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5 shows that a model with one recovery factor and a stress factor with two sub-dimensions gives a good representation of the variance. This could be verified in different samples (see chapter 8).
Source publication
The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ) is an instrument that allows measuring the recovery-stress state of persons systematically. The recovery-stress state indicates the extent to which persons are stressed emotionally, socially, mentally or physically, and whether or not compensatory recovery states or activities occurred in the past days. Thu...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... can be expected on the basis of the item-total correlations and the internal consistency from classical test theory, all scales except Fatigue and Sleep Quality show a good model fit on most fit indices (see chapter 1). Figure 2.1 represents the tested model for General Stress. For the recovery scales especially Sleep Quality requires a specific correlation of item 19 and item 27, which can well be explained by the positive formulation, while the other items are inverted items, which address disturbed sleep. ...
Context 2
... to the analyses with the longer version of the RESTQ scale 5 fatigue is not fitting easily into a linear structure. The model for performance stress is depicted in figure 2.3. ...
Context 3
... large scale study by Collatz (199x) on the effects of mother-child health resort interventions for underprivileged mothers used the RESTQ to assess the initial state during admission to the resort, one measurement at the end of the intervention and in a 3 month follow up. Similar results were obtained for the vacancies of teachers with an additional interesting gender effect (Hoyos, 19xx, Veith, 19xx), as can be seen in figure 2.xxx Welches Ergebnis einfügen?? ...
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Citations
... The congruence of the elements and characteristics of recovery identified in these studies in the mental health area with recovery dimensions in the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport; Kellmann & Kallus, 2001, 2016 is obvious. According to Kellmann and Kallus (2001) recovery involves such resources as success, meaningful social relationships, physical fitness, sleep quality and general well-being. ...
... Recovery constitutes a protective resource that aids in coping with stress and functions as resilience. The recovery-related resources are depleted over time and thus need to be re-established to regain their full functional capacity (Kallus, 2016). Underrecovery results from a lack of re-establishing these resources, which makes individuals vulnerable to diseases. ...
... While people usually experience stress consciously, an awareness of a lack of recovery is often not present. In my counseling practice with managers of a large insurance company I presented their recovery-stress profile to them after they had filled in the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ; Kallus, 2016). The managers appeared to be surprised by the lack of recovery the profile depicted and frequently stated that they only had become aware of their lack of recovery after completing the RESTQ. ...
... It does, however, contradict the theoretically grounded, systematic separation between recovery and stress in particular (Kenttä and Hassmén, 1998). Accordingly, the concentration of recovery and stress parameters within a factor was not compatible with the theoretical approach of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (Jimenez et al., 2016;Kallus, 2016;Kellmann et al., 2016b). ...
INTRODUCTION:
This commentary refers to the recently published commentary by Lundkvist et al. (2019)in thisjournal and aims at clearing up an obvious misunderstanding. Lundkvist et al. (2019)critize rightlyat the beginning of their commentary that the BPQ-C (Schaffran et al., 2019) “should not currentlybe used by practitioners and researchers to screen for burnout” (Lundkvist et al., 2019, p. 1). It may have been apparent to the attentive reader that the aim ofthe questionnaire is not thescreening of burnout but much rather the acquisition of critical factors that increase the probabilityof burnout if combined adversely and persistently. There is nohint to the use of the BPQ-C asscreening instrument for burnout in the article (Schaffran et al., 2019). On the contrary, it issuggested that “The BPQ-C should primarily be implemented to detect potential causes of burnoutto derive individual preventive measures” (Schaffran et al., 2019, p. 9). Furthermore, in view of thepreliminary validation of the internal structure of the questionnaire, it is recommended to use itonly in research for the time being.
... Questionnaires RESTQ-work 27 was used to record strain and recovery at work [31]. The Berlin Questionnaire was applied to determine the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) [32]. ...
Introduction:
Maritime pilots work in an irregular deployment system (rotation system) with unpredictable work assignments under high levels of physical and mental stress. Fatigue or chronic diseases, e.g. coronary heart disease, peptic ulcers or gastritis can occur as a consequence. This can lead to long-term limitations of pilots' work ability. The aim of this study is to analyse current stress and strain in maritime pilots.
