Fig 4 - uploaded by Aritra Dhar
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shows the effect of annealing on the multilayer thin films. The thin film with the highest FOM was annealed in vacuum, forming gas, air and O 2 environments upto 150 ºC for 3 hrs. It was found that the sheet resistance decreased in vacuum and forming gas when annealed at 100 o C or above. However annealing couldn't be done above 150 o C due to the low melting point of the polymer substrate.
Source publication
1 557/op 013 0.1 l.2 . ABSTRACT Highly transparent composite electrodes made of multilayers of In-and Ga-doped ZnO and Cu (IGZO/Cu/IGZO) thin films (30/3-9/30 nm thick) are deposited onto flexible substrates at room temperature and by using radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The effect of Cu thickness on the electrical and optical properties of...
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Citations
... A typical TCE is a three-layer thin-film structure: an intermediate metal layer sandwiched between equivalent top and bottom transparent metal oxide (TMO) layers [1][2][3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The optical properties of TCE can be tailored to different application by varying the thickness and material of each individual layer [17]. ...
Transparent composite electrodes (TCE), TiO2/Ag/TiO2 (TAgT), have been demonstrated as a promising alternative of indium tin oxide (ITO) in organic solar cell application. TiO2/Ag/TiO2 have been incorporated into bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) to replace ITO as the anode. Two different hole transfer layers (HTL), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and MoO3, are compared in terms of their compatibility with the TiO2/Ag/TiO2 anode. The MoO3 layer has been shown to be a beneficial HTL for TiO2/Ag/TiO2 based OSC. However, the wettability of MoO3 for polymer blend is not as good as PEDOT:PSS, and results in a relatively thin active layer in OSCs. On the other hand, ITO based OSCs using PEDOT:PSS and MoO3 as the HTL are fabricated as control samples to compare the performance of TAgT and ITO anodes. Results of the investigation shows that the superior electrical property of TAgT anodes contributes to the effective collection of photo-carriers and its lower optical transmittance barely degrades the light absorption in OSCs. In a few words, the higher Haacke figure of merit of TAgT enables better performance of OSCs with MoO3 HTL, in comparison with ITO based OSC.
... A typical TCE is a three-layer structure: equivalent top and bottom transparent metal oxide (TMO) layers and an intermediate metal layer [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. TiO 2 has a wide band gap of $ 3.4 eV, and this renders it to be transparent in the visible light spectrum [2]. ...
... To be a desired electrode, the layer thickness of TCE has to be optimized such that its transmittance and resistance are desirable. The optimization of the transmittance of TCE across the entire visible light region has been studied by several investigators [1][2][3]5,8,10,14]; however, few report actually tailoring the indium-free electrode's transmittance to the organic solar cell's absorption spectrum. ...
Recent interest in indium-free transparent composite-electrodes (TCEs) has motivated theoretical and experimental efforts to better understand and enhance their electrical and optical properties. Various tools have been developed to calculate the optical transmittance of multilayer thin-film structures based on the transfer-matrix method. However, the factors that affect the accuracy of these calculations have not been investigated very much. In this study, two sets of TCEs, TiO2/Au/TiO2 and TiO2/Ag/TiO2, were fabricated to study the factors that affect the accuracy of transmittance predictions. We found that the predicted transmittance can deviate significantly from measured transmittance for TCEs that have ultra-thin plasmonic metal layers. The ultrathin metal layer in the TCE is typically discontinuous. When light interacts with the metallic islands in this discontinuous layer, localized surface plasmons are generated. This causes extra light absorption, which then leads to the actual transmittance being lower than the predicted transmittance.
The interest in indium-free transparent composite electrode (TCE), a thin metal layer embedded between two transparent metal oxide (TMO) layers resulting in TMO/metal/TMO composite structure, has grown recently with the advent of their high figures of merit and its potential application in photovoltaic applications. However, most of the work to date has focused on experimentally producing the best optically transmitting TCE. To better design TCEs and minimize experimental work, it would be useful to develop a model that predicts the optical transmission. In the current work, the transfer-matrix method is employed to calculate the transmittance spectrum of TCE. To validate this approach, the transmittance spectra of TiO2/Au/TiO2 and TiO2/Ag/TiO2 multilayer thin-film TCEs are calculated with use of extracted material parameters. The calculated transmittance spectrum of TiO2/Au/TiO2 matches the measured spectrum quite well. However, the calcualted transmittance of TiO2/Ag/TiO2 is higher than its measured transmittance. The presence of voids in the Ag film is probably responsible for the decreased transmittance of the TiO2/Ag/TiO2 sample, and the continuous Au film in TiO2/Au/TiO2 ensures a good agreement between transmittance prediction and measurement. Our approach is a reliable tool to predict the optical transmittance of TCE with continuous films, and it can efficiently expedite the selection from numerous possible combinations of transparent metal oxides and metals when developing TCEs for future photovoltaic applications. It can also serve as a convenient method to assess the continuity of embedded metal layer.
