaluation of their characteristics. Further, in experiment-2, the effectiveness of sugars [trehalose (140 mM) or sucrose (140 mM)] for cryopreservation of testicular tissues of pre-pubertal Barbari bucks using the SF or FF method was evaluated. After one-wk of cryopreservation, the tissues were thawed and cSSCs were isolated and cultured for 3-wk. In both experiments, cSSCs were evaluated for recovery rate, proliferation, metabolic viability, senescence, and stemness markers expression. The recovery rate was 1.3, 1.3, and 1.1-folds higher in the 140T group compared with EG, 140S, and 400S groups, respectively. Similarly, the expression of stemness markers (PGP9.5 and OCT-4) was relatively higher in 140T group compared with the other groups. In experiment 2, the recovery rate of cells per unit tissue wt. was significantly (P<0.05) higher when cryopreserved using 140 mM trehalose compared with other groups. The results of immunocytochemical analyses imply the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers in cSSCs following cryopreservation. Overall, the outcome of the study demonstrates different effects of sugars and methods on post-thaw functional properties of cSSCs with superiority of 140 mM trehalose using SF method over other treatment groups. These results are important for ex-vivo expansion and differentiation of cSSCs for fertility preservation and their other downstream applications.

The culture system of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) in the normoxic environment does not imitate the hypoxic milieu of typical biological conditions, thus hypoxic culture conditions may improve survival, and growth attributes of bmMSCs during in vitro culture. Therefore, the present study was conducted at ICAR-CIRG, Makhdoom during year 2020 with the objective to investigate the changes in biological characteristics of cultured caprine bmMSCs (cbmMSCs) including the cellular senescence, survival, rate of proliferation, immuno-phenotypic characteristics, and gene expression pattern in a normal and hypoxic microenvironment condition. For this, cbmMSCs isolated from bone marrow collected from iliac crest were enriched and grown under either hypoxic (5% O2) or normoxic (20% O2) conditions. Thereafter, the outcome of hypoxic (5% O2) culturing of cbmMSCs on growth characteristics, proliferation, senescence, and expression profile of important stemness-associated (OCT-4) and oxidative stress [glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD)] marker genes was evaluated. cbmMSCs cultivated in hypoxic conditions showed higher proliferation and decreased population doubling time and senescence-associated β-GAL expression; however, the immune-phenotypic characteristics of the cells remain unchanged. Furthermore, the culture of cbmMSCs in hypoxia increased the expression of OCT-4, GPx1, and CuZnSOD, compared with the cells grown under normoxia. In conclusion, the culture condition with low O2 level improved the growth characteristics and proliferation of cbmMSCs. These outcomes would provide information to formulate strategies for the collection and efficient in vitro expansion of bmMSCs from goats and other farm animals before their downstream applications.