Al Jabal Al Gharbi University

The construction project delivery system may be traditional or non-traditional, dependent upon the project-specific requirements and construction industry climate. Many factors are to be considered when making a decision, making it a multi-criteria decision. At the first stage of a project, most selection factors are vague. The project delivery system selection influences all project stages. In the next decade for Libya, there is a tremendous need to adopt a Projects Delivery System (PDS), which avoids the adverse objectives and conflicts that have characterized the Libyan construction industry for too long. This paper aims to assist decision-makers in understanding these concepts better. By utilizing the Fuzzy model, based on proposed criteria assigned to delivery systems evaluation for Libyan construction projects and the opinion of experts, PDSs were evaluated. The study outcome is twofold. Firstly, it selects the proper criteria and explores a Libyan construction project delivery decision-making system based on the Fuzzy theory perspective. Then has ranked the project delivery systems for the Libyan construction industry as follows: 1st rank construction manager at risk, 2nd rank construction manager as an agency, 3rd rank design-build, and 4th rank design-bid-build system. This study can be a quick and effective approach for construction owners.

Background This study determined the knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding COVID-19 and assessed the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers and the general population. Methods A web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling in Libya from December 1 to 18, 2020 among the general population and healthcare workers. Data on demographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccination-related concerns, knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding COVID-19, and knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance regarding the COVID-19 vaccine were collected using a self-administered survey. A binomial logistic regression was performed with 70% efficacy to determine the association between acceptance of the vaccine and study variables. Results Valid and complete responses were collected from 15,087 participants. Of these, 6227 (41.3%) were male and 8860 (58.7%) were female, with a mean (SD) age of 30.6 ± 9.8 years. Moreover, 485 (3.2%) participants were infected with COVID-19 at the time of the study, while 2000 (13.3%) had been previously infected. Overall, 2452 (16.3%) participants agreed, and 3127 (20.7%) strongly agreed, with “having concerns about serious vaccine-related complications.” Mask-wearing adherence was reported by 10,268 (68.1%) of the participants. Most participants (14,050, 93.1%) believed that the vaccine should be provided for free, while 7272 (48.2%) were willing to buy it. Regarding vaccine acceptance and efficacy, 12,006 (79.6%) reported their willingness to take the vaccine with an efficacy of 90% or more, 9143 (60.6%) with an efficacy of 70% or more, and only 6212 (41.2%) with an efficacy of 50%. The binomial logistic regression revealed that vaccine acceptance was not associated with belonging to the medical field versus the general population. Acceptance was statistically associated with younger age groups, especially 31–40 (OR = 1.3 [1.09, 1.55]) and 41–50 years (OR = 1.29, [1.09, 1.54]). However, having a family member or friend infected with COVID-19 was positively associated with the likelihood of vaccine acceptance (OR = 1.09 [1.02, 1.18]), while having a friend or family member who died due to COVID-19 was negatively associated with it (OR = 0.89 [0.84, 0.97]). Conclusions Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine is an essential determinant of vaccine uptake and the likelihood of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Developing strategies to decrease public hesitation and increase trust is vital for implementing vaccination programs.

Bulk glassy Se98Te2 and Se96Te2X2 (X = Zn and Cd) were prepared by the melting quenching method. Thin films of various thicknesses (200–670 nm) were obtained by the thermal evaporation method. The structure of the prepared compositions was investigated by X-ray and EDX analysis. We studied the effect of Zn and Cd addition on the electric and dielectric properties of Se98Te2 thin films. Our measurements were studied in the temperature range (298–323 K) below the glass transition temperature and frequency range (100 Hz–1 MHz). DC conductivity showed a single conduction mechanism by hopping of charge carriers at the band edges for the studied system. The dependence of Ac conductivity on frequency is linear with frequency exponent s lying very close to the unit and is independent of temperature. This can be explained by the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model. The dielectric constant ε1 and dielectric loss ε2 noticed to decrease with frequency and increase with temperature. The maximum barrier height Wm was calculated according to Guinitin.