Methods:
Initially, all German pilots were interviewed with an online questionnaire about their living and working situation (response rate 43%). Subsequently, a medical and psychological examination of a random sample was carried out with pilots working in a 4-month rotation system compared with those working in a 1-week system. Most of the measurements took place at the beginning and the end of continuous work assignments each lasting several weeks (pre vs post-rotation). The questionnaires RESTQ-work 27, Resilience Scale RS-13 and Berlin Questionnaire were used as well as a sleeping diary. Furthermore, cardiovascular parameters (during rest and under ergometric stress), activity and blood parameters, urine stress hormones, and the pupillary unrest index were surveyed.
Results:
60 pilots were recorded with an average age of 48.7 years (SD 8.3 years). Among the parameters collected, there were no significant differences between pre and post-rotation examinations. Pilots with a 4-month rotation system experienced a much higher subjective strain level in RESTQ work-27 (OR 10.12 (95% CI 1.21-84.59)). According to the sleep diaries of the pilots working in a 4-month rotation system, reduced levels were found concerning the pre and post-rotation subjective performance level (p = 0.042 and 0.029), subjective sleep duration (p = 0.032) and current subjective feeling post-rotation (p = 0.036). Objectively measured arterial hypertension was significantly more frequent among pilots working 4 months at a time (OR 21.41 (95% CI 1.26-364.05)). In addition, elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid were more common among this group of pilots (p = 0.038, p = 0.033 and p = 0.038). In particular, the risk of hypertriglyceridemia was increased (OR 4.41 (95% CI 1.15-16.91)).
Discussion:
Maritime pilotage represents a very straining profession that has been studied very little up to this point. The present results indicate that 4-month rotation systems lead to higher levels of subjective and objective strain than 1-week rotation systems. Interventions are therefore recommended; especially a change in the rotation system should be considered.
... The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ-Basic; Kallus, 2016a) systematically assesses the recovery-stress state of a person. It can be used within a timeframe of the past seven days and nights (Jimenez et al., 2016). ...
... It can be used within a timeframe of the past seven days and nights (Jimenez et al., 2016). The recovery-stress state expresses to which extent the person is physically and/or mentally stressed, and whether the person is using individual recovery strategies (Kallus, 2016a). The RESTQ-Basic consists of 48 items which are equally divided into 12 scales (four items per scale). ...
... Individuals rate the items retrospectively on a sevenpoint frequency scale ranging from never (0) to always (6). The RESTQ-Basic has been applied in various settings with German populations (Heidari et al., 2016;Wagner et al., 2017) and has displayed predominantly very good to satisfactory reliabilities (Kallus, 2016a). ...
Introduction: Previous research has shown that burnout develops as the result of a continuous imbalance between chronic stress and appropriate coping resources. Hence, the essential factors to measure burnout encompassed the factors stress and recovery within our studies. However, the Burnout Prevention Questionnaire for Coaches (BPQ-C) does not represent a new questionnaire from scratch, but rather a re-evaluated, condensed, and subsequently combined instrument with scales derived from validated psychometric instruments.
Methods: The objective of study 1 (N = 233) was to create and evaluate the psychometric structure of the BPQ-C. The aim of study 2 (N = 473) consisted in the validation of the BPQ-C via a Confirmatory Factor Analysis.
Results: The Exploratory Factor Analysis resulted in a model with three dimensions (Pre-Burnout, Resources, and Burnout). Via the subsequent Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the model could be confirmed with good fit indices (χ2 = 96.898, df = 19, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.973, SRMR = 0.044, RMSEA = 0.093, LO90 = 0.075, HI90 = 0.112).
Conclusion: The BPQ-C includes a number of previously established risk and protective factors within a single psychometric instrument. The systematic application of the BPQ-C can help to detect critical conditions at an early stage in order to derive individualized and beneficial interventions for the respective coaches.
... Questionnaire-Basic-24 (RESTQ; Kallus, 2016). The Overall stress dimension is composed of the two stress sub-dimensions Performance stress and Socioemotional stress. ...
