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Mechanical properties of metal-polymer matrix composites were investigated experimentally. High density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were used as the polymer matrix and Fe powder in 5, 10, and 15 vol% was used as the metal. The modulus of elasticity, yield and tensile strength, % elongation, Izod notched impact stre...
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This report presents data on the long-term strength of five
composites made of plastic waste. They contain low density polyethylene,
high density polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene (LDPE, HDPE,
PP and PS). Long-term strength is determined experimentally by tensile
creep to fracture. The experimentally determined long-term strength is
compa...
Citations
... This attitude has previously been documented in the literature [63]. . Fe particles may be dislodged from HDPE during fracture, in conformity with the literature, which can be due to the weak bonds between Fe particles and HDPE [64]. Following the debonding process, more deformation may occur. ...
The fast neutron and gamma-ray attenuation characteristics of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with boron carbide (B4C), iron oxide (α-Fe2O3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) particles were investigated for use as neutron radiation shielding materials. The samples were fabricated from Pure HDPE, HDPE/10% B4C, and HDPE/10% B4C/30% X (X= Fe, Al, α-Fe2O3, and Al2O3) using the compression molding technique. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to characterize the prepared samples. The mechanical properties of the prepared samples have been investigated. Sample C3 (HDPE/10% B4C/30% α-Fe2O3) shows better mechanical properties than other samples under investigations. 239Pu–Be was used as a source of fast neutrons with a neutron yield of 1.7x106 n/sec and were detected by the Stilbene scintillator. Neutron removal cross-section (ƩR) with dependent parameters, mean free path (MFP) and half-value layer (HVL), of the prepared composites were calculated. In addition, the gamma-ray transmission through the prepared composites has been investigated. As a result, the composite containing 30% iron oxide showed better shielding properties for both neutrons and gamma-rays compared to the other investigated samples. The calculated values of the shielding parameters revealed that the prepared composites can be efficiently used in fast neutrons and gamma rays shielding in fields that use radiation facilities.
... Meanwhile, the results obtained from the nanoindentation analysis suggest an increase in modulus, which is highly unlikely. Studies on this type of investigation with the addition of metal powders suggest otherwise, where the addition of metallic powder as filler into the matrix, in the case of an increase in modulus, reports a decrease in impact strength [32,33]. The addition of Al particles in the resin acts like a toughening agent where the modulus and impact simultaneously increase [34]. ...
The current work is in continuation of our previous work where we reported changes in the properties of epoxy coatings using two different types of hardener in different stoichiometric ratios. The best results-oriented coating stoichiometry was then taken in this research for further modification with the incorporation of 1, 2 and 3 wt.% micro aluminium (Al) pigments designed for coating carbon steel panels. After 7 d of curing, the coated panels were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), (SEM) scanning electron microscopy, (TGA) thermogravimetric analysis, pendulum hardness, a scratch test and nano-indentation. Electrochemical tests were carried out for various exposure periods of time, i.e., 1 h, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d and 30 d, in a 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. For the coatings, we found that the presence of 1% Al provided the highest corrosion resistance after exposure periods in the NaCl solution. We also found that prolonging the immersion time decreases the corrosion resistance after 7 d, but increasing the time of immersion to longer periods (14 d, 21 d and 30 d) enhances the corrosion resistance and reduces the degradation of the coatings.
... Reinforced polymers of iron powder such as polystyrene, polypropylene, and high-density polyethylene for comparison with all composite combinations, the impact force of pure high-density polyethylene revealed the highest strength. Whereas adding iron powder to composites has a negative effect, lowering the impact force [86]. ...
The addition of nanofillers in the polymer matrix composites (PMC) has shown a considerable improvement in the mechanical properties and acts as a suitable replacement material. Among the various properties, erosion studies play a key role in the establishment of new materials in engineering applications irrespective of material properties. This paper primarily focus on mechanical properties of PMC and provides a view of the erosion studies conducted on various PMC that are reinforced with natural fibers and nanofillers. The study related to natural fiber as secondary reinforcement and nanofiller as primary reinforcement is taken into consideration. The natural fibers such as sisal-, pineapple-, jute-, bamboo-, banana-based polymer composites and their improvement in mechanical properties by the addition of various fillers are compared and reported. From the survey, it was noticed that the incorporation of nanofillers with natural fiber and polymers provides an acceptable range of material behavior. Being the natural fiber and its proper surface treatment enhance erosion resistance behavior.
