Table 4 - uploaded by Steven Alter
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What is an IT artifact?
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The lack of an agreed upon definition of information system is one of many obstacles troubling the academic information systems discipline. After listing a number of definitions of IS, this paper defines information system as a special case of work system as defined in Alter (1999a). This definition has many desirable characteristics: It is easy to...
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... contrast, Orlikowski & Iacono's definition of IT artifact, 'bundles of material and cultural properties packaged in some socially recognizable form such as hardware and/or software,' leads some people to say that anything that IT affects in a significant way is an IT artifact. The result is a significant lack of clarity, as illustrated by gaps between three definitions of IT artifact in Table 4. For example, what guidance would these three definitions provide in discerning the boundary between situations that are affected enough by IT that they should be called IT artifacts and other situations that should not be called IT artifacts even though IT happens to be present? ...
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... In the design study at hand, we focus on individual IS as the core of our research. In contrast to enterprise IS (e.g., enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, or supply chain management) that support the execution of organizational processes (Seddon et al. 2010), individual IS are designed for being used by individuals beyond the work context (Alter 2008;Baskerville 2011;Benbunan-Fich 2020). Baskerville (2011: 1) defines an individual IS as ''an activity system in which individual persons, according to idiosyncratic needs and preferences, perform processes and activities using information, technology, and other resources to produce informational products and/or services for themselves or others.'' ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly advanced healthcare and created unprecedented opportunities to enhance patient-centeredness and empowerment. This progress promotes individualized medicine, where treatment and care are tailored to each patient’s unique needs and characteristics. The Theory of Tailorable Technology Design has considerable potential to contribute to individualized medicine as it focuses on information systems (IS) that users can modify and redesign in the context of use. While the theory accounts for both the designer and user perspectives in the lifecycle of an IS, it does not reflect the inductive learning and autonomy of AI throughout the tailoring process. Therefore, this study posits the conjecture that current knowledge about tailorable technology design does not effectively account for IS that incorporate AI. To investigate this conjecture and challenge the Theory of Tailorable Technology Design, a revelatory design study of an AI-enabled individual IS in the domain of bladder monitoring is conducted. Based on the empirical evidence from the design study, the primary contribution of this work lies in three propositions for the design of tailorable technology, culminating in a Revised Theory of Tailorable Technology Design. As the outcome of the design study, the secondary contribution of this work is concrete design knowledge for AI-enabled individualized bladder monitoring systems that empower patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD). Overall, this study highlights the value of AI for patient-centeredness in IS design.
... An information system is a structured set of procedures, methods, software, databases, and hardware that are interconnected and integrated with the purpose of collecting, storing, processing, and disseminating information needed to support the business operations, decisionmaking, and effective management of an organization (Alter, 2008). In the context of education, information systems form the technological foundation supporting the management of various aspects, including student data, curriculum, class schedules, and academic performance evaluation (Chakraborty & Mansor, 2013). ...
Conventional educational management systems often face limitations in handling student data, curriculum, and other academic processes, leading to difficulties in effectively monitoring and enhancing students' academic performance. With the rapid advancement of information technology, the use of management information systems in educational contexts has become increasingly crucial. This research aims to examine the management and utilization strategies of management information systems in enhancing students' academic performance. The methodology employed in this research is a literature review using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis is utilized to present characteristics, patterns, and trends emerging from data obtained from articles published on Google Scholar between 2007 and 2024. Theme identification is one of the research data analysis techniques. The main themes in the article were identified, focussing on aspects such as information systems, education management, and student academic performance. The study results indicate that the utilization of Management Information Systems (MIS) has demonstrated a significant role in enhancing efficiency and effectiveness across various fields, including education. In the educational context, the management of MIS can be a key factor in improving students' academic performance
... Our findings indicate another significant challenge associated with IS. For example, Alter, (2008;p.451) reports that "a system in which human participants and/or machines perform work (processes and activities) using information, technology, and other resources to produce informational products and/or services for internal or external customers". ...
