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Membrane technology is important in industrial wastewater and water treatment. Recently, the polymeric membrane technology is widely chosen in these applications. However, they are lowtemperature ranges, low corrosion resistance, and low lifespan. Thus, researchers are actively trying to develop a better membrane technology such as natural clay cer...
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... homogenized to plastify the feeds, which is done in heatable mixers or kneaders above the melting point of the additives. The homogenized feed with up to 50 vol % of additives is cooled and granulated concurrently through the screws. This granulate is fed through the filling hopper to the heated injection nozzle of the injection molding machine. Fig. 7 shows the schematic diagram of screw type injection molding machine (Heinrich and Gomes, 2015). In this method, binders play a vital role within the overall fabrication route; however, the choice of a kind of binders is important to the success of the injection molding method. A good binder should have desirable chemical, rheological ...
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... Bentonite's mineral composition and structure can be modified through the application of chemical and physical treatments. The cost-effective adsorption of harmful dyes from wastewater has been acknowledged for some time through the utilization of lignocellulosic wood powder as an adsorbent [3] . ...
In this research has been conducted on manufacturing ceramic materials based on Belanda Teak
wood powder and bentonite using Solid State Reaction method. The composition variation of
Belanda Teak wood powder with bentonite is 4:5, 5:5 and 6:5, then activated at 1000 ℃. Then,
mixed using ball milling at 500 rpm for 30 minutes. Density analysis was conducted to determine
the density. The density analysis obtained was 2.20 gr/cm3, 2.32 gr/cm3, and 2.33 gr/cm3 for
samples 4:5, 5:5, and 6:5. The characterization analysis was SEM-EDX, XRD, and DTA. The
results of XRD analysis obtained a hexagonal crystal structure. The size of the crystal diameter
will increase as the teak wood powder mass ratio decreases in each sample. SEM-EDX results
obtained morphology in the 4:5 composition is better than the 5:5 and 6:5 samples, and the
optimum composition spectrum is 6:5, which has a maximum weight and atomic percentage and
there are no other elements mixed beside the main elements. The DTA results stated that the
sample phase start from 95.05 ℃, and there is an endothermic peak at a temperature of 427.54 ℃
with a mass loss of 9.14 mg and there is an increase in temperature to 534.29 ℃ with a mass loss
of 4.34 mg due to recrystallization. Based on the results of this research, these materials can be
recommended to become making ceramics materials.
... Early stages of MMMs development often include inorganic fillers such as zeolites [81][82][83][84], clays [85][86][87], silica [88,89], carbon materials [90] and inorganic oxides [91]. ...
Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) have emerged as a promising approach for developing
new, stable, and highly effective gas and liquid separation materials. MMMs combine
porous crystalline framework materials, such as Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs),
covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs),
as fillers incorporated in a polymer matrix. This article comprehensively reviews MMM
research, discussing the structure and properties of MOFs, COFs, and HOFs and their
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attractiveness for use in MMMs. The article also reviews the use of mixed matrix filtration
membranes with MOFs, COFs, and HOFs for various water treatment and gas separation
applications. The potential of MMMs for meeting the needs of different industries is
demonstrated through the discussion of specific examples. Overall, this article highlights
the significant potential of MMM technology for developing next-generation separation
materials and attempts to cover the most recent progress in the design and deployment of
MOFs, COFs and HOFs-based MMMs, as are the remaining obstacles and prospects. This
work also highlights the enormous potential of these materials for separation applications
and raises attention toward the economic aspect and market diffusion of such MMMs.
... Several studies have employed ceramic membranes in wastewater treatment and the search for low-cost and environmentally friendly starting materials has continued to engender research interests. Therefore, solid wastes and readily available materials rich in Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 such as coal fly ash, natural clay, kaolin and sand can be used as starting material for ceramic membranes [40][41][42][43]. Studies by Hossain and Roy [44] and Sawunyama et al. [45] reported that coal fly ash and bentonite clay had significant amounts of Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 which can make them good candidates for ceramic membranes raw materials. ...
The continued increase in the global population has resulted in increased water demand for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. These activities have led to the generation of high volumes of wastewater, which has an impact on water quality. Consequently, more practical solutions are needed to improve the current wastewater treatment systems. The use of improved ceramic membranes for wastewater treatment holds significant prospects for advancement in water treatment and sanitation. Hence, different studies have employed ceramic membranes in wastewater treatment and the search for low-cost and environmentally friendly starting materials has continued to engender research interests. This review focuses on the application of coal fly ash in membrane technology for wastewater treatment. The processes of membrane fabrication and the various limitations of the material. Several factors that influence the properties and performance of coal fly ash ceramic membranes in wastewater treatment are also presented. Some possible solutions to the limitations are also proposed, while cost analysis of coal fly ash-based membranes is explored to evaluate its potential for large-scale applications.
