Figure - available from: International Journal of Nanomedicine
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Fluorescence images and endocytosis pathway. Notes: (A) Images show intracellular uptake efficiency of colon cancer cells (HCT116) after 0.5 and 6 hours’ treatment with CM-SF NPs, CM-DMSO (original CM powders dissolved in DMSO solution), and control groups; (B) endocytosis pathway mechanism that enhanced cellular uptake efficiency of CM-SF NPs. Abbreviations: CM, curcumin; SF, silk fibroin; NPs, nanoparticles; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
Source publication
- [...]
Purpose
To deliver insoluble natural compounds into colon cancer cells in a controlled fashion.
Materials and methods
Curcumin (CM)–silk fibroin (SF) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO2 (SEDS) (20 MPa pressure, 1:2 CM:SF ratio, 1% concentration), and their physicochemical properties, intracellular...
Citations
... Cytotoxicity assays confirmed that microcapsules were nontoxic and highly biocompatible. Silk fibroin nanoparticles developed by [41] delivered encapsulated curcumin in a time-dependent manner to colon cancer cells with enhanced permeability. The nanoparticles provided a slow, sustained release to amplify anticancer effects while reducing side effects. ...
Turmeric contains curcumin, a naturally occurring compound with noted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may help fight cancer. Curcumin is readily available, nontoxic, and inexpensive. At high doses, it has minimal side effects, suggesting it is safe for human use. However, curcumin has extremely poor bioavailability and biodistribution, which further hamper its clinical applications. It is commonly administered through oral and transdermal routes in different forms, where the particle size is one of the most common barriers that decreases its absorption through biological membranes on the targeted sites and limits its clinical effectiveness. There are many studies ongoing to overcome this problem. All of this motivated us to conduct this review that discusses the fabrication of polymer-based curcumin-loaded formulation as an advanced drug delivery system and addresses different approaches to overcoming the existing barriers and improving its bioavailability and biodistribution to enhance the therapeutic effects against cancer and other diseases.
... According to Chuah et al. [105] curcumin loaded with chitosan NP (CUR-CS-NP) improved mucoadhesion by binding process to CRC cells. N, and O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles were used to deliver 5-FU and curcumin, which improved the anti-tumor efficacy of 5-FU and decreased COX2 expression in CRC cells [106]. To get around biocompatibility limitations, Xie et al. created a synthetic polymer based on natural silk. ...
Background
Colorectal cancer is still challenging for scientists and healthcare professionals. Conventional treatment methods are associated with various limitations in clinical bed and patient compliance. However, novel nanocarrier-based approaches have opened a new window for improved therapy and a new future perspective.
Introduction
Cancer is the deadliest disease globally and is challenging to healthcare systems. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world, affecting all age groups and is the most common cancer in 23 countries, as per the World Health Organization (WHO).
Methods
In this review, we addressed the nanocarrier-based strategic treatment of colorectal cancer, along with major findings, limitations, and future perspectives. For this, we thoroughly reviewed several literatures downloaded from prime sources, such as google scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Publon. To filter the exact data needed, we used keywords alone or in combination. Various relevant articles were obtained from the reference section of the selected papers.
Result and discussion
It is necessary to have an effective and targeted treatment option to control CRC other than available remedies. Nanotechnology has been widely used to diagnose and treat several cancer types. Advances in nanomedicine and phytonanomedicine have promoted novel identification methods to treat colorectal cancer patients. There are several nanocarriers recommended for clinical purposes. However, to date, only a few clinically approved nanocarriers can load anticancer moieties and selectively bind to cancer cells. Some nanocarriers transport and release treatments to the target colorectal area but provide few benefits.
Conclusion
In this review, various nanoparticles (NPs) with unique properties have been discussed in relation to managing colorectal cancer, along with major outcomes of clinical trials and successful patents published so far.