Over the past decade, there has been a surge of publications focusing on digital transformation (DT). Yet, while the majority of current research reports on DT implementation, we continue to learn about the significant risk posed by high failure rates in these transformation efforts. This raises a crucial research question: “Why do so many digital transformations fail?” We conducted a bibliometric analysis to examine this question, identifying the key themes related to the failure of DT. Using thematic mapping, we scrutinise the literature to delve into the main causes behind the limited advancements in comprehending DT failure and the absence of both conceptual and empirical clarity on the new phenomena of DT. Our findings indicate a widespread tendency to categorise the DT ecosystem using terms like ‘technology’, ‘information system’, and ‘management’, among others. However, this approach neglects an in-depth examination of the specific and novel aspects of DT that have contributed to its failures. Additionally, we propose key recommendations for shaping future research agendas in this domain.
... Information systems (IS) are work systems that allocate their operations and activities to process information, i.e., capturing, transporting, stocking, retrieving, processing, and displaying information (Alter, 2008). Livari (2005) interpreted an IS as a computer-based system that offers users information on certain issues in a specific organizational context. ...
In today’s competitive market, SMEs need to realize that accounting information system (AIS) can enhance management control effectiveness (MCE) - one of the areas necessary for their survival and success. This paper aimed to measure the influence of AIS success on MCE among SMEs of Yemen, a less developed country, as research and knowledge are very limited in such context. Data were collected from 315 SME owners and managers via a questionnaire. SmartPLS 3 software was employed for data analysis. The results concluded positive links between AIS success and MCE. Specifically, the results revealed that AIS information quality, system quality, and usage positively impact MCE; quality of information and system are essential drivers of AIS usage and satisfaction; user satisfaction positively influences AIS usage. Interestingly, the quality of service showed to be insignificant in the context of AIS. Moreover, user satisfaction showed no significant impact on MCE. This research is deemed one of the first to introduce empirical evidence on the influence of AIS success on MCE among SMEs in Yemen, as a less developed country context.
... Dengan menjadi fondasi bagi pengambilan keputusan, SIM memberikan informasi yang akurat dan relevan kepada manajemen. SIM membantu manajer dalam memahami situasi bisnis, mengidentifikasi peluang, dan mengevaluasi alternatif untuk memastikan keputusan yang tepat waktu dan efektif" (Alter, 1991;Alter, 2008 (Laudon & Laudon, 2017). ...
... Namun, manusia tetap menjadi unsur yang tak tergantikan dalam konteks SIM. Peran manusia dalam proses pengelolaan informasi melibatkan pemahaman akan kebutuhan bisnis, interpretasi data, dan pengambilan keputusan yang bijak (Alter, 2008;Kavanagh & Johnson, 2020). Meskipun teknologi memiliki peran vital, keterlibatan manusia dalam mengelola, menginterpretasi, dan menggunakan informasi tetap merupakan faktor kunci dalam keberhasilan SIM. ...
... Analisis data merupakan langkah kritis dalam proses SIM, di mana informasi yang telah diproses dianalisis untuk mendapatkan wawasan dan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam. Algoritma analitis digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pola, tren, dan hubungan yang mungkin tidak terlihat secara langsung (Alter, 2008;Holmlund et al., 2020). ...
Buku ini menghadirkan pandangan komprehensif terkait sistem informasi manajemen (SIM), mulai dari konsep dasar hingga penerapannya dalam konteks organisasi. Penulis memandu pembaca melalui landasan teoritis dengan membahas Konsep Dasar dan Ruang Lingkup SIM, memberikan pemahaman mendalam tentang peran integral SIM dalam meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas organisasi. Buku ini tidak hanya merinci Perkembangan dan Evolusi Sistem Informasi, tetapi juga menyoroti keterkaitan erat antara SIM dan manajemen, menggali bagaimana integrasi yang efektif dapat menciptakan sinergi positif dalam mencapai tujuan organisasi.
Selanjutnya, penekanan pada Manajemen Basis Data, Audit Sistem Informasi, dan Teknologi Informasi menawarkan pandangan praktis dalam mengelola data, memastikan keamanan sistem, dan memahami peran audit dalam menjamin kepatuhan terhadap standar keamanan. Buku ini menjembatani kesenjangan antara teori dan aplikasi, menjadikannya panduan berharga bagi profesional, akademisi, dan mahasiswa yang ingin mendalami kompleksitas sistem informasi manajemen, serta menerapkannya secara efektif dalam dunia bisnis yang terus berkembang.
