Table 2 - uploaded by Giacomo Lazzeri
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Objective—To investigate associations of daily breakfast consumption (DBC) with demographic and lifestyle factors in 41 countries. Methods—Design: Survey including nationally representative samples of 11–15 year olds (n = 204,534) (HBSC 2005–2006). Statistics: Multilevel logistic regression analyses Results—DBC varied from 33 % (Greek girls) to 75...
Citations
... Children tend to skip breakfast if their parents skipped breakfast when they were 1.5 years old (12). Additionally, parental knowledge and awareness levels are also associated with children's dietary models (13). Children have their own problems that can be exacerbated when they mimic their parents' bad behaviors (14, 15). ...
Objective
Previous cohort trials have shown that skipping breakfast increases the risk of obesity or overweight in children. However, this finding remains controversial. Through a meta-analysis, this study systematically evaluated the effect of skipping breakfast on the prevalence of obesity or overweight in children.
Methods
We performed a literature search for studies published until March 19, 2023. using the Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, observational studies on the relationship between skipping breakfast and overweight/obesity in children and adolescents were analyzed. Three investigators independently screened the relevant literature, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A random-effects model was used. The odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval ( CI ) was used to indicate the effect size.
Results
A total of 40 retrospective studies with 323,244 children ranging in age from 2 to 20 years were included in this study. The results of this meta-analysis showed that children and adolescents who skipped breakfast had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity or overweight than those who ate breakfast (OR, 1.59; 95% CI , 1.33–1.90; P < 0.001). Skipping breakfast was positively associated with overweight in children and adolescents (OR, 1.37; 95% CI , 1.23–1.54; P < 0.001). Similarly, skipping breakfast was positively associated with obesity in children and adolescents (OR, 1.51; 95% CI , 1.30–1.76; P < 0.001). The effect was also different by sex, with girls being the most affected (OR, 1.47; 95% CI , 1.23–1.76; P < 0.001). There was also a correlation between skipping breakfast and abdominal obesity in children (OR, 0.65; 95% CI , 0.55–0.77; P < 0.001).
Conclusion
This meta-analysis suggested that skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. The findings provide support for a possible protective role of breakfast against excessive weight gain in children and adolescents. However, more rigorous study designs with validated and standardized measures of relevant variables are needed.
... However, studies have shown a growing tendency to skip breakfast, particularly among adolescents 2,6,8,9,10 . The omission of this meal has been associated with a nutritionally unbalanced diet and unhealthy eating patterns 6 , changes in metabolism and hormone secretion due to the long period of fasting 11,12,13 and reduced postprandial energy expenditure 13 , which can lead to health problems. ...
Objective:
To evaluate the association between skipping breakfast and overweight among Brazilian adolescents.
Methods:
A total of 16,556 Brazilian students (aged 11-19 years) who participated in the National School Health Survey in 2015 were evaluated. The omission of breakfast (consumption frequency <5 days/week) was determined using the question, “Do you usually have breakfast”? The participants’ weight and height were measured, and excess weight was classified according to the body mass index for sex and age. The covariates analyzed were sociodemographic and economic characteristics (sex, age group, socioeconomic status, skin color, maternal schooling, paid work, and living with parents); variables related to school (administrative dependence, study shift, and presence of a canteen); lifestyle (physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, sedentary behavior, consumption of industrialized foods, meals with parents, and school meals); and self-perception of body image. The association between skipping breakfast and being overweight was analyzed using a Poisson regression model with adjustment for covariates.
Results:
The prevalence of skipping breakfast and being overweight were 33.8% and 25.2%, respectively. After adjustment, skipping breakfast was associated with being overweight (OR:1.02; 95% CI:1.01; 1.04).
Conclusion:
Skipping breakfast is associated with being overweight among Brazilian adolescents. Thus, encouraging regular consumption of meals should be part of health promotion and healthy eating actions aimed at preventing diseases and chronic noncommunicable diseases.
... 13,14 Despite the evidence supporting the importance of regular breakfast consumption, SB and unhealthy eating habits among children continue to be reported. In a study conducted in 12 countries representing the Human Development Index and inequality in the world, it has been reported that rates of SB are between 16.6% and 23.1% among children aged 9-11 years. 15 In 41 countries in Europe and North America, around one third of children and adolescents have been found to skip breakfast regularly. ...