... Ceramic membranes are produced in the first step of production from a slip-like dispersion of tiny particles. In which the raw materials or ceramic materials are blended with some additives like polymeric binders or plasticizers, or pore formers to retain the membrane's microstructure and quality (Azaman et al. 2021). Example: Raw materials like kaolin, quartz, clay, etc. are mixed with a binder like polyvinyl alcohol (Samhari et al. 2020) or starch (Elomari et al. 2017) in a ball mill for a specific amount of time to form a powder suspension. ...
... The slip is deposited on to the porous mold which is used to get desired shapes, such as flat, tubular, and multichannel monoliths. Using the capillary action principle, the solvents are removed from the pores of the material, leaving behind only ceramic particles on the porous support of the membrane (Azaman et al. 2021). The type of fabrication procedure determines the geometry of the produced ceramic support or membrane. ...
... However, there is a maximum pressure beyond which there are no structural alterations (Issaoui and Limousy 2019). Subsequently, the membranes are dried and sintered at the optimal temperature to produce a membrane that is mechanically stable and free of cracks (Azaman et al. 2021) (Sandhya Rani and Kumar 2021). ...
Due to its many advantages over other conventional treatment processes, membrane technology has been successfully used in wastewater treatment and desalination. Smaller footprint, higher efficiency, ease of operation & lower chemical consumption with optimum output are some of the inherent benefits of membrane-based treatment processes. However, some challenges associated with membrane technology, such as selectivity-permeability trade-off, fouling, specificity for uncharged contaminants in pressure-driven membranes, and energy consumption, led the scientific community to look for some improvements in membrane systems. These necessitate a new generation membrane with better selectivity & antifouling capability. Membrane technologies have broad applications in the removal of contaminants from drinking water and wastewater. The ceramic membrane has made rapid progress in industrial/municipal wastewater as well as drinking water treatment owing to its advantageous properties over the conventional polymeric membrane in recent decades. The beneficial characteristics of ceramic membranes include fouling resistance, high permeability, good recoverability, chemical stability, long shelf life, and self-cleaning properties and contaminants degradations which have found applications with the recent innovations in both fabrication methods and nanotechnology. Therefore, ceramic membranes hold great promise for potential applications in water treatment. Porous ceramic membranes have gained a commercial foothold in microfiltration (MF) & ultrafiltration (UF) applications in wastewater treatment. Ceramic-based membranes are promising and will soon become key players in water technology. This chapter mainly highlights the research and progress of fabrication methods to synthesize ceramic membranes. Furthermore, wastewater treatment applications of ceramic membranes, including oily wastewater treatment, heavy metal ion removal, industrial wastewater treatment, bacteria and viruses removal, and removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater are presented. Finally, future scope and challenges for further improving low-cost ceramic membranes are also emphasized in this chapter.
... The absence of the slurry preparation stage makes the ceramic membrane preparation process for uniaxial dry pressing methods the simplest. However, the pressing method design only creates a symmetrical membrane as opposed to an asymmetrical membrane because it is typically manufactured in a disc or rectangular shape [88]. The main disadvantage of dry pressing is the development of mechanical tensions in the green body, as the compaction pressure rises, the issue worsens. ...
... In contrast to the pressing process, the slurry preparation for extrusion is entirely different. The slurry moisture content in extrusion is greater than 15% and, depending on the material, can be as high as 20-22% [88,92]. Titanium nanoparticles and an inexpensive clay/alumina support were used by Oun et al. [93] to effectively prepare a tubular photocatalytic ceramic membrane. ...
... Although all these tests were performed using synthetic organic membranes, we interpret that these results may also apply in natural inorganic membranes assuming their similar electrostatic and pore size constraints. Differences between inorganic and organic membranes include: extended performance at higher pressures, wider pH and temperature range conditions, as well as higher mechanical and chemical resistance, and higher fouling capacity for inorganic membranes (Palacio-Martínez, 1998;Li et al., 2016;Llorente-Ayza, 2017;Azaman et al., 2021). ...
The Mid Permian San Pedro porphyry deposit in the San Rafael Massif (central-western Argentina) offers a valuable opportunity to contribute in the understanding of ore concentration mechanisms operating during the phyllic alteration stage. In this deposit, two generations of low-temperature D-veins (D1 and D2) formed during the phyllic alteration stage. The D2-type veins show an atypical Cu-Ag sulfide paragenesis consisting mainly of galena, chalcocite, native silver, chalcopyrite and bornite, which can not be explained using the traditional cooling model. Based on previous research and own data, we test Reverse Osmosis as a possible mechanism contributing to D2-vein ore deposition. Reverse Osmosis is a pressure-driven retention-selective membrane filtration process resulting in solute/ion retention on the high-pressure side of the membrane.
