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SEM analysis of the morphology of bacteria attached to sample discs. Notes: (A) Ti, (B and D) TNS, and (C and E) UV-TNS discs were incubated with A. oris strain MG-1 for 1 hour and then evaluated by SEM. Magnification: 2,000× for (A–C) (scale bar =10 μm) and 10,000× for (D and E) (scale bar =1 μm). A. oris MG-1 displayed a rod-like shape with a complete cell wall on both TNS and UV-TNS; lyzed or irregularly shaped bacteria were not observed. Abbreviations: A. oris, Actinomyces oris; TNS, titanium with nanonetwork structures; UV-TNS, ultraviolet-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.
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Purpose
Alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures (TNS) possesses good osteogenic activity; however, the resistance of this material to bacterial contamination remains inadequate. As such, TNS implants are prone to postoperative infection. In this work, we attempted to alter the biological properties of TNS by treatment with short-duratio...
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Citations
... The biofilm formation on the samples was investigated qualitatively using SEM following the standardized protocol [23]. After exposure time of the samples to the two bacterial species as explained above, the samples were removed from the tube and washed with phosphate buffer saline to eradicate unattached bacteria, and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde for 2 hours, followed by 1% osmium tetroxide for 15 minutes. ...
... Various methods have been developed to modify the titanium surfaces, which have primarily focused on the surface structure and the properties of biomaterials for enhancing the osseointegration of dental implants [1][2][3]. The results of our previous studies have shown that the implant surface characteristics have a remarkable impact on cell adhesion and proliferation, as well as on cell differentiation and osteogenesis-related gene expression [13][14][15]. Titania nanosheets (TNSs), i.e., nanometerscale structures, can be formed on the material surface by treating titanium with alkali to create a rough surface at nanoscale. Furthermore, the precipitated nano-modified titanium surface is useful for improving the initial adhesion ability of rat bone marrow cells (RBMCs) and inducing hard tissue differentiation [16][17][18][19]. ...
... These factors result in excellent bone conduction ability. However, their clinical application has been limited by several issues such as the high rate of bacterial adhesion, risk of peri-implantitis, and insufficient amount of new bone formation in vivo [15]. Hence, generating a superhydrophilic material surface emerges as a potential solution to resolve these concerns. ...
In this study, we applied argon plasma treatment to titanium surfaces with nanostructures deposited by concentrated alkali treatment and investigated the effects on the surface of the material and the tissue surrounding an implant site. The results showed that the treatment with argon plasma removed carbon contaminants and increased the surface energy of the material while the nanoscale network structure deposited on the titanium surface remained in place. Reactive oxygen species reduced the oxidative stress of bone marrow cells on the treated titanium surface, creating a favorable environment for cell proliferation. Good results were observed in vitro evaluations using rat bone marrow cells. The group treated with argon plasma exhibited the highest apatite formation in experiments using simulated body fluids. The results of in vivo evaluation using rat femurs revealed that the treatment improved the amount of new bone formation around an implant. Thus, the results demonstrate that argon plasma treatment enhances the ability of nanostructured titanium surfaces to induce hard tissue differentiation and supports new bone formation around an implant site.
... Table 1 shows the % oxygen components concentration and carbon components concentration derived from the O1s and C1s XPS peak deconvolution. Also, it shows the % relative atomic concentration is determined from the peak areas of Ti2p, O1s, and C1s dividing them with the corresponding relative sensitivity factors and analyzer transmission function (Zhang et al. 2017). Figure 8 illustrates the UPS spectra, taken from sample TCD. ...
In this study, carbon quantum dots (C-QDs), prepared via hydrothermal-microwave procedures, were successfully combined with nanostructured titania (TiO2). The photocatalytic oxidation/reduction activity of the C-QDs/TiO2 composite films was evaluated in the decomposition of organic-inorganic contaminants from aqueous solutions under UV illumination. Physicochemical characterizations were applied to investigate the crystal structure of the carbon quantum dots and the composites. It was found that the prepared C-QDs/TiO2 composites had great contribution to the photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) species and 4-Nitrophenol (PNP) as well as to the photocatalytic oxidation of methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes. The mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction was studied with trapping experiments, revealing that the electron (e-) radical species were powerfully supported for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr+6 and PNP and the holes (h+) are the main active species for the photocatalytic oxidation reactions.
... Besides, patients and professionals have begun to perform implant treatments not only to restore masticatory function but also to acquire prostheses that are aesthetically pleasing, easy to clean, and fixed [6][7][8]. However, for the convergence of function and aesthetics to be possible, several processes are required, such as boneimplant integration, long-term implant stability, stable bone maintenance around the implant, and tissues healthy and aesthetically acceptable peri-implant moles [6,7]. ...
