Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University

The removal of organophosphorus pesticides is the growing concern. The pesticides are biomagnified in food chain, causing greater health hazards to humans and animals. Adsorption is one of the most efficient approaches for removal of organophosphorus compounds. The current study describes the adsorptive removal of phosmet by silylated graphene oxide (sGO). The adsorption study was performed by batch adsorption method by varying pH, temperature, dosage, contact time, etc. The isotherm studies were also performed to reveal the nature of adsorption. The mechanism of adsorption of phosmet was studied on synthesized and well-characterized sGO. The functionalized derivative of graphene oxide, sGO, has improved biocompatibility and removal efficiency against phosmet. The phenomenon of adsorption is dominantly chemi-physiosorption as suggested from Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamics studies further showed that the negative enthalpy and negative Gibb’s free energy is indicative of feasibility of adsorption by chemisorption mechanism. The pH studies indicated that the adsorption of sGO on phosmet was highest at neutral as well as basic pH. Finally, the regeneration studies showed that the adsorbent can be utilized till five cycles, where the efficiency is reduced to 50%. Thus, the complete study gives an account of effective removal of phosmet using sGO as an adsorbent by chemisorption involving pi–pi interaction, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic forces as major interactive forces. Graphical Abstract

This research looks at how floods are handled in the Kosi River, which goes through China's Tibet region, Nepal, and India, supporting the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in these countries. The emphasis is on the institutional framework and efforts and the plan of the Bihar government to reduce the ill impacts of floods. Drawing from global experiences in transboundary river flood control and considering the unique characteristics of the Kosi River, the study proposes measures that could enhance flood management. It is observed that due to its downstream location in the basin, India is particularly vulnerable to the devastating impacts of floods from the river. Approaches to flood mitigation is a combined approach that includes flood control structural elements and other systems such as transport, finance, and communication systems that can contribute to building up social resiliency.

In a safely way, strontium chloride is doped with zinc sulfide (ZnS: SrCl2) which is suitable to its optical characteristics. This worked aim to present its separate, bendable, instinctively and thermally constant films capable with the brilliant optical and morphological property of doped zinc sulfide with strontium chloride. Poly (vinylidene diflouride) (PVDF) is a fluorescence polymer which has influential piezoelectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric property, and it is also highly flexible and processable. The prepared nanocomposite films proposition has advanced anticipation of large extent of application in pasture of production display, plasma displays and electroradiant plans. We found in the results that the combine blond carroty production of ZnS: SrCl2 and indigo discharge of ZnS: SrCl2 in the expected adapted proportion, it be presumable to cultivate daylight emit, separate, established and bendable nanocomposite films of PVDF/doped ZnS. We have prepared polymer nanocomposites of PVDF and doped (ZnS/SrCl2) in different ratios of ZnS/SrCl2 and characterized these polymer nanocomposites with UV–visible, FTIR, XRD and SEM to study the morphological behaviors and optical properties.