... That is why the formation of an information management system for assessing the risks of an enterprise is one of the keys to improving the efficiency of its business processes [1]. In this regard, we consider it advisable to justify the formation and implementation of a comprehensive information system for assessing the risks of business processes at enterprises, which will ensure the qualitative implementation of a process approach that is focused on the system management of interconnected processes and resources [2][3][4]. ...
The paper substantiates the feasibility of forming and implementing a comprehensive information system for assessing the risks of business processes at the enterprise. The information system for assessing the risks of business processes of the enterprise, which is proposed here, is based on the convergence of the systemic approach, the concept of risk management, the process approach to the management of the enterprise. Implementation of this information system will ensure permanent identification of risks of business processes, their assessment and create opportunities to resist risks when making managerial decisions. It has been proven that the information system for assessing the risks of business processes is the most important part of risk management, thanks to which it is possible to timely and fully determine the values of the indicators that are tracked. In addition, this system allows you to trace the trends in the development of business processes in the short term, and, as a result, take timely managerial corrective actions aimed at achieving the strategic goals.
... Due to the complex nature of human abilities, we need research that theoretically describes the components of accessibility and their relationships with usability (Santana & Baranauskas, 2015). In this paper, I contribute a richer theory that explains the variables in users' abilities and IT artefact (e.g., websites, Web applications, and user interfaces (Alter, 2008)) use contexts and tasks. In addition, I show what factors influence users' access to information. ...
... As the term "IT artefact" may have different meanings, I define it here as an application (e.g., Web application, website, UI, etc.) or an IS component that enables or supports some tasks embedded in the structure in some context (Alter, 2008;McKay et al., 2012). IT artefacts have certain features, such as content, presentation style, functionality, interaction style, and structure whereby users interact to use information (Hassenzahl, 2003;W3C, 2018). ...
The interconnection between the two information technology (IT) artefact qualities, accessibility and usability, is challenging to define. Efforts to design and develop accessible IT artefacts should encompass the broadest range of user abilities in identified tasks and contexts. We lack sufficient research on information systems and human-computer interactions that presents a comprehensive model to explain what variables these key components of accessibility contain and how they interconnect. To address this gap in the literature, I draw on theories beyond human-computer interactions, tasks, and contexts to posit the influence of human abilities on IT use by referring to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) framework that the World Health Organization developed. In this paper, I theoretically describe accessibility, its components, and their relationships in the IT use context based on which I present an accessibility model. Furthermore, I argue that accessibility is a moderating variable between system features and usability. Therefore, accessibility is a major determinant of user acceptance.
... Крајем прошлог века дошло је до промене фокуса приликом развоја пословних информационих система са података на пословне процесе, што је за последицу имало настанак процесно оријентисаних/свесних информационих система (process aware information systems) [1]. Alter [2] дефинише информациони систем као посебан тип радног система који користи информационе технологије како би прихватио, преносио, чувао, претраживао, манипулисао и приказивао информације, и на тај начин пружао подршку једном или више радних система. Уколико је информациони систем свестан постојања процеса и самим тим повезује информациону технологију са пословним процесима, онда се тај систем сматра процесно оријентисаним/свесним. ...
Тема овог рада је перзистенција NewWave алата за управљање пословним процесима у релациону базу података. С обзиром да је у израдиNewWave система коришћен Pharo програмски језик, перзистенција се имплементира уз помоћ Pharo објектно-релационог мапера под називом GLORP (Generic Lightweight Object Relational Persistence), у комбинацији са PostgreSQL базом података. Имплементација самог решења може се поделити на две целине. Прва се односи на перзистенцију модела пословних процеса, док се друга фокусира на перзистенцију појединачних инстанци извршавања пословних процеса.