... A physiological process of perimplantar bone remodeling was observed during numerous investigations related to osseointegration and implantology [8]. This process is characterized macroscopically as loss of bone support around the implant, in the cervical portion, with or without osseointegration. ...
... Besides, with the evolution of the technique and with the good results obtained in the use of osseointegrated implants, the clinical need for implants fell on the rehabilitation of cases of partial edentulism [8]. Some theories seek to explain the phenomenon of peri-implant bone loss. ...
Introduction: In the cellular, molecular and structural scenario for dental implants, primary or mechanical stability in implant dentistry is considered a prerequisite for successful osseointegration. The alveolar bone architecture of the implant drilling site dictates the success of anchored endosteal implants. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review to highlight the main variables that can compromise bone formation and osseointegration for dental implants. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The search was carried out from October to December 2022 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, using articles from 2010 to 2022. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 220 articles were found, and 65 articles were evaluated in full and 22 were included and developed in this systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 45 studies with a high risk of bias and 92 studies that did not meet GRADE. The success of the prosthetic restoration supported by osseointegrated implants and the health of the surrounding tissues, such as the reduction of bone loss, are closely related to the precision and adaptation of the components, the stability of the implant/abutment interface, as well as the resistance of this interface when it is subjected to loads during masticatory function. It is necessary to provide a complete understanding of the biological events that occur during osseointegration. Factors that can compromise bone healing are cholesterol, hyperlipidemia, and low vitamin D intake. Furthermore, the prominent influence of osteocytes and immune cells is influenced as being the main regulators during osseointegration and maintenance of the dental implant.
... ROS can damage bacterial membranes and cell walls; thus, additional to destroying the bacterial defense system, they can also penetrate bacterial membranes, and destroy proteins and lipids, directly or indirectly disrupting cellular respiration and other physiological activities (Ren et al., 2020). UV treatment renders the titanium surface with a bacteria repellent; however, the effect is time-dependent (de Avila et al., 2015;Zhang et al., 2017). Electrochemical anodization, a surface modification method, is often used to obtain a functional TiO 2 film in the preparation of superhydrophilicity surfaces treated using UV. ...
In recent years, the rate of implant failure has been increasing. Microbial infection was the primary cause, and the main stages included bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and severe inhibition of implant osseointegration. Various biomaterials and their preparation methods have emerged to produce specific implants with antimicrobial or bactericidal properties to reduce implant infection caused by bacterial adhesion and effectively promote bone and implant integration. In this study, we reviewed the research progress of bone integration promotion and antibacterial action of superhydrophilic surfaces based on titanium alloys. First, the adverse reactions caused by bacterial adhesion to the implant surface, including infection and bone integration deficiency, are briefly introduced. Several commonly used antibacterial methods of titanium alloys are introduced. Secondly, we discuss the antibacterial properties of superhydrophilic surfaces based on ultraviolet photo-functionalization and plasma treatment, in contrast to the antibacterial principle of superhydrophobic surface morphology. Thirdly, the osteogenic effects of superhydrophilic surfaces are described, according to the processes of osseointegration: osteogenic immunity, angiogenesis, and osteogenic related cells. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects for the development of this superhydrophilic surface in clinical applications, as well as the prominent strategies and directions for future research.
... Osseointegration was originally defined as a direct functional and structural connection between organized living bone tissue and the surface of an implant under load. Currently, it is permissible for an implant to be considered osseointegrated when there are no relative and progressive movements between this same implant and the bone with which it is in direct contact [16]. Moreover, it is possible to cite that in practice, in osseointegration, there is an anchoring mechanism in which non-vital components can be reliably and predictably incorporated into living bone, and from that anchorage can remain under all conditions and normal loads [17]. ...
Introduction: The maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure should be performed based on the cellular and molecular process of osseointegration. In this sense, when grafting procedures are necessary, the success and predictability of the results do not depend only on the biomaterial, but as well as the morphology of the bone defect. Combinations have been proposed to obtain better regenerative conditions through volume preservation (osteoconduction) and induction of cell migration differentiation (osteoinduction). The surface microstructure of Bio Oss® supports the growth of osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation. Objective: To carry out a concise systematic review of the molecular and surgical processes of osseointegration for dental implants. Methods: The present study was followed by a systematic review model (PRSMA). The search strategy was performed in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The Cochrane Instrument was used to assess the risk of bias from the included studies. Results and Conclusion: In line with the objective of this study, it was observed that the understanding of bone bioengineering, understanding the entire bioprocess of bone formation through the main cells (mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts) and molecules (BMPs, PRP, PRF, cytokines and growth factors), can promote the use of biomaterials and epithelial barriers that help in the treatment as an adjuvant to bone grafting-techniques, favoring greater predictability in alveolar and peri-implant reconstructions and with a good prognosis.