Background and Objective: Emergency medical physicians are regarded as essential frontline staff in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These health-care workers are faced with significant stressors in addition to the usual stress felt in their regular work. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and burnout among emergency physicians on the frontline of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Using a cross-sectional study methodology, we surveyed physicians active on April 2020 to study depression and anxiety [using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)] and burnout [using the Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory (aMBI) scale]. Results: A total of 154 emergency physicians completed the survey. We found that about 65.6% of patients were experiencing anxiety (based on a HADS score ≥ 11), and 73.4% were displaying depressive symptoms. For burnout, three subscales indicated that 67.5% endured emotional exhaustion, and 48.1% experienced depersonalization (defined as a score of ≥10 on aMBI). A total of 21.4% of respondents perceived a sense of personal underachievement, defined as a score of <10 via aMBI. Conclusion: Physicians' psychological status is crucial and plays a major role in their well-being, affecting their work satisfaction. Therefore, implementing strategies aimed at decreasing the impact of stressful events is crucial to alleviate the distress experienced by physicians on the frontline of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: We aimed to determine the prevalence of burnout among hospital healthcare workers in Libya during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and civil war. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 18 to May 2, 2020 among Libyan healthcare workers. Data on participant characteristics were collected with a specifically designed questionnaire. Burnout was assessed with the abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory (aMBI) comprising three subscales: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA), with each sub-scale score range from 0 to 18. For EE and DP, scores of 10 to 18 were regarded as “moderate to severe burnout.” PA was scored inversely, where a score ≤ 10 indicated severe burnout. Results: The study yielded a sample size of 532 participants. Of these, 357 (67.1%) reported emotional exhaustion (EE Score ≥ 10), 252 (47.4%) reported depersonalization (DP score ≥ 10), and 121 (22.7%) reported a lower sense of personal accomplishment (PA score ≤ 10). Verbal abuse was experienced by 304 participants (57.1%) and physical abuse in 93 (17.5). Gender was associated with high emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization. Being 35 years or older was associated with high depersonalization. Professional specialty was significantly associated with high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Fear of COVID-19 infection was associated with high emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization. Conclusion: The rising prevalence of mental disorders and inadequate availability of health services facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and civil war demonstrated the need for healthcare policies to address the well-being of healthcare workers to decrease the risk of loss, suicide, and medical negligence.

Objective Healthcare workers, particularly those working in departments that provide care for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are at a higher risk of this contagious disease than those who work in other departments. The aim of this study was to assess the psychological status of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak, which has compounded Libya's existing civil war-related problems. Methods A multi-center cross-sectional survey on depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and abuse was conducted. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among healthcare workers. Results The data of 745 eligible healthcare workers from 15 hospitals were analyzed. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were compared to the basic characteristics of the participants to determine the association. A total of 420 (56.3%) participants had depressive symptoms, while 348 (46.7%) had anxiety symptoms. Age, residency status, department, stigmatization, and living in a conflict zone were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Age, department, years of experience, working hours per week, internal displacement, stigmatization, living in a conflict zone, and verbal abuse were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms. Conclusion Our study presents important findings regarding depressive, anxiety symptoms, and abuse among physicians providing care during the COVID-19 outbreak and civil war in Libya. It also demonstrates several factors that can be associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in this population.