Lung cancer (LC) is the most common cancer in males. As per GLOBOCAN 2020, 8.1 % of deaths and 5.9 % of cases of LC were reported in India. Our laboratory has previously reported the significant anticancer potential of 5H-benzo[h]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazoline analogues. In this study, we have explored the anticancer potential of 7A {4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[h]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolin-7-yl)phenol} and 9A {7-(4-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[h]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazoline}by using in-vitro and in-vivo models of LC. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative potential of quinazoline analogues using A549 cell line to identify the best compound of the series. The in-vitro and molecular docking studies revealed 7A and 9A compounds as potential analogues. We also performed acute toxicity study to determine the dose. After that, in-vivo studies using urethane-induced LC in male albino Wistar rats carried out further physiological, biochemical, and morphological evaluation (SEM and H&E) of the lung tissue. We have also evaluated the antioxidant level, inflammatory, and apoptotic marker expressions. 7A and 9A did not demonstrate any signs of acute toxicity. Animals treated with urethane showed a significant upregulation of oxidative stress. However, treatment with 7A and 9A restored antioxidant markers near-normal levels. SEM and H&E staining of the lung tissue demonstrated recovered architecture after treatment with 7A and 9A. Both analogues significantly restore inflammatory markers to normal level and upregulate the intrinsic apoptosis protein expression in the lung tissue. These experimental findings demonstrated the antiproliferative potential of the synthetic analogues 7A and 9A, potentially due to their anti-inflammatory and apoptotic properties.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), faces iron scarcity within the host due to immune defenses. This review explores the importance of iron for Mtb and its strategies to overcome iron restriction. We discuss how the host limits iron as an innate immune response and how Mtb utilizes various iron acquisition systems, particularly the siderophore-mediated pathway. The review delves into the structure and biosynthesis of mycobactin, a key siderophore in Mtb, and the regulation of its production. We explore the potential of targeting siderophore biosynthesis and uptake as a novel therapeutic approach for TB. Finally, we summarize current knowledge on Mtb's iron acquisition and highlight promising directions for future research to exploit this pathway for developing new TB interventions.

This review explores the significance of trifluoromethylnitrones in synthesizing fluorine-containing compounds, with a particular focus on trifluoromethylated heterocycles. It explores the versatility of trifluoromethylnitrones, especially in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, highlighting their unique reactivity with various dienophile substrates. Trifluoromethylnitrones are valuable precursors for the rapid synthesis of medicinally important trifluoromethylated heterocycles, including isoxazolidines, dihydroisoxazoles, oxathiazolidines, β-lactams, and aziridines. These heterocycles, in turn, serve as synthons for synthesizing trifluoromethylated lactams and aminoalcohols. Additionally, nitrone chemistry extends to synthesizing trifluoromethylated nucleosides and trifluorinated organoborane heterocycles, demonstrating their versatility. While sharing similarities with trifluorodiazoethane reactivity, trifluoromethylnitrones offer distinct advantages by enabling the synthesis of heterocycles typically inaccessible with trifluorodiazoethane.

Groundwater in river basins serves as a prime source of freshwater for human consumption and agricultural needs. Effluent discharge from municipal, industrial, and irrigation activities contains undesirable dissolved chemicals that percolate into groundwater, posing human health risks. The present study investigated the distribution of heavy metals (HMs) including Iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), silver (Ag), lead (Pb), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), and aluminum (Al) in groundwater and their health implications at the Basuhi river basin (BRB) in Jaunpur, India. The mean concentration of HMs in groundwater samples was found to be in the order of Sr (697.2) > Al (582.56) > Zn (295) > Ba (83.8) > (57.71) > Fe (53.35) > Cr (4.96) > Pb (3.27) > Ni (2.90) > Cu (1.11) > As (0.55) > Se (0.54) > Ag (0.25) > Cd (0.22) > Co (0.22) µg/l. Further, the Modified Heavy Metal Pollution Index (m-HPI) and Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), coupled with multivariate statistical analysis, were also applied to evaluate the health risks to humans because of HM contamination. The HEI range varied between 2.70 and 8.10, with an average of 4.13, which can be considered low risk. Whereas, the m-HPI range for positive index (PI) was found to be 0.76 to 2.91 and negative index (NI) -0.44 to -0.65. Influence of m-HPI and PI results to be given noticeably 82.4% of samples have more than 1, which is not suitable for drinking, whereas, 17.6% of groundwater samples were found to be < 1 and require proper treatment before drinking. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed the impact of agricultural and industrial activities on groundwater quality. Open solid waste dumping sites and improper discharge of untreated/partially treated effluents may be the primary sources of HM pollution in the groundwater. Implementation of standard waste disposal practices and regular monitoring are required to avoid adverse consequences.

