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shows the test system to verify the proposed controller chip. The chip is fabricated by 0.18-m CMOS process and 25mm 2 silicon area. The proposed system requires small numbers of I/O pins for small chip size and low cost. Although it is packaged by 256-pin QFP package, 228-pins are for the test purpose, 16-pins are unused and 12-pins are used for the normal operations. In the test system board, the FPGA reads the values of the control registers and the instruction codes from the flash memory and writes them to the controller chip. When it finishes dumping the program codes, the controller starts working by generating the data-request signals in accordance with the programmed schedule.
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More than hundred sensor devices are required to monitor various body signals. The body area network (BAN) connecting the sensor devices with the controller needs low power consumption and real-time operations, which is difficult to implement by conventional controller chips. In this paper, a low power controller chip is designed and fabricated to...
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Citations
... Topology control: Topology control is another category of energy efficient method that aims to manage the energy consumption of the WSN by suitably adapting the node transmission power and number of neighbors' nodes for maintain good network coverage and connectivity [23]. ...
Introduction Wireless Human Body Sensor Networks (WHBSNs) used in healthcare systems have widely attracted the attention of the research community [1]. We identify two categories of healthcare-oriented systems: vital status monitoring and remote healthcare surveillance. In vital status monitoring applications, sensors supervise their vital parameters in order to specify emergency situations and allow caregivers to respond efficiently. Applications include disaster monitoring, cancer detection, vital sign monitoring in hospitals, cardiovascular disease and epilepsy seizure detection [2,3]. Remote healthcare surveillance concerns not vital care services for which the continuous healthcare professional is not necessary. For example, Wireless Human Body Sensor nodes are deployed in remote places to sense clinically relevant data information for rehabilitation supervision [4], elderly monitoring [5] or to provide support to a person with cognitive disorder. Wireless Human Body Sensors transmit the sensing data information to the Base Station (BS) as smartphone or PC that can be connected to a local server or can also be connected to the Internet. Figure 1 shows an example of an architecture of WHBSNs in healthcare applications. Due to the fact that the network lifetime depends on residual energy in the batteries of nodes, energy is one of the extremely important challenge. In this paper, we review the different existing energy efficient mechanisms and wireless energy transfer to prolong the WHBSNs lifetime. The paper is organized as follows: Section 4 defines wireless human body sensors network lifetime and the energy consumption reasons. The aim of Section 5 is to provide a review with different mechanisms to save energy in wireless human body sensors network. In section 6, we present techniques to extract energy harvesting to recompense energy waste in wireless human body sensors network. Finally, we conclude in the paper in section 7. Abstract Wireless Human Body Sensor Networks (WHBSNs) are extensively used in vital sign monitoring applications and predicting crop health in in order to identify emergency situations and allow caregivers to respond efficiently. When a sensor is drained of energy, it can no longer achieve its role without a substituted source of energy. However, limited energy in a sensor's battery prevents the long-term process in such applications. In addition, replacing the sensors' batteries and redeploying the sensors can be very expensive in terms of time and budget and need the presence of the patient at the hospital. To overcome the energy limitation, researchers have proposed the use of energy harvesting to reload the rechargeable battery by power. Therefore, efficient power management is required to increase the benefits of having additional environmental energy. This paper presents a review of energy efficient harvesting mechanisms to extend the Wireless Human Body Sensors lifetime.
... Recently, studies on the body area network (BAN), which integrated short-range wireless network equipments, such as the medical and health care devices, have been carried out to develop the ubiquitous care system. Long-term health monitoring can be achieved by BAN [1,2], which will enable tele-communicating and health monitoring between patients lived in a low population and no-doctor area and medical doctors stayed at medical hospital in the high-population cities. However, there are power supply problems to functionalize BAN system. ...
In this study, a high frequency piezoelectric energy harvester converted from the human low vibrated motion energy was newly developed. This hybrid energy harvester consists of the unimorph piezoelectric cantilever and a couple of permanent magnets. One magnet was attached at the end of cantilever, and the counterpart magnet was set at the end of the pendulum. The mechanical energy provided through the human walking motion, which is a typical ubiquitous presence of vibration, is converted to the electric energy via the piezoelectric cantilever vibration system. At first, we studied the energy convert mechanism and the performance of our energy harvester, where the resonance free vibration of unimorph cantilever with one permanent magnet under a rather high frequency was induced by the artificial low frequency vibration. The counterpart magnet attached on the pendulum. Next, we equipped the counterpart permanent magnet pendulum, which was fluctuated under a very low frequency by the human walking, and the piezoelectric cantilever, which had the permanent magnet at the end. The low-to-high frequency convert "hybrid system" can be characterized as an enhanced energy harvest one. We examined and obtained maximum values of voltage and power in this system, as 1.2V and 1.2 µW. Those results show the possibility to apply for the energy harvester in the portable and implantable Bio-MEMS devices.
... These systems owe the recent advances in Body Area Network (BAN) such as wireless communication, low-power miniaturized wearable sensor network and Integrated Circuit (IC) technology [1]. One of the most important challenging requirements for the Medical BAN (MBAN) is low energy consumption [2]. Some applications such as implanting pacemaker and capsule endoscope require extremely low energy consumption to maximize battery life [3]. ...
A 60μW power-jitter efficient direct conversion FSK demodulator is implemented in 0.18μm CMOS technology for 10Mb/s data rate Medical BAN (MBAN) application. To be tolerable to FSK data demodulation with Modulation Index (MI) of 1 and in the presence of large amount of jitter, a Jitter Cancelation Buffer (JCB) is proposed so as to adjust data transition time to cancel jitter down. In addition, the size of JCB is also optimized to achieve maximum power-jitter efficiency of 60μW power dissipation and 0.1 Unit Interval (UI) jitter.