The complication of existing electromechanical systems and the increased demands on their operational performances of efficiency and reliability motivate the need for monitoring and fault diagnosis of these systems. Motor Current Analysis (MCA) is a cost-effective technique for the detection of motor faults. To our knowledge, MCA has not been used with bond graph (BG) modeling for developing accurate diagnostic information. In this paper, a BG model is developed for fault detection of AC Induction Motors (ACIM) based on motor current analysis. BG is a single language for unified domains, which allows the dynamics of electrical and mechanical effects to be modeled directly. In the proposed model the physical components of the electro-mechanical system are constructed by including three different levels of modeling, conceptual behavior, cause and effect relations, and numerical model. This BG model was examined based on the behavior of the ACIM and confirmed the high efficiency of BG based approach in achieving diagnostics of different fault cases. In particular, the focus is on the impact of both the broken rotor bars (BRB) and stator short circuit (SSC) that commonly occur in ACIM. The simulation results indicate that the proposed BG approach is an effective method for extracting diagnostic information based on current analysis. The relationship between the sideband components and the system behavior can be used as an indicator to distinguish between healthy condition, BRB and SSC. The results were evaluated using experiments data. Faults in ACIM are investigated actively.

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is spreading rapidly worldwide, with devastating consequences for patients, healthcare workers, health systems, and economies. As it reaches low- and middle-income countries, the pandemic puts healthcare workers at high risk and challenges the abilities of healthcare systems to respond to the crisis. This study measured levels of knowledge and preparedness regarding COVID-19 among physicians and nurses. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare workers in Libya between February 26 and March 10, 2020. We obtained 1,572 valid responses of a possible 2,000 (78.6%) participants from 21 hospitals, of which 65.1% were from physicians and 34.9% from nurses. The majority of participants (70%) used social media as a source of information. A total of 47.3% of doctors and 54.7% of nurses received adequate training on how to effectively use personal protective equipment. Low confidence in managing suspected COVID-19 patients was reported by 83.8% of participants. Furthermore, 43.2% of healthcare workers were aware of proper hand hygiene techniques. Less than 7% of participants received training on how to manage COVID-19 cases, whereas 20.6% of doctors and 26.3% of nurses felt that they were personally prepared for the outbreak. Awareness and preparedness for the pandemic were low among frontline workers during the study. Therefore, an effective educational training program should be implemented to ensure maintenance of appropriate practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Low-resource countries with fragile healthcare systems lack trained healthcare professionals and specialized resources for COVID-19 patient hospitalization, including mechanical ventilators. Additional socio-economic complications such as civil war and financial crisis in Libya and other low-resource countries further complicate healthcare delivery. Methods A cross-sectional survey evaluating hospital and intensive care unit's capacity and readiness was performed from 16 leading Libyan hospitals in March 2020. In addition, a survey was conducted among 400 doctors who worked in these hospitals to evaluate the status of personal protective equipment. Results Out of 16 hospitals, the highest hospital capacity was 1000 in-patient beds, while the lowest was 25 beds with a median of 200 (IQR 52-417, range 25 – 1000) hospital beds. However, a median of only eight (IQR 6-14, range 3 – 37) available functioning ICU beds were reported in these hospitals. Only 9 (IQR 4.5-14, range 2 – 20) mechanical ventilators were reported and none of the hospitals had a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction machine for COVID-19 testing. Moreover, they relied on one of two central laboratories located in major cities. Our PPE survey revealed that 56.7% hospitals lacked PPE and 53% of healthcare workers reported that they did not receive proper PPE training. In addition, 70% reported that they were buying the PPE themselves as hospitals did not provide them. Conclusions This study provides an alarming overview of the unpreparedness of Libyan hospitals for detecting and treating patients with COVID-19 and limiting the spread of the pandemic.

Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several healthcare service programs intended to provide healthcare telemedicine services have been introduced in Libya. Many physicians have used these services to provide care and advice to their patients remotely, without the need to be present in the clinic. Objective: Assessments of physicians' awareness, knowledge, attitude and skills in using telehealth services are needed. We aimed to provide an overview of these assessments. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted using a web-based survey sought responses from healthcare workers in Libya in May 2020. The questionnaire collected information on physicians' basic characteristics, ability to use a computer, and telemedicine awareness, knowledge, attitude, and skills. Results: The awareness and skill levels of the 673 healthcare respondents were 56% and 36.8%, respectively. Knowledge and attitude levels were high (86.5% and 82.6%, respectively). There were no significant differences in awareness, knowledge, attitude and skill scores among physicians employed in public hospitals, private hospitals or both types of hospitals. Statistically significant differences were evident in the mean awareness, attitude and computer skill (P < .05) scores, where the distribution of the scores in the groups based on the ability to use computers was not similar. There were no significant differences in knowledge scores among the three groups. Respondents with professional computer skills showed significantly higher scores than those with high awareness levels (χ2(3) = 14.468, P ≤ .001). Respondents with higher computer skills showed significantly higher attitude levels (χ2(3) = 13.46, P = .001). Significant differences were evident in the mean computer skill scores of the groups [χ2(3) = 199.62, P ≤ .001]. Conclusions: The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are expected to persist for a prolonged time. Hence, policy programs, such as telemedicine services, which aim to address the obstacles to medical treatment created due to physical distancing steps, will likely continue for a long time. Therefore, there is a need to train and support healthcare workers and initiate governmental programs that provide adequate and supportive healthcare services to patients in developing countries.

In this work, the optimization of synthesis of terpolymer monolith based on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and additional cross-linkers: trimethylolpropanetriacrylate (TMPTA) or triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was performed. Moreover, novel vinyl functionalized cross-linkable polymers: ethanolamine (EA)/methacryloyl (MAC) modified poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and hydrolyzed poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer (EVOH) modified with MAC either directly or via ethyl malonyl chloride/EA bridging group (m-EVA) were used as cross-linkable polymer to improve mechanical/elastic properties of the obtained monoliths. Optimization procedure, performed applying response surface methodology (RSM), was focused on the production of materials with improved dimensional stability/integrity and porosity with abundance of epoxide groups capable for immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL). Structural characterization of the synthesized monoliths was determined using FTIR, Raman and 1H NMR spectroscopies, while morphology/porosity was determined by SEM technique and image analysis; and mechanical properties by diametral compression testing. The most potential monolith containing m-EVA polymeric cross-linker, i.e. GMA/EGDMA/TEGDMA/m-EVA monolith, was used as CRL carrier in a two-step immobilization process. Enzyme loading and the activity of obtained preparations for various initial enzyme concentrations were monitored after 4 and 48 h of immobilization. The resulting catalysts show high potency in biocatalytic reactions with the highest percentage of retained initial lipase activity of 64.5%.

The effect of doping glassy Se98Te2 alloy with Cd and Zn impurities on the thermally crystallization behavior is investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA) at different heating rates. In this study, the glass transition activation energy (Eg), the crystallization activation energy (Ec), Avrami exponent (n), and the frequency factor (ko) are calculated to understand the mechanism of crystal growth using various theoretical models. All these models depend on the characteristic temperatures obtained from the DTA curves of the investigated samples. The obtained values of n indicate that nucleation process occurs at two-dimensional growth for both Se98Te2 and Se96Te2Zn2 while for Se96Te2Cd2 the nucleation process occurs at three-dimensional growth. Differential thermal stability parameters are calculated for the studied system and found to decrease in the sequence (SeTe) > (SeTeZn) > (SeTeCd). The effect of Cd and Zn on different kinetic parameters of the investigated glassy Se98Te2 alloy is also studied.

Background Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is known to contain several bioactive compounds and exhibits free radical scavenging activity. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and is associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Objective The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of GbE in a rat model of PD induced by rotenone (ROT; a neurotoxin). Methods Twenty-four male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each: normal control, GbE treated, toxin control (ROT treated) and GbE+ROT group. Results: Oral administration of ROT (2.5 mg/kg b.w.) for 50 days caused increased generation of lipid peroxidation products and significant depletion of reduced glutathione, total thiol content and activities of enzymatic antioxidants, i.e., superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the brains of treated rats. Furthermore, ROT caused an elevation in acetylcholinesterase, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α and a significant reduction in dopamine in the stratum and substantia nigra. Immunohistochemical results illustrated that ROT treatment reduced the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). GbE treatment (150 mg/kg b.w./day) significantly reduced the elevated oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines and restored the reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, DA level and TH expression. These results were confirmed by histological observations that clearly indicated a neuroprotective effect of GbE against ROT-induced PD. Conclusion GbE mitigated ROT-induced PD via the inhibition of free-radical production, scavenging of ROS, and antioxidant enhancement.