Soil salinity is a widespread issue that reduces the productivity of major cereal crops including rice. Plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria are known to alleviate salt stress via wide range of mechanisms, such as production of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD). In this study, salt-tolerant endophytic bacterium identified as Bacillus altitudinis NKA32 was isolated from the roots of rice. Multiple plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits of NKA32 were analyzed under increasing salt concentrations, among which ACCD activity was confirmed by enzyme assay and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Proline, trehalose, antioxidant production and sodium ion accumulation were also estimated at different levels of salt stress. The PGP characteristics (indole acetic acid, siderophore, zinc and phosphate solubilization) and ACCD were significantly enhanced in case of NKA32 at concentrations of 300 and 600 mM NaCl, while osmolyte production increased at 900 mM NaCl. Pot study showed that rice plants inoculated with NKA32 exhibited maximum fresh and dry weight (188.16 and 76.68 g/plant), total chlorophyll (4.49 mg/g FW), total phenols and flavonoids (4.43 and 2.23 mg/g FW), along with grain yield, protein, carbohydrate and relative water content, in non-saline soil. Additionally, inoculated rice plants showed 53.67% and 71.53% lower malondialdehyde and ethylene content respectively, as compared to control plants under saline conditions. Elevated level of antioxidant enzymes- superoxide dismutase (44.82%) and ascorbate peroxidase (67.61%); hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (49.30%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity (11.23%) and proline (39.38%) were reported in inoculated plants under saline conditions. The current findings show that the application of plant growth-promoting endophytic strain is a suitable option for increasing crop growth and productivity in salt-stressed farming systems.

Cholesterol reduction by intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, causative agent of leishmaniasis, impairs antigen presentation, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and host-protective membrane-receptor signaling in macrophages. Here, we studied the miRNA mediated regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic genes to understand the possible mechanism of Leishmania donovani-inducedcholesterol reduction and therapeutic importance of miRNAs in leishmaniasis. System-scale genome-wide microtranscriptome screening was performed to identify the miRNAs involved in the regulation of expression of key cholesterol biosynthesis regulatory genes through miRanda3.0. 11 miRNAs out of 2823, showing complementarity with cholesterol biosynthetic genes werefinallyselected for expression analysis. These selected miRNAs were differentially regulated in THP-1 derived macrophages and in primary human macrophages by L. donovani. Correlation of expression and target validation through luciferase assay suggested two key miRNAs, hsa-miR-1303 and hsa-miR-874-3pregulating the key genes hmgcr and hmgcs1 respectively. Inhibition of hsa-mir-1303 and hsa-miR-874-3p augmented the expression of targets and reduced the parasitemia in macrophages.This study will also provide the platform for the development of miRNA-based therapy against leishmaniasis.

Plants have numerous strategies for phytoremediation depending upon the characteristic of pollutants. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are essential to the process of phytoremediation and play a key part in it. The mechanism of PGPR for phytoremediation is mediated by two methods; under the direct method there is phytohormone production, nitrogen fixation, nutrient mineral solubilization, and siderophore production while the indirect method includes quorum quenching, antibiosis, production of lytic enzyme, biofilm formation, and hydrogen cyanide production. Due to their economic and environmental viability, most researchers have recently concentrated on the potential of weed plants for phytoremediation. Although weed plants are considered unwanted and noxious, they have a high growth rate and adaptability which opens a high scope for its role in phytoremediation of contaminated site. The interaction of plant with rhizobacteria starts from root exudates containing various organic acids and peptides which act as nutrients essential for colonization and siderophore production by the rhizospheric bacteria. The rhizobacteria, while colonizing, tend to promote plant growth and health either directly by providing phytohormones and minerals or indirectly by suppressing growth of possible phytopathogens. Recently, several weed plants have been reported for phytoextraction of heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, Cu, As, Fe, and Cr) contaminants from various agro-based industries. These potential native weed plants have high prospect of eco-restoration of polluted site with complex organo-metallic waste for sustainable development.