... Furthermore, UV combined with heat showed inhibition of bacterial attachment and biofilm formation with antibacterial rates of 60% and 96% after 1 and 6 h, respectively, on crystallized nanostructured titanium [28]. Likewise, UV-irradiated alkali-treated titanium with nanonetwork structures (TNS) also showed a similar reduction up to 6 h [29]. Lee et al. compared irradiated and non-irradiated titanium machined surfaces, heat-treated and anodized surfaces, combined with whole saliva or phosphate-buffered saline for 2 h, irradiated heat-treated and anodized surfaces had greater antibacterial effects than irradiated titanium machined surfaces. ...
Background: Dental implant therapy is currently identified as the most effective treatment for edentulous patient. However, peri-implant inflammations were found to be one of the most common complications that leads to the loss and failure of dental implantation. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been proposed to enhance bone integration and reduce bacterial attachment. In this study, we aimed to systematically review the current evidence regarding the antimicrobial effect of UV on different dental implant surfaces. Methods: Five databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, VHL, and Cochran Library were searched to retrieve relevant articles. All original reports that examined the effect of the application of UV radiation on dental implants were included in our study. Results: A total of 16 in vitro studies were included in this systematic review. Polymethyl methacrylate UV radiation has induced a significant decrease in bacterial survival in PMMA materials, with an increased effect by modification with 2.5% and 5% TiO2 nanotubes. UV-C showed a superior effect to UV-A in reducing bacterial attachment and accumulation. UV wavelength of 265 and 285 nm showed powerful bactericidal effects. UV of 365 nm for 24 h had the highest inhibition of bacterial growth in ZnO coated magnesium alloys. In UV-irradiated commercially pure titanium surfaces treated with plasma electrolytic oxidation, silver ion application, heat or alkali had shown significant higher bactericidal effect vs non-irradiated treated surfaces than the treatment with any of them alone. UVC and gamma-ray irradiation increased the hydrophilicity of zirconia surface, compared to the dry heat. Conclusion: UV radiation on Ti surfaces exhibited significant antibacterial effects demonstrated through the reduction in bacterial attachment and biofilm formation with suppression of bacterial cells growth. Combination of UV and treated surfaces with alkali, plasma electrolytic oxidation, silver ion application or heat enhance the overall photocatalytic antimicrobial effect.
... These results demonstrate that the osteogenesis of DPSCs may be improved after UV light and oxygen plasma treatment of titanium, zirconia and BioHPP surfaces and also on argon plasma treated titanium and zirconia surfaces. Zhang et al. found that UV light treated titanium enhanced the osteogenic activity of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as indicated by increased levels of adhesion, osteogenic factor production, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenesis-related gene expression, which is consistent with the results of this study [51]. Althaus et al. showed that adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells exhibited a doubled mineralization degree on oxygen and ammonia (10 and 50 W) plasma treated PEEK surfaces compared to the untreated PEEK surfaces [52]. ...
Ultraviolet (UV) light and non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment are chairside methods that can efficiently improve the biological aging of implant material surfaces caused by customary storage. However, the behaviors of stem cells on these treated surfaces of the implant are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of UV light and NTP treated surfaces of titanium, zirconia and modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK, BioHPP) on the attachment and osteogenic potential of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro. Machined disks were treated using UV light and argon or oxygen NTP for 12 min each. Untreated disks were set as controls. DPSCs were cultured from the wisdom teeth of adults that gave informed consent. After 24 h of incubation, the attachment and viability of cells on surfaces were assessed. Cells were further osteogenically induced, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was detected via a p-Nitrophenyl phosphate assay (day 14 and 21) and mineralization degree was measured using a Calcium Assay kit (day 21). UV light and NTP treated titanium, zirconia and BioHPP surfaces improved the early attachment and viability of DPSCs. ALP activity and mineralization degree of osteoinductive DPSCs were significantly increased on UV light and NTP treated surfaces of titanium, zirconia and also oxygen plasma treated Bio-HPP (p < 0.05). In conclusion, UV light and NTP treatments may improve the attachment of DPSCs on titanium, zirconia and BioHPP surfaces. Osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs can be enhanced on UV light and NTP treated surfaces of titanium and zirconia, as well as on oxygen plasma treated Bio-HPP.