... Specifically, both 2.5% SS and 2.5% SF constructs supported better proliferation rates and viability than constructs with higher silk concentrations (5% SS, or 5% and 10% SF; Fig. 6). Our results are consistent with previous reports where low SS and SF concentrations are more suitable for the proliferation of embedded cells than them at high concentrations [37][38][39] . The cytocompatibility of low-concentration (2.5%) SS and SF bioinks made them suitable for VAM applications where living cells are encapsulated. ...
Volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) enables fast photopolymerization of three-dimensional constructs by illuminating dynamically evolving light patterns in the entire build volume. However, the lack of bioinks suitable for VAM is a critical limitation. This study reports rapid volumetric (bio)printing of pristine, unmodified silk-based (silk sericin (SS) and silk fibroin (SF)) (bio)inks to form sophisticated shapes and architectures. Of interest, combined with post-fabrication processing, the (bio)printed SS constructs reveal properties including reversible as well as repeated shrinkage and expansion, or shape-memory; whereas the (bio)printed SF constructs exhibit tunable mechanical performances ranging from a few hundred Pa to hundreds of MPa. Both types of silk-based (bio)inks are cytocompatible. This work supplies expanded bioink libraries for VAM and provides a path forward for rapid volumetric manufacturing of silk constructs, towards broadened biomedical applications.
... Another study found that polymer-based nanostructures loaded with curcumin designed with cationicbased Eudragit R E100 copolymer had a high binding affinity and cellular absorption, resulting in increased cytotoxic effects. This nanomaterial formula inhibited tumorigenesis and suppressed colon-26 cell growth 19 times more effectively than curcumin alone ( Figure 3) [119,[121][122][123]. ...
Throughout the United States, cancer remains the second leading cause of death. Traditional treatments induce significant medical toxic effects and unpleasant adverse reactions, making them inappropriate for long-term use. Consequently, anticancer-drug resistance and relapse are frequent in certain situations. Thus, there is an urgent necessity to find effective antitumor medications that are specific and have few adverse consequences. Curcumin is a polyphenol derivative found in the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), and provides chemopreventive, antitumor, chemo-, and radio-sensitizing properties. In this paper, we summarize the new nano-based formulations of polyphenolic curcumin because of the growing interest in its application against cancers and tumors. According to recent studies, the use of nanoparticles can overcome the hydrophobic nature of curcumin, as well as improving its stability and cellular bioavailability in vitro and in vivo. Several strategies for nanocurcumin production have been developed, each with its own set of advantages and unique features. Because the majority of the curcumin-based nanoformulation evidence is still in the conceptual stage, there are still numerous issues impeding the provision of nanocurcumin as a possible therapeutic option. To support the science, further work is necessary to develop curcumin as a viable anti-cancer adjuvant. In this review, we cover the various curcumin nanoformulations and nanocurcumin implications for therapeutic uses for cancer, as well as the current state of clinical studies and patents. We further address the knowledge gaps and future research orientations required to develop curcumin as a feasible treatment candidate.
... Many researchers have used silk fibroin for sustained-release drug delivery to tumours. Silk fibroin was used in several forms in these studies, including nanoparticles (Kim et al., 2015;Yang et al., 2015;Li et al., 2016;Xie et al., 2017), films (Seib and Kaplan, 2012;Zhang et al., 2019), and hydrogels (Seib et al., 2013;Hong et al., 2020). Therefore, silk fibroin products (including hydrogels) can play an important role in inhibiting tumour growth by stably releasing drugs during tumour treatment. ...
Background: The standard treatment for osteosarcoma comprises complete surgical resection and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which may cause serious side effects and partial or total limb loss. Therefore, to avoid the disadvantages of traditional treatment, we developed self-assembling imageable silk hydrogels for osteosarcoma.
Methods: We analysed whether iodine induced apoptosis in MG-63 and Saos-2 cells by using CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays and transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to analyse the pathway of iodine-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. PEG400, silk fibroin solution, polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP-I), and meglumine diatrizoate (MD) were mixed to produce an imageable hydrogel. A nude mouse model of osteosarcoma was established, and the hydrogel was injected locally into the interior of the osteosarcoma with X-ray guidance. The therapeutic effect and biosafety of the hydrogel were evaluated.