Lichens are sensitive indicators of changes in climatic condition of an area at both micro and macro scales. The present study analyzes the lichen diversity change in the last forty years compared with the temporal trends of meteorological conditions in arid region of India. The available herbarium records of lichen diversity of the year 1975 when compared with fresh lichen collection of 2015 revealed substantial change in the species composition and richness of the certain individual species and communities. A positive shift in species composition of thermophilous and poleotolerant species indicates steady change in the species composition. Significant increase in member of the lichen family Physciaceae has been observed which may correlate with the rise in temperature. The carbon isotope ratio technique has been applied to investigate eco-physiological changes at temporal scale. Carbon stable isotope data indicated shift of δ13C values from − 27.65‰ to − 19.24‰ (r = − 0.9958) reflecting significant change in carbon fixation in the species. The strong shift in δ13C values is may be due to change in photosynthetic pathway indicating probable change from C3 pathway, which indicates adaptation of lichens toward changing water regimes and carbon dioxide consumption pattern in drier climatic conditions.

Plastic, a groundbreaking invention of the 20th century, has become an indispensable part of our lives due to its exceptional qualities and affordability. However, the ever-increasing demand for plastic has led to a surge in plastic production and subsequent pollution. Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastics smaller than 5 mm, have emerged as a significant and escalating threat to the environment. They enter the environment through various primary and secondary sources, contributing to pollution in water, air, sediment, and the food chain. MPs pose a particular risk to marine, river, and estuarine ecosystems, affecting surface water quality and posing health risks to organisms dependent on these water sources. While marine environments have been extensively studied for microplastic pollution, riverine ecosystems have received less attention, despite their significance as a source of drinking water and support for aquaculture. MPs also pervade terrestrial environments, accumulating in plants and soils, with potential ecological consequences. Additionally, MPs have been detected in food commodities, raising concerns about human exposure and health risks. This review highlights the ubiquity of MPs, their sources, and impacts on various environmental matrices. It emphasizes the urgent need to develop approaches and techniques to prevent water pollution caused by MPs and to further investigate the potential health effects of human exposure to these contaminants.

In today’s scenario, the integration of a grid-connected load system with a hybrid energy system (HES) is encouraged to improve the reliability of the system. With the stunning rise in nonlinear loads in HES over the last two decades, the power quality (PQ) of the system has emerged as a paramount concern in contemporary times. The power quality problems include the injection of harmonics in the source current, low input power factor, poor voltage regulation, the burden of reactive power, etc. So, to mitigate these power quality problems in a single-phase distribution system, a 3-level Cascade H-bridge (CHB) inverter-based shunt active power filter (SAPF) is employed alongside a proposed Trianguzoidal pulse width modulation (TRZ PWM) strategy. The single-phase distribution system with SAPF is simulated in fixed and dynamic load conditions to check the system’s efficacy. The proposed PWM techniques for SAPF are compared with conventional PWM techniques, i.e., level shift, phase shift, and hybrid PWM techniques. Results indicate satisfactory performance of the proposed PWM techniques, exhibiting low harmonic distortion in source current, well within IEEE 519 limits, and high active filtering efficiency (AFE) compared to conventional PWM methods. Furthermore, this paper provides detailed comparisons of conventional and proposed PWM techniques in the context of active & reactive power supplied or delivered by load, source, and compensator, input power factor, harmonics in source or grid current, AFE, and individual harmonic components concerning fundamental component of source current.

As per the 2022 global tuberculosis (TB) report, TB ranked among the top ten causes of mortality worldwide, surpassing both HIV and malaria in fatalities. It is a communicable disease induced by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Herein the role of molecular modeling tools in the search for new TB therapeutics involves quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), pharmacophore modeling, and molecular docking. In the present work, we compiled approximately 1000 anti-TB candidates from the literature, along with their experimentally determined activities, and classified into three classes based on their biological activities, viz.,pIC, pIC 50 , and pMIC 50. All selected compounds were optimized followed by docking them to anti-TB receptors retrieved from the Protein Data Bank. The docking results delineate the nature of interactions between the ligands and their respective receptors, which are prevalently noncovalent, dominated by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals' interactions. Additionally, DFT-based descriptors were calculated such as constitutional, geometrical, topological, quantum chemical and docking based descriptors basis on their biological activities. The best models were selected on the basis of statistical parameters and were validated by training and test set division.