... Taking advantage of the superiority of this technology and based on the fact that hydroxyapatite (HAp) [28][29][30] presents good biocompatibility, bone induction ability, and low solubility of a fluorinated hydroxyapatite (FHA) film, a fluorinated hydroxyapatite film was prepared on the NANOZR surface to transform the implant surface into a biologically active surface, to see if the film would exhibit a certain bonding strength with the implant. In a previous study [31], a thin FHA film was successfully fabricated and optimum annealing conditions were identified; the same film-depositing conditions were used in this study, while microstructure and element analysis were performed to confirm whether the film was successfully deposited. To evaluate the implant surface bioactivity and osseointegration after the FHA film coating modification, in vitro and in vivo investigations were conducted. ...
... In addition, in the human body, the film dissolution phenomenon will make it controversial, releasing a variety of ions. Studies have shown that fluoride ions can not only prevent caries, but also promote the mineralization and crystallization of calcium phosphate during bone formation [50,51], and calcium ions can accelerate the calcification, deposition, and the formation of calcium nodes [31], which are consistent with our results. Furthermore, the real-time PCR showed that the expression of the Runx2, ALP, BMP-2, and Bglap genes in the FHA-coated materials was extremely high. ...
... Femurs were isolated from two male rats aged eight weeks, clipped at both ends, and flushed with media using a 21-gauge needle to collect the bone marrow. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were then cultured in 75 cm 2 flasks according to a well-documented method [31]. Primary cells were cultured at 37 • C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere in a growth medium containing minimal essential medium (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) and antibiotic-antimycotic mixed stock solution (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.). ...
Standard zirconia implants used in restoration still present problems related to inertness and long-term stability. Various physicochemical approaches have been used to modify the implant surfaces to improve early and late bone-to-implant integration; however, no ideal surface modification has been reported. This study used pulsed laser deposition to deposit a fluorinated hydroxyapatite (FHA) film on a zirconia implant to create a biologically active surface. The film prepared was uniform, dense, and crack-free, and exhibited granular surface droplets; it also presented excellent mechanical strength and favorable biological behavior. The FHA-coated implant was implanted on the femur of Sprague–Dawley rats, and various tests and analyses were performed. Results show that the in vitro initial cell activity on the FHA-coated samples was enhanced. In addition, higher alkaline phosphatase activity and cell mineralization were detected in cells cultured on the FHA-coated groups. Further, the newly formed bone volume of the FHA-coated group was higher than that of the bare micro-adjusted composite nano-zirconia (NANOZR) group. Therefore, the FHA film facilitated osseointegration and may improve the long-term survival rates of dental implants, and could become part of a new treatment technology for implant surfaces, promoting further optimization of NANOZR implant materials.
... Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) were used to evaluate the osseointegration of the samples. Rat BMMSCs were isolated from the femurs of 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (Shimizu Laboratory Supplies Co., Kyoto, Japan) and maintained in minimum essential medium (MEM, Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan) with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin [86]. The medium was replaced every third day. ...
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a potential substitute for conventional metallic biomedical implants owing to its superior mechanical and chemical properties, as well as biocompatibility. However, its inherent bio-inertness and poor osseointegration limit its use in clinical applications. Herein, thin titanium films were deposited on the PEEK substrate by plasma sputtering, and porous nanonetwork structures were incorporated on the PEEK surface by alkali treatment (PEEK-TNS). Changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the PEEK surface were analyzed to establish the interactions with cell behaviors. The osteoimmunomodulatory properties were evaluated using macrophage cells and osteoblast lineage cells. The functionalized nanostructured surface of PEEK-TNS effectively promoted initial cell adhesion and proliferation, suppressed inflammatory responses, and induced macrophages to anti-inflammatory M2 polarization. Compared with PEEK, PEEK-TNS provided a more beneficial osteoimmune environment, including increased levels of osteogenic, angiogenic, and fibrogenic gene expression, and balanced osteoclast activities. Furthermore, the crosstalk between macrophages and osteoblast cells showed that PEEK-TNS could provide favorable osteoimmunodulatory environment for bone regeneration. PEEK-TNS exhibited high osteogenic activity, as indicated by alkaline phosphatase activity, osteogenic factor production, and the osteogenesis/osteoclastogenesis-related gene expression of osteoblasts. The study establishes that the fabrication of titanate nanonetwork structures on PEEK surfaces could extract an adequate immune response and favorable osteogenesis for functional bone regeneration. Furthermore, it indicates the potential of PEEK-TNS in implant applications.