... Thus, the Al-PET composites have an untypical pattern where the modulus increased, the strength did not drop and the impact resistance increased at all compositions. When Fe nano-powder is used as reinforcement for HDPE, PP or PS composite materials [19], the mechanical properties are customized, namely reduced Izod impact strength, yield and tensile strength, % elongation and increased modulus of elasticity. These indicators were not determined for the obtained PET supports and as such do not make the subject of this paper. ...
With a significant number of features (namely being multipurpose, inexpensive and durable), thermoplastic polymers, most often named plastics, are part of our daily routine, with an increasing production over the last decade. Among them, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) are distinguished as the five most commonly used plastics in various fields, mainly in the packaging industry. Even if it is difficult to imagine the world without plastics, the boosted plastic assembly comes with huge plastic waste, creating a number of challenges, as the most important threat for our environment, but also opportunities for recycling. Currently, a special attention is dedicated on how to improve the current recycling methods or to find new ones, since the quality of recycled plastics and potential chemical or biological contaminations are two problematic aspects. Understanding the properties of each thermoplastic polymer and the interaction with possible contaminants may be the key for an efficient recycling process. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the surface behaviour of different composite supports based on recycled PET before and after interaction with collagen (used as a biological contaminant). The surface contamination bias of PET supports was studied through different techniques: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water uptake through swelling studies, contact angle measurements and attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR).
... 62 Particle dispersion becomes more effective at small nanoscales and affects the polymer matrix, increasing the stiffness of the composite. 32,[63][64][65] This dispersion is also demonstrated by the improvement of the roll mill mixer speed. In addition, particle size has a substantial effect on the tensile strength of composites about the interfacial area per unit volume. ...
Two different sizes of lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles, notably PbO(A) and PbO(B) with sizes of 78 and 54 nm, respectively, were produced using a high-speed planetary ball milling machine under specific operating parameters. Following this, the novel polystyrene (PS) nanocompo-site PS/PbO was prepared using compression molding by embedding 10, 15, 25, and 35 wt. % of PbO(Bulk), PbO(A), and PbO(B) into PS separately. The composite was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). FTIR results confirmed the presence of PbO and indicated physical adsorption of the nanoparticle onto the PS matrix surface. SEM, EDS, and LIBS analyses revealed a more efficient diffusion of PbO in the PS matrix with the decrease of the nanoparticle size. On the other hand, tensile and Vickers microhardness tests were performed to investigate the composite's mechanical properties. The stiffness was, indeed, enhanced with increasing weight fraction as well as with decreasing particle size of PbO. The strength of the composite was optimized with 15 wt. % of PbO. The microhardness test revealed an indentation size effect behavior of the composite and an increase in H v values with PbO loads up to 15 wt. %. Accordingly, by adjusting the filler particle size and concentration, the mechanical properties of the composite were enhanced, increasing their use in a variety of applications such as coating , insulation, and radiation shield.
... It is well-known that polyamide 66 (PA66), as an engineering plastic with tunable properties, has the merits of excellent wear and oil resistance, low friction coefficient, and high strength [22,33,49]. On the other hand, numerous types of metal additives have been introduced into the polymer matrices to enhance different properties depending on the nature, quantity and shape of the fillers [41][42][43]. The effect of silver (Ag) powder varying from 5 to 70 phr on the crystallization and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) was reported by Ghosh et al. [25]. ...
... Regarding the reduction of PP crystallinity, tensile properties decreased with a linear correlation by increasing the content of Ag [25]. Taşdemir et al. prepared high-density polyethylene (HDPE), PP, and polystyrene (PS) composites by the addition of iron (Fe) powder [41]. It was found that Fe reduced the Izod impact resistance and toughness while increased the hardness [41]. ...
... Taşdemir et al. prepared high-density polyethylene (HDPE), PP, and polystyrene (PS) composites by the addition of iron (Fe) powder [41]. It was found that Fe reduced the Izod impact resistance and toughness while increased the hardness [41]. Bronze particles were also used as the reinforcing agent in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) [27]. ...
Microcomposites based on polyamide 66 (PA66) reinforced with bronze powder in low contents (3, 5 and, 7 wt%) were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Mechanical performance, including tensile characteristics, impact resistance, and Shore D hardness, was evaluated. The results indicated that the elongation at break and impact strength decreased with the increase in bronze loading, while the hardness reached a maximum (15% enhancement) when using 7 wt% of bronze powder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to analyze the fracture surface and study the toughening mechanisms. The thermal expansion coefficient, as a good indicator of dimensional stability, was measured by applying thermomechanical analysis (TMA). The experimentally measured mechanical and thermal properties were modeled by an artificial neural network (ANN) method. The network was trained by Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation (LMBP) in a single hidden layer which is consist of five neurons. Based on the excellent consistency between the ANN predictions and empirical results, ANN models can be considered as a reliable tool to estimate and evaluate material properties before synthesis and manufacturing.