Results: Iodine treatment at 18 and 20 µM for 12 h resulted in cell survival rate reduced to 50 ± 2.1% and 50.5 ± 2.7% for MG-63 and Sao-2 cells, respectively ( p < 0.01). The proportion of apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the iodine-treatment group than in the control group ( p < 0.05), and apoptotic bodies were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Iodine could regulate the death receptor pathway and induce MG-63 and Saos-2 cell apoptosis. The hydrogels were simple to assemble, and gels could be formed within 38 min. A force of less than 50 N was required to inject the gels with a syringe. The hydrogels were readily loaded and led to sustained iodine release over 1 week. The osteosarcoma volume in the PEG-iodine-silk/MD hydrogel group was significantly smaller than that in the other three groups ( p < 0.001). Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) expression levels were significantly higher in the PEG-iodine-silk/MD hydrogel group than in the other three groups ( p < 0.001). Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed no abnormalities in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, pancreas or thyroid in any group.
Conclusions: Self-assembling imageable silk hydrogels could be injected locally into osteosarcoma tissues with X-ray assistance. With the advantages of good biosafety, low systemic toxicity and minimal invasiveness, self-assembling imageable silk hydrogels provide a promising approach for improving the locoregional control of osteosarcoma.
... Protein-based nanocarriers have been widely used in the field of biomedicine [92] for the administration of curcumin, many forms have been developed from bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA), ovalbumin (OVA), zein, casein and silk fibroin (SF). There are reports of stable long circulation and better solubility, stable controlled release, reduced cytotoxicity in normal cells, and strong anticancer effect [5,93,94]. ...
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a plant highly recognized in ancient traditional medicine, in particular the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The rhizomes, part of the plant commonly used, contain curcumin, the main active principle in the plant, a polyphenolic compound with potential pharmacological activities, but with very low solubility and bioavailability. Curcumin nanoformulations have shown the ability to overcome the natural barriers that limit their use and this review briefly shows the most relevant aspects in the development of different nanoformulation platforms for curcumin and the results obtained in preclinical and clinical studies.
... Protein-based nanocarriers have been widely used in the field of biomedicine [92] for the administration of curcumin, many forms have been developed from bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA), ovalbumin (OVA), zein, casein and silk fibroin (SF). There are reports of stable long circulation and better solubility, stable controlled release, reduced cytotoxicity in normal cells, and strong anticancer effect [5,93,94]. ...
The sensory attributes that include factors such as appearance, taste, odor, flavor taste, and texture are often used in practice by consumers to evaluate food quality. During purchase, these indicators are compared with the already standardized reference food product and match the quality. Foodstuffs’ characteristics can be changed by utilizing these technologies and making them as per consumer needs/demand without changing the nutrient values. This chapter provides an adequate indication that nanostructured foods developed through nanotechnologies have an affinity to inspire customer thought processing. The consumer can be convinced to buy healthier and nutritious products with the anticipated organoleptic and/or desirable characteristics developed through these technologies. The chapter also summarizes how nanotechnology plays a significant role at the molecular level to improve the quality of food products using their sensory acceptance and major gaps in knowledge that require further research.
... These production methods require chemical agents that result in contamination to the environment and potential degradation of fibroin structures. Electrospraying [10] and supercritical fluid [11] methods have been extensively investigated as they are easy to scale up. Nevertheless, these two methods require expensive instruments and complicated operations [12]. ...