The objective of the study was to formulate a novel protein nanocarrier system for efficient oral delivery of exemestane. The outcomes of this study are promising and offer hope for the future of pharmaceuticals, nanotechnology and oncology. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) was selected as a protein excipient and processed with a naturally occurring crosslinker. The effect of various independent variables (i.e. WPC concentrations, ethanol concentrations and genipin concentration) was observed on hydrodynamic size (HD), zeta potential (ZP) and entrapment efficiency (EE). The optimised nanoparticles were further surface-modified with PEG6000/L-carnitine and characterised for their efficacy against DMBA-induced mammary damage. The optimised nanoparticles (WExe) had HD 410.32 ± 37.01 nm, ZP − 21.53 ± 2.35 mV and EE 82.7 ± 7.23%. SEM image revealed a much smaller size of these nanoparticles and an increased size of surface-modified nanoparticles (Car-WExe) over WExe. The optimised nanoparticles followed the Higuchi model. The modified nanoparticles exhibited good cytotoxicity against MCF7 cell lines. The uptake of L-carnitine modified whey nanoparticles was higher than non-modified whey nanoparticles in MCF7 cells. In vivo studies confirmed better efficacy of nanoparticles (as determined via proliferation assessment through carmine staining, histopathological studies and oxidative stress parameters) against DMBA-induced pre-neoplastic mammary damage. In conclusion, whey nanoparticles were promising nanocarriers for the oral delivery of exemestane. Graphical Abstract

The redescription of Rostellascaris spinicaudatum has brought to focus Scanning Electron microscopic evidence of evolutionary consequence. The intestinal caeca, ventriculus and ventricular appendix of family Anisakidae; ventriculus and ventricular appendix of family Raphidascaridae; and along with it, post-cloacal collarette of family Physalopteridae in worms recovered from coral-reef associated fish hosts at 'Grande' island, evidently confirmed that the characters of as many as three families were encountered in R. spinicaudatum. The selective adaptation of these specific characters exhibited significant evolutionary trend, and indeed these could radiate connecting link features of Raphidascarididae. Additionally, an inversely bifurcated interlabia on head and pre-cloacal as well as specialized lateral 'sunflower' papillae comprised significant taxonomic information on systematics of ascaridoid (raphidascaridid) nematodes. Interestingly, these worms equipped with remarkably advanced features parasitized primitive host group like, Pisces, in the series of vertebrates, contrary to the characteristics of co-evolution in which parasitizing organism gradually acquired advanced features as it progressed up the ladder of evolution (from Pisces to Mammalia). In the parasitic world, therefore, the worm like Ancylostoma with its occupancy in the highly evolved group i.e. mammals obviously exemplified 'co-evolution', while on the contrary 'Reverse Co-evolution' was the event that was encountered in R. spinicaudatum.