The objective of this study is to investigate and determine the effect of the stand-off distance (distance between the welded plates) on the mechanical properties of the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welded joints. Butt TIG welding was performed for 316 stainless steel (SS) by using different pre welding stand-off distances with fixing the other parameters (thickness of welded plates, voltage, current, groove shape, and scanning speed). The influence of the stand-off distance parameter was examined by using tensile test, hardness test in the three different regions (base metal, heat effected zone, and molten zone), non-destructive testing (including visual inspection, liquid pentrant and X – ray) and microscopic examinations. Results show that the stand-off distance is one of the most important geometrical parameters of the Butt welded joints to end by good mechanical properties. It is found that the optimum stand-off distance was about 1 mm (shows the highest hardness results), but still there were some defects in some spots in the molten metal zone which caused a decrease in the hardness values in these locations. The 2 mm stand-off distance shows reasonable results, and the worst case was recorded for the 0 mm stand-off distance condition. Generally the hardness values of the heat affected zone in all conditions were the highest when compared to both metal welding zone and the base metal zone.

In this study, the effect of chloride in marine environment on carbon steel reinforcement corrosion was investigated. The nature of corrosion products produced was analyzed through visual inspection and X Ray Diffraction (XRD). It was very difficult using gain and loss technique alone to evaluate passivation conditions and corrosion reactions. It was found that the corrosion rate of steel increases with the increasing of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration when steel bars without concrete were used. However, a passive film was formed on all steel samples embedded in concrete due to concrete alkalinity. Results reveal that most corrosion products were mainly FeO(OH) along with FeCO 3 and Fe 2 O 3 .

This study was conducted to investigate the performance of Concentrated Photovoltaic/Thermal system (CPV/T) coupled with direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for saline water desalination. A numerical heat and mass flux model was constructed to investigate the feasibility of freshwater production. The average electrical efficiency was found to be about 18%, while thermal efficiency increased to an average of 25% and the total efficiency reached an average of 71%. The CPV/T efficiency with the cooling loop reached 19.26% at the peak time of the process. Eventually, the DCMD produced 3 kg/m²/h of fresh water and consumed thermal energy of about 9200 kJ/kg water. Moreover, the water mass flux decreased from 3 L/m²/h to 1.8 L/m²/h in a nonlinear manner. When the gain output ratio (GOR) of the system reaches 2.6 efficiency value or greater, the water outlet temperature from the CPV/T can increase along with the water permeate flux produced by the coupled system. In contrast, if the temperature of the outlet water from the CPV/T system is low, the feed water temperature in the heat exchanger also decreases. As a result, a significant decrease is observed in the feed inlet temperature of the DCMD module.

Genetics similarity and protein analysis of some cyprinid fish were studied using Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Inter-simple sequence repeated (ISSR Markers). Species Pethia nigrofasciatus, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii, Puntius tetrazone and Brachydanio rerio were collected from the fish farms in Damietta to study the genetic variability among them. Eleven ISSR primers were tested to assess the effectiveness of ISSR analysis in discriminating among the four applied fish species. We observed varied size of amplified products depending upon the sequence of ISSR primers and genotypes used. A total of 131 discrete amplified products were obtained (size 79 to 1185 bp approximately) with polymorphism 95%. Out of 131 products, 63 bands were species specific markers indicating high level polymorphism among species. The highest and lowest number of ISSR bands detected for primers ISSR 15 and ISSR16 was 18 and 17 respectively. 7 bands were most relevant as found monomorphic in all four species of family: Cyprinidae. Highest similarity observed between Pethia nigrofasciatus and Barbonymus schwanenfeldii 80% and lowest similarity was between Pethia nigrofasciatus and Brachydanio rerio 31 %. The protein analysis by SDS-PAGE produced 29 bands of molecular weight ranging from 11 to 132 KD with polymorphism 14%. This study concludes that ISSR-based DNA analysis bands and protein profile in muscles from Pethia nigrofasciatus and Barbonymus schwanenfeldii are the most closest species compared molecularly compared with other species used in this study.