... It has been suggested in [Laerhoven and Gellersen 2004] that a large number of low quality sensors can perform the task of monitoring as effectively as a few high quality sensors. Such a network will have multiple sensors measuring the same stimuli providing redundancy and therefore better fault tolerance, while at the same time being less intrusive, energy-efficient, and conducive for regular wearing due to their light-weight and small form factor. Networks with sizes of up to 192 and 255 have already been proposed in [Kern and Schiele 2003] and [Choi et al. 2006], respectively. The BSN is therefore assumed to be a potentially dense network consisting of nodes numbering in the hundreds. ...
A Body Sensor Network (BSN) is a network of economically powered, wireless, wearable, and implanted health monitoring sensors, designed to continually collect and communicate health information from the host they are deployed on. Due to the sensitive nature of the data collected, securing BSNs is important for privacy preservation and protecting the host from bodily harm.
In this article, we present Physiological Value-based Security (PVS), a usable and efficient way of securing intersensor communication schemes for BSNs. The PVS scheme distributes the key used for securing a particular message along with the message itself, by hiding it using physiological values. In this way, it not only eliminates the need for any explicit key distribution, but also reduces the number of keys required at each node to meet all its secure communication requirements.
We further demonstrate the use of the PVS scheme in securing cluster topology formation in BSNs. Traditional protocols for cluster formation do not consider security and are therefore susceptible to malicious attacks. We present a PVS-based cluster formation protocol which mitigates these attacks. Performance analysis of the protocol shows that compared to cluster formation protocols secured with non-PVS-based key distribution schemes, it performs efficiently.
... Recently, as the interests of health care or monitoring system increase, BSN has been getting more attention [1]. The BSN system consists of several sensor nodes and a base station. ...
A high speed and low jitter direct conversion FSK demodulator for low energy body sensor network (BSN) is implemented in 0.18um CMOS technology with IV supply. Modulation Index (MI) of 1 is used for high data rate, which performs high duty cycling operation for low-energy BSN. To eliminate deterministic jitter at MI of 1, the demodulator employs a delay locked loop (DLL), demodulation logic and a transition predictive detector (TPD), perceiving the exact data transition point. Dual offset-compensated comparators are utilized to reduce the random jitter during transition predictive operation. As a result, the proposed demodulator achieves absolute jitter of 4ns at a 40Mb/s data rate with a 5MHz base band signal.
... Examples include probabilistic key distribution schemes [2], master key based key distribution schemes [17] and even asymmetric crypto-systems [7]. However, given the progressively increasing size of BANs (networks of size 190-255 nodes have already been proposed [4]), these approaches may potentially involve considerable latency (due to node programming) during network initialization/setup or any subsequent adjustments, due to their need for pre-deployment. We believe that for BANs to be useful in a military setting, they should be plug-n-play. ...
Body area networks (BAN) can play a major role in monitoring the health of soldiers in a battlefield. Securing BANs is essential to ensure safety of the soldiers. This paper presents a novel key agreement protocol called Photoplethysmogram PPGbased based key agreement (PKA) which allows sensors in a BAN to agree to a common key using PPG values obtained from the subject (soldier) they are deployed on. Using the stimuli which the sensors are designed to monitor directly for cryptographic purposes, enables administrators to provide security for BANs with minimal initial setup. The principal contributions of this paper are: (1) demonstration of the viability of the PPG signals for agreeing upon common symmetric cryptographic keys between two nodes in BAN, and (2) analysis of the security, performance and quality of the keys produced by PKA.
... This is not a reasonable value in common sense. For this reason, the PSC is designed as an individual board which is compact and consumes low power like [9]. The size of the PSC is 80mm x 50mm which is smaller than a standard credit card. ...
A healthcare monitoring system with wireless woven inductor channels is proposed for body sensor networks. A sensor node with the proposed woven inductor channel consumes only 300 uW for sensing and 340 uW for communication with 1 Mbps data rate. The personal sensor controller consumes 8 mW, and the efficiency is 178 times than the previous work.
... Prominent examples include probabilistic key distribution [7], LEAP [8], SPINS [9], and even asymmetric crypto-systems [10]. However, given the progressively increasing size of BSNs (networks of size 190-255 nodes have already been proposed [11] [12]), and the urgency associated with their deployment in handling emergency scenarios, traditional approaches may potentially involve considerable latency during network initialization or any subsequent adjustments, due to their need for pre-deployment. ...
Preserving a person's privacy in an efficient manner is very important for critical, life-saving infrastructures like body sensor networks (BSN). This paper presents a novel key agreement scheme which allows two sensors in a BSN to agree to a common key generated using electrocardiogram (EKG) signals. This EKG-based key agreement (EKA) scheme aims to bring the "plug-n-play" paradigm to BSN security whereby simply deploying sensors on the subject can enable secure communication, without requiring any form of initialization such as pre-deployment. Analysis of the scheme based on real EKG data (obtained from MIT PhysioBank database) shows that keys resulting from EKA are: random, time variant, can be generated based on short-duration EKG measurements, identical for a given subject and different for separate individuals.
... Networks with sizes of up to 192 and 255 have been already been proposed in [57], [24] respectively. The BAN is therefore assumed to be a potentially dense network consisting of nodes numbering in the hundreds. ...