Background The healing of burn wounds is a complicated physiological process that involves several stages, including haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling to rebuild the skin and subcutaneous tissue integrity. Recent advancements in nanomaterials, especially nanofibers, have opened a new way for efficient healing of wounds due to burning or other injuries. Methods This study aims to develop and characterize collagen-decorated, bilayered electrospun nanofibrous mats composed of PVP and PVA loaded with Resveratrol (RSV) and Ampicillin (AMP) to accelerate burn wound healing and tissue repair. Results Nanofibers with smooth surfaces and web-like structures with diameters ranging from 200 to 400 nm were successfully produced by electrospinning. These fibres exhibited excellent in vitro properties, including the ability to absorb wound exudates and undergo biodegradation over a two-week period. Additionally, these nanofibers demonstrated sustained and controlled release of encapsulated Resveratrol (RSV) and Ampicillin (AMP) through in vitro release studies. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) of PVP-PVA-RSV-AMP nanofibers against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) was found 31±0.09 mm and 12±0.03, respectively, which was significantly higher as compared to positive control. Similarly, the biofilm study confirmed the significant reduction in the formation of biofilms in nanofiber-treated group against both S. aureus and E. coli. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis proved the encapsulation of RSV and AMP successfully into nanofibers and their compatibility. Haemolysis assay (%) showed no significant haemolysis (less than 5%) in nanofiber-treated groups, confirmed their cytocompatibility with red blood cells (RBCs). Cell viability assay and cell adhesion on HaCaT cells showed increased cell proliferation, indicating its biocompatibility as well as non-toxic properties. Results of the in-vivo experiments on a burn wound model demonstrated potential burn wound healing in rats confirmed by H&E-stained images and also improved the collagen synthesis in nanofibers-treated groups evidenced by Masson-trichrome staining. The ELISA assay clearly indicated the efficient downregulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6 inflammatory biomarkers after treatment with nanofibers on day 10. Conclusion The RSV and AMP-loaded nanofiber mats, developed in this study, expedite burn wound healing through their multifaceted approach.

For monitoring the outputs of production processes, statistical process control (SPC) is widely used. The control chart (CC) stands as the most important SPC tool for differentiating between unnatural and natural sources of variation. Unnatural sources typically result in changes in the value of process parameters, which are categorized into three levels: minor, moderate, and high. While memory-less CCs excel in identifying large shifts, memory-based CCs such as exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and extended exponentially weighted moving average (EEWMA) CCs are optimal for detecting minor-to-moderate shifts in process parameter values. Detection ability of CCs is enhanced by using auxiliary variable. This study is conducted to propose an EEWMA CC using auxiliary information named as MyEEWMA CC. The proposed MyEEWMA chart is evaluated through average run length criterion. In the practical industrial applications with the density and stiffness of particle board data, the MyEEWMA CC detected process deviations earlier than existing EEWMA, and MyEWMA CCs. Specifically, the MyEEWMA chart signaled an issue by the 25th sample, whereas the EEWMA, and MyEWMA CCs did not detect any deviations even after the 25th sample. This tangible evidence underscores the superior efficiency of the proposed MyEEWMA CC in industrial settings.

A prolonged and compromised wound healing process poses a significant clinical challenge, necessitating innovative solutions. This research investigates the potential application of nanotechnology-based formulations, specifically nanofiber (NF) scaffolds, in addressing this issue. The study focuses on the development and characterization of multifunctional nanofibrous scaffolds (AZL-CS/PVA-NF) composed of azilsartan medoxomil (AZL) enriched chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) through electrospinning. The scaffolds underwent comprehensive characterization both in vitro and in vivo. The mean diameter and tensile strength of AZL-CS/PVA-NF were determined to be 240.42 ± 3.55 nm and 18.05 ± 1.18 MPa, respectively. A notable drug release rate of 93.86 ± 2.04%, was observed from AZL-CS/PVA-NF over 48 h at pH 7.4. Moreover, AZL-CS/PVA-NF exhibited potent antimicrobial efficacy for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The expression levels of Akt and CD31 were significantly elevated, while Stat3 showed a decrease, indicating a heightened tissue regeneration rate with AZL-CS/PVA-NF compared to other treatment groups. In vivo ELISA findings revealed reduced inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) within treated skin tissue, implying a beneficial effect on injury repair. The comprehensive findings of the present endeavour underscore the superior wound healing activity of the developed AZL-CS/PVA-NF scaffolds in a Wistar rat full-thickness excision wound model. This indicates their potential as novel carriers for drugs and dressings in the field of wound care.