Feature construction (FC) refers to a process that uses the original features to construct new features with better discrimination ability. Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) is an effective search technique that has been successfully utilised in FC. However, the application of PSO for feature construction using high dimensional data has been a challenge due to its large search space and high computational cost. Moreover, unnecessary features that were irrelevant, redundant and contained noise were constructed when PSO was applied to the whole feature. The feature clustering methods were used to aggregate similar features into clusters, whereby the dimensionality of the data was lowered by choosing representative features from every cluster to form the final feature subset. The clustering of each features are proven to be accurate in feature selection (FS), however, only one study investigated its application in FC for classification. The study identified some limitations, such as the implementation of only two binary classes and the decreasing accuracy of the data. This paper proposes a cluster based PSO feature construction approach called ClusPSOFC. The Redundancy-Based Feature Clustering (RFC) algorithm was applied to choose the most informative features from the original data, while PSO was used to construct new features from those selected by RFC. Experimental results were obtained by using six UCI data sets and six high-dimensional data to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method when compared to the original full features, other PSO based FC methods, and standard genetic programming based feature construction (GPFC). Hence, the ClusPSOFC method is effective for feature construction in the classification of high dimensional data.

In this study, the radioactivity concentrations of the natural radioactive nuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K were measured in 26 surface soil samples of two areas of Libya. The soil samples were collected from two different agricultural lands in northwest Libya. The measurements of the activity concentration of selected radionuclides in soil samples were effectuated by gamma-ray spectrometry using hyper-pure germanium detector. The radiological hazard parameters: absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose and the excess lifetime cancer risk were also determined to assess the radiation hazards caused by ionizing radiation emitted from the selected radionuclides on the population working and living in the selected regions. The levels of natural radioactivity of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the two areas were found to be below the internationally recommended level. On the other hand, these results indicated that there are no significant radiological impacts to the population because the values of radiological parameters are less than the international recommended limit. This indicates that the soils considered were safe for use in agriculture and do not pose any significant radiological hazards for human population.

Coban Rondo waterfall is threated to have been polluted due to the tourism activity. Analysis of the water quality is essential to provide the basis for judging the suitability of water for its designated uses and improving its conditions. This study aims to analyze the water physical and chemical parameters of Coban Rondo waterfall in Pujon, Malang Indonesia. Three locations including upstream, waterfall, and downstream were the sources of the water samples taken during the rainy season. The study analyzes 12 water quality parameters consisting of 5 physical parameters and 7 chemical parameters. Using ANOVA, cluster analyses, and Biplot to analyze the water quality, the research results indicated that water and air temperatures were high in the upstream. The value of pH from 6.9 to 7.4, DO from 8 to 11 mg/L, conductivity from 0.106-0.112dS/m, turbidity 3.3 NTU to 7.6 NTU, water debit4 x 105 L/s and total phosphate from 0.5to 0.07 mg/L were higher in the downstream area, while the concentration of nitrate from 5 to 30 mg/L, orthophosphate 1.0 to 1.4 mg/L, COD from 14 to 22 mg/Land BOD 10.8 to 15.6mg/L was highest in the upstream. It indicates that the human activity in Coban Rondo has affected the water quality. Based on Indonesia government regulation No. 82/2001, the water in Coban Rondo was still suitable for irrigation and tourism (Class II), except BOD level.