... 15 In 41 countries in Europe and North America, around one third of children and adolescents have been found to skip breakfast regularly. 16 87.4% of pre-school children in Türkiye and 51.2% of the children between the ages of 12-15 were found to have breakfast regularly. 17,18 When the frequency of SB is considered, it is important to investigate the causes and factors associated with SB, to promote and improve health and to carry out the planned initiatives successfully. ...
... As the children's age increased and parent education levels declined the tendency of SB became more frequent. 16,26 Our weekend risk findings of SB were consistent with previous studies. The eating habits of young people are less under parental control than that of young children. ...
... This consistency may be due to sharing of the same study population with the same age group was used, as well as the use of the same assessment method. According to certain school-based study findings, the general rate of breakfast skipping is between 10 and 66% [8,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. But, this finding is much higher than study results in America (10 -30%) [35], Saud Arabia (19.6%) [36], Iran (18 -26%) [37], Brazil (7%) [38] and Canada (10%) [39]. ...
... Single parents, on the other hand, may be financially strapped and unable to provide a consistent breakfast for their children. Similar results have been reported [2,34,37,45]. ...
Breakfast skipping and its relationship with academic achievement among primary school children were investigated in this study. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 848 primary school children. Breakfast skipping was analyzed using a 2-item questionnaire. A 19-item Social Academic and Emotional Behavior Risk Screening questionnaire was used to collect data on children’s behavior. The prevalence of breakfast skipping was found to be 38.1%. Living in a rural area (AOR = 5.2; 95% CI: 3.54, 7.71); having illiterate parents (AOR = 6.66; 95% CI 3.0, 14.7); having parents with a primary education level (AOR 5.18, 95% CI: 2.25, 11.94); living with guardians or other relatives (AOR = 4.06; 95%CI: 2.1, 7.9); and having lower academic achievement (AOR = 2.76; 95% CI: 1.44, 5.29) were factors associated with skipping breakfast.
In conclusion, breakfast skipping has been identified as a significant public health concern that requires an immediate response from stakeholders. It is recommended to intervene based on the identified factors.
... Although not conducted exclusively in older adults, 1 previous prospective study found that skipping meals to lose weight was associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline, which is concordant with the present study (24). Our study is also in agreement with previous studies that demonstrated breakfast eaters tend to have a healthier lifestyle and be of higher socioeconomic status (34)(35)(36)(37)41). Of note, the addition of demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors to the Cox regression models that included age and sex resulted in a change in direction of estimates in addition to a >10% change in estimate size, indicating that the relations between these factors are multidirectional, impactful, and complex. ...
Background
No evidence-based recommendations regarding optimal breakfast frequency and timing and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exist for older adults due to limited studies.
Objective
We sought to prospectively assess relationships between breakfast frequency and timing and T2DM risk among older adults and determine whether these depended on gender or cardiometabolic risk factors.
Methods
Weekly breakfast frequency and usual daily breakfast time were assessed by questionnaire at baseline in 3,747 older adults (aged ≥65 years) from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) who were free of cancer and T2DM and followed for 17.6 years. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimated from Cox proportional hazards models were used to quantify associations with T2DM.
Results
Most CHS participants (median age: 74 years; interquartile range: 71, 78) consumed breakfast daily (85.5%), and 73% had their first daily eating occasion between 07:00-09:00 hours, which were associated with higher socioeconomic status, factors that are indicative of a healthier lifestyle, and lower levels of cardiometabolic risk indicators at baseline. During follow-up, 547 T2DM cases were documented. No strong evidence was observed between breakfast frequency and risk of T2DM. Compared to participants whose breakfast timing (first eating occasion of the day) was 07:00-09:00, those who broke fast after 09:00 had an aHR for T2DM of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.99). This association was present in participants with impaired fasting glucose at baseline (0.61; 0.39, 0.95) but not in those without (0.83; 0.50, 1.38)). No associations between eating frequency or timing and T2DM were observed within other pre-specified subgroups.
Conclusions
Eating breakfast daily was not associated with either higher or lower risk of T2DM in this cohort of older adults, while a later (after 09:00) daily first eating occasion time was associated with lower T2DM risk in participants with impaired fasting glucose at baseline.
... O consumo do CM foi classificado em: menos do que diariamente (consumir CM em 0-6 dias/sem) ou diariamente (consumir CM em 7 dias/sem) 17 . Pelo fato de não ter uma definição padrão na literatura 7 sobre a definição e classificação do consumo de café da manhã, classificamos o mesmo em: (consumir CM em 0-6 dias/ sem) ou diariamente (consumir CM em 7 dias/ sem) 17 . ...