D2-veins from San Pedro porphyry formed at 211°-176°C during transient fluid overpressures produced by the hydrothermal sealing that followed the earlier D1-vein formation. Besides the temperature range and the declining orogeny, physico-chemical conditions were optimal for Reverse Osmosis to activate because the presence of a semi-permeable phyllic membrane and a transmembrane pressure gradient with hydrothermal fluid pressure exceeding the relatively low stress normal to the fracture walls (σn). This particular condition activated Reverse Osmosis, allowing to get similar membrane rejection values for Cu and Ag chloride complexes at lower fluid temperatures, causing the decrease of the osmotic differentiation performance, and the consequent coeval precipitation of Cu and Ag sulfide minerals.
... When sintered at a higher temperature such as 1300 • C for 3 h, the pure CaO exhibit the best densification [72]. Tuning Molecules 2021, 26, 6344 7 of 12 the bioceramic membrane pores by using additives or pore-forming agents could be added in the CaO sintering processes [73][74][75]. ...
... Molecules 2021, 26, 6344 7 of 12 at a higher temperature such as 1300 °C for 3 h, the pure CaO exhibit the best densification [72]. Tuning the bioceramic membrane pores by using additives or pore-forming agents could be added in the CaO sintering processes [73][74][75]. The existence of calcium iron hydrogen phosphate or Ca9FeH(PO4)7 is also another advantage, although its benefit for bioceramic ultrafiltration membranes is still unknown. ...
Abstract: Marine-derived biowaste increment is enormous, yet could be converted into valuable biomaterial, e.g., hydroxyapatite-based bioceramic. Bioceramic material possesses superiority in terms of thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties. Bioceramic material also has a high level of biocompatibility when projected into biological tissues. Tuning the porosity of bioceramic material could also provide benefits for bioseparation application, i.e., ultrafiltration ceramic membrane
filtration for food and dairy separation processes. This work presents the investigation of hydroxyapatite conversion from crab-shells marine-based biowaste, by comparing three different methods, i.e., microwave, coprecipitation, and sol–gel. The dried crab-shells were milled and calcinated as calcium precursor, then synthesized into hydroxyapatite with the addition of phosphates precursors via microwave, coprecipitation, or sol–gel. The compound and elemental analysis, degree of crystallinity, and particle shape were compared. The chemical compounds and elements from three different methods were similar, yet the degree of crystallinity was different. Higher Ca/P ratio offer benefit in producing a bioceramic ultrafiltration membrane, due to low sintering temperature. The
hydroxyapatite from coprecipitation and sol–gel methods showed a significant degree of crystallinity compared with that of the microwave route. However, due to the presence of Fe and Sr impurities, the secondary phase of Ca9FeH(PO4
)7 was found in the sol–gel method. The secondary phase compound has high absorbance capacity, an advantage for bioceramic ultrafiltration membranes.
Furthermore, the sol–gel method could produce a snake-like shape, compared to the oval shape of the coprecipitation route, another benefit to fabricate porous bioceramic for a membrane filter.
Keywords: bioceramic; ultrafiltration membrane; marine biowaste; hydroxyapatite; microwave; coprecipitation; sol–gel; membrane porosity; sintering
Microbial fuel cells provide a promising solution for both generating electricity and treating wastewater at the same time. This review evaluated the effectiveness of using readily available earthen membranes, such as clayware and ceramics, in MFC systems. By conducting a comprehensive search of the Scopus database from 2015 to 2024, the study analyzed the performance of various earthen membranes, particularly in terms of wastewater treatment and energy production. Ceramic membranes were found to be the most effective, exhibiting superior power density, COD removal, and current density, with values of 229.12 ± 18.5 mW/m2, 98.41%, and 1535.0 ± 29 mW/m2, respectively. The review emphasizes the use of affordable resources like red soil, bentonite clay, CHI/MMT nanocomposites, and Kalporgan soil, which have proven to be effective in MFC applications. Incorporating earthen materials into the membrane construction of MFCs makes them more cost-effective and accessible.
Ceramic membranes are gaining rapid traction in water and wastewater treatment applications due to their inherent advantages, such as chemical/thermal stability, low fouling propensity, and extended lifespan. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of ceramic membranes, exploring their composition, fabrication techniques, filtration principles, and diverse applications. Various types of ceramic membranes, including alumina, zirconia, titania, silica, and zeolite, are discussed. As global challenges related to water scarcity and pollution intensify, the implementation of ceramic membranes offers a sustainable and effective approach for water and wastewater treatment and safeguarding vital water resources. Despite the dominance of polymeric membranes in the field, the constant pursuit of reduced production costs and the apparent benefits of ceramic membrane are fueling their rapid growth. The review also examines applications that demonstrate the effectiveness of pressure-driven ceramic membrane technology for treating industrial wastewaters from diverse industries, including textile, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical. While the technology shows efficiency in various wastewater treatment scenarios, future research should focus on optimizing investment costs through new fabrication technologies, improving selectivity, permeability, and packing densities, minimizing fouling, and proposing scale-up strategies based on experimental research results. The collective findings reveal the potential of ceramic membranes to revolutionize wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