Back pain (BP), a prominent problem for competitive athletes, is a primary reason for limitations in athletic performance and daily life restrictions. As studies on the relationship between psychological variables and BP in athletes are scarce, the aim of this study was to investigate stress and depression in competitive athletes with BP. In a cross-sectional design, data of 154 competitive athletes (51% female; Mage = 18.81 years, SDage = 5.05 years) were collected, assessing Performance stress, Socio-emotional stress, Risk for depression and Psychological well-being and the two BP parameters BP Intensity and Disability. Two multiple linear regressions were conducted to predict (1) BP Intensity and (2) Disability from Performance stress, Socio-emotional stress, Risk for depression and Psychological well-being. Multiple linear regressions demonstrated that Performance stress (β = .21, p = .01) was the only significant predictor of BP Intensity (F1,142 = 6.68, p = .01, R² = .05), whilst Risk for depression (β = .24, p = .01) was the only significant predictor of Disability (F1,142 = 8.46, p = .01, R² = .06). Neither gender nor age explained a significant amount of variance in the models. Study results showed that, as in the general population, the variables stress and depression are related to BP in competitive athletes. In particular, BP intensity was found to be associated with stress and BP-related disability was associated with depression, whereas age and gender showed no association with the BP parameters. A longitudinal investigation is warranted to determine the direction of the observed relationships.
... The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ-Basic-24) represents a psychometric measure to evaluate an individual's current recovery-stress state via the assessment of recoveryand stress-related activities [31]. We administered the RESTQ-Basic-24 referring to a time frame of the previous two weeks according to the deliberations of the manual. ...
... For the purpose of this study, we only analysed the Overall Recovery and Overall Stress dimension to obtain a general picture of the feasibility of the recovery tools. With regard to the internal consistency values, Cronbach's alphas of a ¼ 0.79 (Overall Recovery) and a ¼ 0.77 (Overall Stress) are reported, which can be rated as satisfactory [31]. The RESTQ-Basic-24 has been validated with numerous other questionnaires to ensure the convergent and discriminant validity of the instrument [31]. ...
... With regard to the internal consistency values, Cronbach's alphas of a ¼ 0.79 (Overall Recovery) and a ¼ 0.77 (Overall Stress) are reported, which can be rated as satisfactory [31]. The RESTQ-Basic-24 has been validated with numerous other questionnaires to ensure the convergent and discriminant validity of the instrument [31]. ...
Background: Recovery represents an individualised, psychological construct serving as a buffer for health complaints and back pain. Recovery might also help in reducing chronic back pain (CBP) but has not been examined within CBP rehabilitation.
Aim: Testing the acute effects of recovery tools to reduce CBP and stress and to improve recovery.
Methods: A longitudinal, quasi-randomised pilot study with 55 individuals on sick leave caused by CBP was conducted. The acute effects of a multimodal out-patient rehabilitation programme were evaluated, while recovery tools were conveyed within the intervention group. The control group received regular treatment. Validated psychometric questionnaires to measure CBP, stress, and recovery were used.
Results: Repeated measures ANOVA indicated significant reductions for Pain Intensity (p < .001, ηp2 = 0.39), Disability (p < .001, ηp2 = 0.55), Overall Stress (p = .001, ηp2 = 0.19), and a significant improvement for Overall Recovery (p = .010, ηp2 = 0.12) in both groups. A more pronounced increase for recovery was registered in the intervention group considering the descriptive values.
Conclusion: Both groups displayed significant short-term improvements for CBP, stress, and recovery, while the intervention group did not show statistically superior effects. Long-term intervention effects should be monitored within the programme to assess the sustainable efficacy and feasibility of the recovery tools.
... Questionnaire-Basic-24 (RESTQ; Kallus, 2016). The Overall stress dimension is composed of the two stress sub-dimensions Performance stress and Socioemotional stress. ...
Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of depression. Research on depression in athletes including adolescent athletes, however, is scarce. The purpose of the present study was to assess the risk for depression depending on the athletes’ age, gender, and performance level. Data were collected from 1,799 German national and state team athletes. The PHQ-2 and the WHO-5 were administered to assess the athletes’ risk for depression and current state of psychological well-being. Overall, 13% of the athletes were screened positive for depression and 10% for impaired well-being. Adolescents, females and athletes of junior national teams showed a higher risk for depression and/or lower well-being than other subgroups. The finding that adolescent athletes are more vulnerable to suffer from depressive symptoms than adult athletes mirrors finding in the general population. Screening tools for depression should be followed up by clinical expert interviews to provide an external criterion for the obtained results.
... The measurement of stress and recovery was conducted with the basic version of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ-Basic) developed by Kallus [36]. The instrument consists of 48 items and evaluates stress-and recovery-related states and activities of the participants during the previous week. ...