... O consumo do CM foi classificado em: menos do que diariamente (consumir CM em 0-6 dias/sem) ou diariamente (consumir CM em 7 dias/sem) 17 . Pelo fato de não ter uma definição padrão na literatura 7 sobre a definição e classificação do consumo de café da manhã, classificamos o mesmo em: (consumir CM em 0-6 dias/ sem) ou diariamente (consumir CM em 7 dias/ sem) 17 . Optamos por esta classificação conforme sugerido por estudo internacionais, permitindo assim uma comparação mais fiel aos dados obtidos e por haver inconsistência na definição de "consumo do café da manhã" adotada em pesquisas anteriores 7,17 . ...
Abstract The scope of this article is to associate breakfast consumption (BC) with moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intensity and the nutritional status of children aged 9-11. The sample consisted of 432 children from São Caetano do Sul participating in the International Study of Childhood Obesity Lifestyle and the Environment. Data were collected between 2012 and 2013. The
weekly BC was obtained using the self-reported method. To measure MVPA, children used accelerometers and were classified into two groups (<60 versus ≥60 min/day). The nutritional status
was presented by body mass index (BMI). Logistic regression models were used, adjusted for gender, age, race, parental educational level and eating score. The mean BC was 5.25 (CI95%: 5.1-5.4) days/week and the MVPA was 59.29 (CI95%: 57.3-61.7) min/day. In the total sample, 55.8% of the children did not perform ≥60 min/day of
MVPA and 50.2% were overweight or obese. The daily BC was not associated with MVPA, however, it reduced the odds of children being overweight or obese (OR: 0.51; CI95%: 0.34-0.76; p=0.001). Daily BC reduced the odds of excess weight or obesity in children, though it did not increase the chances of children meeting the recommendations
of MVPA. Public policies should encourage daily BC to prevent excess weight or obesity.
... On the Contrary, skipping Breakfast is associated with mood disorders, cognitive impairment, overweight and obesity, and health risk behaviours such as smoking, bullying. [6][7][8] among adolescence 6,9 . A systematic review conducted showed that Breakfast is frequently skipped meal compared to other meals, with the prevalence ranging from 5% to 83% 10 . ...
Background: Breakfast is an important meal of the day. Skipping Breakfast has become very prevalent among health science university students. Therefore, the present study was conducted to find the impact breakfast habits on the Body Mass Index (BMI), Haemoglobin and Academic performance.
... Previous studies on skipping breakfast and meals have shown inconsistent gender differences (Oba et al., 2016;Smetanina et al., 2015;Smith et al., 2017;Vereecken et al., 2009). In Western countries, girls skip breakfast and other meals more frequently than boys (Smith et al., 2017;Vereecken et al., 2009). ...
... Previous studies on skipping breakfast and meals have shown inconsistent gender differences (Oba et al., 2016;Smetanina et al., 2015;Smith et al., 2017;Vereecken et al., 2009). In Western countries, girls skip breakfast and other meals more frequently than boys (Smith et al., 2017;Vereecken et al., 2009). However, similar to the present study, another cross-sectional study among Japanese adolescents reported that there is a significant association between skipping meals and male gender (Oba et al. 2016). ...
Unhealthy dietary behaviors in adolescence are an important public health problem. Gender differences in dietary behaviors have already appeared during adolescence. However, few studies have assessed a variety of adolescent dietary behaviors in Japan. We aimed to clarify gender differences in unhealthy dietary behaviors among Japanese adolescents. The participants consisted of 84,988 participants from seventh to 12th grades. Unhealthy dietary behaviors were defined according to the National Health and Nutrition Survey. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze a nationally representative sample of Japanese adolescents from the 2014 to 2015 Lifestyle Survey. The effective response rate was 51.4%. The prevalence of unhealthy dietary behaviors (skipping breakfast, snacking, eating out, skipping meals, eating alone at dinner, and subjectively poor diet quality) among boys and girls was 14.2% versus 12.4%, 19.6% versus 14.1%, 10.6% versus 7.0%, 7.9% versus 5.6%, 13.3% versus 12.1%, and 12.3% versus 15.8%, respectively. Compared with boys, girls were more negatively associated with skipping breakfast [OR = 0.76 (95% CI 0.73-0.79)], snacking [OR = 0.67 (95% CI 0.65-0.70)], eating out [OR = 0.62 (95% CI 0.59-0.66)], skipping meals [OR = 0.61 (95% CI 0.58-0.65)], and eating alone at dinner [OR = 0.79 (95% CI 0.76-0.83)]. However, girls were more positively associated with subjectively poor diet quality [OR = 1.19 (95% CI 1.14.1.24)]. The findings suggest that gender differences existed in dietary behaviors. Gender differences in dietary behaviors suggest opportunities for tailoring interventions related to dietary education in schools.