The importance of silk fibroin particles (size from tens of nanometres to hundreds of microns) as effective drug carriers has been well identified due to their superior mechanical strength, biocompatibility and biodegradability. They are usually fabricated by methods that have difficulties in controlling the size and shape to meet the required functions. In addition, using chemical agents in the fabrication process may result in biological risks and degradation of the fibroin structures. In this study, ultra-precision diamond turning (UPDT) technology is researched as an alternative chemical-free manufacturing approach to generate silk particles in the form of cutting chips with controllable size and shape. The machinability in UPDT of silk fibroin film (hereinafter referred to as silk film) was discussed in terms of specific cutting force and chip morphology. The material removal in UPDT of silk film is taken place in the ductile regime. Experimental results reveal that a rise in the cutting speed could significantly reduce the specific cutting force, while decreasing the depth of cut (DOC) could increase the specific cutting force because of the size effect. Moreover, a sharp point tool using a less than 2.5 μm/rev feed rate is preferred to generate helical silk chips. The formation mechanism of shear bands and serrated chips in UPDT of silk film was investigated with the aid of a finite element and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FE-SPH) hybrid numerical model with Cowper-Symonds (CS) material equation. The material parameters of silk film were determined for the first time at p = 7 and D = 1140 s⁻¹. The simulated specific cutting force with this set of material parameters is 49.0% smaller than the measured one. The simulated chip morphology (e.g. shear band spacing) was also in good agreement with the measured values. The simulation study shows that the shear band formation is done via two joining parts: one part propagates from the cutting edge to the free surface, another part initiates on the free surface and evolves towards the cutting edge. The chip segment is formed by a microcrack propagating from the free surface to the cutting edge. The underlying mechanism of formation of the serrated chip is found to have its roots in the hierarchical structure of silk fibroin.
... Silk fibroin (SF) has been used to fabricate CUR-NPs (<100 nm) via solution-enhanced dispersion by the supercritical CO 2 technique. The IC 50 s of free CUR, CUR-SF-NPs, and fluorouracil against HCT116 cells were 5.339, 4.383, and 0.432 µg/mL, respectively; however, the CUR-SF-NPs had the most superior anticancer effect at CUR concentrations >10 µg/mL [132]. ...
There is increasing interest in the use of natural compounds with beneficial pharmacological effects for managing diseases. Curcumin (CUR) is a phytochemical that is reportedly effective against some cancers through its ability to regulate signaling pathways and protein expression in cancer development and progression. Unfortunately, its use is limited due to its hydrophobicity, low bioavailability, chemical instability, photodegradation, and fast metabolism. Nanoparticles (NPs) are drug delivery systems that can increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and improve drug targeting to cancer cells via different mechanisms and formulation techniques. In this review, we have discussed various CUR-NPs that have been evaluated for their potential use in treating cancers. Formulations reviewed include lipid, gold, zinc oxide, magnetic, polymeric, and silica NPs, as well as micelles, dendrimers, nanogels, cyclodextrin complexes, and liposomes, with an emphasis on their formulation and characteristics. CUR incorporation into the NPs enhanced its pharmaceutical and therapeutic significance with respect to solubility, absorption, bioavailability, stability, plasma half-life, targeted delivery, and anticancer effect. Our review shows that several CUR-NPs have promising anticancer activity; however, clinical reports on them are limited. We believe that clinical trials must be conducted on CUR-NPs to ensure their effective translation into clinical applications.
... Protein-based nanocarriers have been widely used in the field of biomedicine [92] for the administration of curcumin, many forms have been developed from bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA), ovalbumin (OVA), zein, casein and silk fibroin (SF). There are reports of stable long circulation and better solubility, stable controlled release, reduced cytotoxicity in normal cells, and strong anticancer effect [5,93,94]. ...
Food nanotechnology is being considered as a frontier of the current century for the food industry. Currently, the application of nanotechnology in food processing, packaging traceability, and preservation is playing a key role. Furthermore, the development in nano-sensing and nanostructured ingredients has promising potential in the food industry. Nano-encapsulation of sensitive ingredients, biopreservation, and target deliveries of nutrients are the latest aspects of nanotechnology. The utilization of nanoparticles (NPs) in the food sector has been transformed by recent technical advances. These NPs are recognized to have unique features including anticaking agents, antibacterial, bio-therapeutic, shelf-life extension, the appeal of food items, and making a significant contribution to the food packing business. In the current chapter, we envisioned the nanotechnology-based anticaking agent in food nanotechnology and its applicability to food systems. Additionally, the possible suitability of the food containing nanoparticles with improved processing and functional properties has been discussed.KeywordsNanotechnologyNanoparticlesFood industryAnticaking agentsPreservationSafety