... A adição de carbonato de cálcio em uma matriz de PP resultou em um aumento de 91% no módulo de elasticidade [6]. Outro estudo demonstrou que diversos polímeros com a adição de pó de ferro apresentaram um aumento no módulo de elasticidade e nos valores de dureza, e uma redução no percentual de alongamento [7]. ...
... To achieve unique features, composite materials combine two or more components. Thermoplastics and thermoset plastics are utilized as matrix and fibres in many novel composites, with powdered metals or ceramics functioning as reinforcement [3]. ...
... The impact toughness decreased by more than 50 % at 15 % Fe by volume. The effect of the reinforcing component on the PP or PS matrix was minimal [3]. In general, it can be concluded that the addition of metal powders to polymer materials significantly affects the resulting properties and structure of the composite. ...
... Therefore, some effect of iron powder filler was expected. It is also known that adding metal additives into polymers have effect on the mechanical properties of produced parts, such as reduced Izod impact strength and increased hardness [3]. Most of the already conducted research has been conducted with higher vol. ...
This paper reviews the effects of iron-based powder on shape accuracy of injection moulded parts. Analysed specimens were produced on a micro injection moulding machine. At first, specimens of pure polypropylene (PP) were manufactured. Then specimens containing 1, 2 and 3 vol. % of iron powder additive were produced using the same process parameters. Subsequently, the samples were scanned using scanned using Zeiss METROTOM CT scanner. Results were analysed via CAE inspection tools. The main aim was to compare the shape and flatness of the scanned specimens to the nominal models. Results showed that iron-based additives of this vol.% had no significant effect on shape accuracy of produced parts. This paper is a partial result of the ongoing research focused on effect of iron and steel-based additives on material, magnetic and mechanical properties of polymers.
... For this reason, polymeric structures are reinforced by fibers to form composite structures. The mechanical and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced composite structures depend on the amount, orientation, and length of the fibers in the structure (Taşdemır and Gülsoy 2008). The uses of vegetable fibers confer a renewable aspect, in addition to being ecological as it adds value to a residue from an industry with large productions. ...
The largest amount of solid waste from the textile industries is mainly derived from fabric manufacturing until the cutting stage: hard fibers (spinning waste), beaming and soft fibers (weaving yarn waste), and off-cuts (cutting process). This research aimed to (i) conduct an exploratory interview with a large Brazilian cotton textile manufacturer to identify its main solid waste and corresponding destinations; and (ii) produce and evaluate PVC composites reinforced with cotton textile residues from the weaving process. Cotton fibrous reinforcements in the proportion of 2.5% (w/w) presented the best results of tensile strength and elongation concerning the others. Briquette residue (2.5%) had better dispersion in the matrix and slightly higher tensile strength when compared to other residues. The composites presented different visual aspects, and their use in fashion products with sustainable appeal could be a viable alternative. Therefore, additional tests should be performed to ensure the appropriate mechanical properties for applications in this and other areas.
... Hence, the metal powder route can still be a viable route for electrically and thermally conductive plastics providing a metal-plastic pair can be found where the adhesion is good. Most of the work on conductive composites using metals have employed Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, and Ag powders, and the typical plastics have been the polyolefins, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMa), polystyrene, styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), polyamide 6, and polycarbonate [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Most often, the adhesion between the metal and plastic is poor; hence, electrical conductivity may be obtained, but with a deterioration of the mechanical properties. ...
Previously, we reported that amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filled with irregular nodular aluminium (Al) particles gave simultaneous increases in tensile modulus, tensile strength, and impact resistance, which is unusual for materials. Here, we investigated the effect of the particle shape and size by using nano-platelet Al. The Al nano-platelets had a thickness higher than graphenes and clays, but lower than mica and talc, and due to their large widths, they had high aspect ratios. Due to the ductility of Al, the platelets maintained the high aspect ratio and did not snap during injection moulding. In addition to avoiding the usual drop in tensile strength and impact, the composites with nano Al platelets gave an unusually high flexural modulus (8 GPa), which was almost double that attained practically with talc, mica, and graphene. This was because of the high tendency of the Al nano platelets to become oriented during moulding. The Al–PET composite would be a more cost-and-performance effective combination for making conductive composites. The Al is a cheaper material than graphene, surface treatment for adhesion (to PET) is unnecessary, and dispersion issues, such as exfoliation and de-aggregation, are not a problem.