... Moreover, a daily breakfast may be used to identify adolescents at risk for unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. For example, daily breakfast intake is associated with both daily fruit and vegetable consumption, and there is an inverse relationship between daily breakfast intake and daily soft drink consumption [50]. ...
Background:
Healthy lifestyles may contribute to better mental health, which is particularly important in adolescence, an age at which half of all mental health problems first occur. This association may be even more relevant in adolescents of low family affluence, who show more mental health problems, as well as more unhealthy lifestyles. This study investigated healthy lifestyle behaviors, namely sufficient sleep and physical activity, daily breakfast intake, low levels of alcohol use or smoking, in relation to mental health and symptoms of mental health problems (feelings of depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem) among adolescents from different family affluence. Furthermore, the moderating role of family affluence was examined in those relations.
Methods:
Adolescents aged 12-18y were recruited via a random sample of schools in Flanders, Belgium. A total of 1037 adolescents participated (mean age = 15.2, 49.8% female). Independent samples t-tests, Mann Whitney U-tests and χ2-tests determined the differences in healthy lifestyle behaviors and mental health indicators between adolescents of low-medium and high family affluence. Regression analyses assessed the association between healthy lifestyles and mental health outcomes and the moderating role of family affluence.
Results:
All healthy lifestyle behaviors were associated with at least one mental health outcome, with the exception of alcohol consumption. Adolescents from low-medium family affluence had lower levels of physical activity, less often took breakfast, had lower levels of alcohol consumption and reported lower self-esteem than adolescents from high family affluence. The results showed no moderating effect of family affluence for the association between healthy lifestyle and mental health.
Conclusion:
These findings support the value of integrating healthy lifestyle behaviors in interventions for mental health promotion, for both youth of low-medium and high family affluence.
... The frequency of regular breakfast consumption by the Saudi children in the present study was lower than that reported in other countries. For an instance, a study involving 41 countries participating in the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) study found that daily breakfast consumption among students aged 11-15 year varied from 33% in Greek girls to 75% among Portuguese boys [31]. Furthermore, only 30% of Sri Lankan children consumed breakfast at home [32]. ...
... In the HBSC study, lower daily breakfast intake was associated with female sex, older adolescents, and living in single-parent families [31]. In the current study, there was no significant difference in the proportions of children consuming daily breakfast relative to sex. ...
Background:
Breakfast is an important meal that provides essential nutrients and energy. However, few comprehensive studies have reported breakfast habits and related behaviors among Saudi children. This study investigated breakfast consumption patterns and the associations of socio-demographic variables with daily breakfast intake among Saudi children.
Methods:
A multistage stratified cluster random sampling technique was used to select 1051 elementary school boys and girls in Riyadh. Body weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was computed. The breakfast eating habits and behaviors were assessed using a specifically designed self-reported questionnaire that was completed by the children's parents.
Results:
More than 79% of children skipped daily breakfast, with no significant sex difference. Children in private schools consumed breakfast more frequently than those attending public schools. Multivariate analyses showed that boys in private schools had a significantly higher intake of breakfast than that in boys in public schools, yet, boys in public schools had significantly higher BMI than boys in private schools. Using logistic regression while adjusting for confounders showed insignificant effect for parent education. Among breakfast eaters, spread cheese sandwiches were consumed most frequently, followed by fried egg sandwiches and breakfast cereals. Full-fat milk, tea with milk, water, and fruit juice were the most consumed drinks. Girls consumed significantly more fresh fruits during breakfast than did boys. Mothers prepared breakfast at home most of the time (84.5%). Parents appeared mostly satisfied with the breakfast consumed by their child at home and placed high importance on breakfast compared to lunch or dinner.
Conclusions:
The proportion of school children who ate daily breakfast at home was low, which may have implications for children's school performance. Effort is needed to promote daily breakfast consumption among Saudi school children and to introduce appropriate interventions aimed at promoting daily breakfast consumption among Saudi children.