... Theoretical and applied provisions of labor market concepts and employment theories are contained in fundamental research of A. Anisimov (2011), M. Anwar and M. Graham (2019), J. Atkinson (1985), G. Becker (2019), S. Beugelsdijk and T. Schaik (2004), O. Bilska (2016), O. Bilenko (2012), V. Brych and O. Kolodnytska (2015), H. Braverman (1998), J. Burrell and M. Fourcade (2021), T. Choi, J. Budny and N. Wank (2004), B. Craig, P. Pardey and J. Roseboom (1997), O. Hrishnova and N. Polyviana (2007), O. Hulevych (2015), M. Igbaria and J. Baroudi (1995), N. Trusova, R. Oleksenko, D. Yeremenko, S. Pasieka, O. Vasyl'yeva, I. Kolokolchykova, A. Konovalenko, I. Herasymenko, M. Semykina, O. Gumeniuk and A. Karpenko in their papers (Trusova et al., 2021;Vasyl'yeva & Karpenko, 2021;Trusova et al., 2022a;Trusova et al., 2022b). Technological changes in the labor market during the transformation of the employment institute, social-labor relations, and labor organization are studied S. Alter (2008), S. Amrute (2016) and S. Amrute (2019), J. , J. , A. Casilli (2017), M. Castells and P. Hall (1994), R. Dorschel (2022), B. Duffy and B. Schwartz (2017), M. Graham, I. Hjorth and V. Lehdonvirta (2017), U. Huws (2014). However, the absence of research on information transformation and digitization of the labor market in the modern theory of labor employment during the transition to the digital economy of the countries of the world determined the main idea and hypothesis of the studythis is the effective use of human potential at all levels of its formation (from macro-regulation to local development) based on relevant HRM-technologies that align and balance the labor market situation with the pace of modernization of business, state policy, social institutions and with the new nature of the growth of the digital economy. ...
... That is, the full use of human potential makes it possible to provide the need not only for current, but also for future economically active human resources due to the creation of an environment for the free realization of social capital, where networks of joint interaction are formed based on relationships of trust, dignity and respect (Vasyl'yeva & Karpenko, 2021). The synergistic effect of such digital networks facilitates the transfer of information resources and at the same time requires a change in approaches to the process of production and consumption, the creation of the most favorable conditions for the implementation of vital activities of the digital social system, ensuring the reproduction of active human resources as a productive force and a factor of economic growth of the economy (Alter, 2008). ...
The article examines the special socio-economic conditions of human potential, which forms and expands the flow of labor in the international digital labor market. The concept of the socio-economic dimension of human potential based on the unity of its components is presented. The hypothesis of effective use of human potential at all levels of its formation is justified by relevant HRM technologies that align the labor market situation with the rate of modernization of business, state policy, and social institutions, as well as the new nature of the digital economy's growth. It is also demonstrated that, in the context of the informational transformation of the labor market, the concentration, implementation, and effective socio-economic dimension of human potential form a consistent state policy, which is strengthened by the possibilities of territorial decentralization and is aimed at overcoming disparities in the use of human resources, reducing the gap between potential and existing social-economic level of development of the countries of the world. The authors also provide the sectoral structure of employment in Ukraine and the average annual rate of growth of the indicator level in the leading countries with a digital direction of labor market development, as well as comparative socio-economic measurement and forecasting of Germany's effective use of human potential, subject to the expansion of labor inflows and the improvement of the working capacity of active human resources.
... Researchers define IS as "a system in the organization that delivers information and communication services needed by the organization" (Davis, 2000). Information systems are also perceived as social systems that contain information technologies (IT) (Land, 1985) and as "an integrated and cooperating set of software directed information technologies supporting individual, group, organizational, or societal goals", Watson as cited in (Alter, 2008). Research has demonstrated that ESM enable communication and knowledge creation and sharing (Alahmad et al., 2018;Al-Mawali & Al-Busaidi, 2022;Behrendt et al., 2014;Kane, 2015;Leonardi et al., 2013;Soto-Acosta et al., 2016) and facilitate learning (Al-Mawali & Al-Busaidi, 2022;Leidner et al., 2018;Marlow & Dabbish, 2014;Sun et al., 2020). ...
Modern societies and advanced economies use knowledge as a catalyst for change and development. Simultaneously, information technology (IT) is regarded as an enabler of communication, knowledge sharing, and learning in the workplace. Enterprise social media (henceforth ESM) are IT tools that initiate social interaction, connect professionals, and facilitate learning in the workplace. While the usage of ESM is growing, existing research on the subject is still limited, and even required, especially in developing countries like Morocco. On the other hand, organizational learning is a challenging subject of research, particularly when it is studied in relation to information technology usage in the workplace. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of relevant research concerning the use of ESM for organizational learning, and knowledge creation and sharing, with regard to work performance and organizational change. We adopted Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework for conducting a scoping review.