BACKGROUND: Stress and recovery have recently been linked to health issues and back pain (BP) occurrence. However, the evaluation of these aspects in prevention programs has not been approached so far.
OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study was to exploratively scrutinize the effectiveness of recovery interventions to reduce BP within a multimodal, out-patient prevention program. The secondary aim consisted in the evaluation of these recovery interventions in terms of reducing stress and increasing recovery.
METHODS: A prospective cohort study with 58 employees was conducted. Thirty-one individuals participated in a multimodal out-patient prevention program for 12-weeks, with recovery interventions being conveyed as add-ons. The control group did not receive treatment. At baseline (T0) and after the prevention program (T1), both groups completed psychometric instruments assessing BP, stress, and recovery.
RESULTS: A MANOVA indicated that Pain Intensity (p = .039), Disability (p = .011), and Overall Stress (p = .001) were significantly reduced in the intervention group compared to the control group. Overall Recovery (p = .008) significantly improved in the intervention group while deteriorating in the control group.
CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes emphasize the relevance of recovery tools for BP prevention and for reducing stress and enhancing recovery in an out-patient prevention program.
... Furthermore, the RESTQ-Basic-48 has been tested with numerous samples and has been validated with various other questionnaires to guarantee its generalizability as well as convergent and discriminant validity (Kallus, 2016b). ...
Background:
Recovery describes a restoring process influencing the health conditions of individuals but a potential link to low back pain (LBP) has not been scrutinized so far. Psychological strategies to deal with LBP have been considered within the biopsychosocial approach but substantial evidence regarding specific psychological underpinnings remains elusive. The current study aimed to compare individuals with different recovery-stress patterns (i.e. specific combinations of recovery/stress) regarding their pain and disability in the lower back.
Methods:
Cross-sectional data from 265 physically active individuals with non-specific LBP were collected via standardized questionnaires. The participants engaged in prescribed exercise therapy provided by a healthcare professional owing to their back burden. A k-means cluster analysis identified three clusters.
Results:
Cluster 1 entailed individuals with high recovery and low stress values, Cluster 2 represented participants with medium scores on both dimensions and Cluster 3 included participants with low recovery and high stress values. The statistical analyses for pain intensity using analyses of covariance indicated significantly higher values for Cluster 3 compared with Clusters 1 and 2 for worst pain intensity (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively) and mean pain intensity (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). The disability comparisons using non-parametric tests showed significantly higher LBP-related disability in Cluster 3 than Cluster 1 on two disability measures.
Conclusions:
The findings indicate an association between detrimental recovery-stress patterns and LBP. Examining the role of recovery has innovative practical relevance for LBP prevention and rehabilitation through the implementation of approaches to enhance recovery in relevant programmes.
... For this study, the Overall Stress dimension of the German version of the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire Basic with 48 items was utilized (RESTQ-Basic-48; Kallus, 2016). An Overall Recovery factor also exists. ...
... For this sample, all scales at least show acceptable internal consistencies, ranging from a ¼ .67 to a ¼ .90. Moreover, the RESTQ-Basic-48 has demonstrated its discriminant and convergent validity with several psychological and physiological instruments within multiple populations (Kallus, 2016). ...
Objective:
In the general population, physical and mental stress factors are linked to chronic low back pain (LBP). The aim of the present study was to examine this association among athletes.
Design:
Longitudinal study with a six-month interval between measurements.
Setting:
Questionnaires were filled out at home, either in paper-pencil version or online.
Participants:
Eighty-two male and 57 female athletes (N = 139, MAge = 32.24) who exercise on a competitive (n = 102) or recreational level (n = 37), with a weekly training volume of at least 3 h.
Main outcome measures:
At T0, stress parameters were assessed via the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ-Basic-48) and the Screening Scale of the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress (TICS-SSCS). At T0 and T1, different chronification indicators were measured. Based on these assessments, the sample was split into a chronification and no-chronification group.
Results:
ANCOVAs were used to conduct group comparisons with regard to stress levels. The chronification groups showed higher stress values for all chronification indicators. For the variables Physical Complaints and Overall Stress-TICS, the group differences became significant (p < .05).
Conclusion:
A relationship between stress parameters and LBP chronification was demonstrated among athletes for the first time.
