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This articles concerns itself with the testing of adhesion between direct restoratives and dental hard tissue, ie, enamel and dentin. The aim is to survey available methods for adhesion testing and influential parameters affecting experimental outcome. The testing of adhesion to indirect restorative materials, eg, ceramics and metals, is beyond the...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Macrotensile bond test In contrast to the shear bond strength test, a more even stress distribution is associated with tensile bond strength methods. Tensile force may be exerted on com- posite cylinders polymerized onto the tooth surface using chucks, or conical composite plugs employed instead of cylinders (Fig 7). 195 From 1991 to 2001, the macrotensile bond strength test was used almost as frequently as the macroshear bond strength test. ...
Context 2
... Journal of Adhesive Dentistry 1. Single edge notch bend test: Toparli and Aksoy 340 investigated the single edge notch bend test (SENB, Fig 17) to determine fracture toughness of composite resin and dentin/composite resin adhesive inter- faces. Single edge notch bars have also been used by Khajotia et al. 157 2. Short Rod Chevron Notch: Fracture toughness of dental adhesives is most commonly tested with the short rod chevron notch approach. ...
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the microtensile bond strength of three universal adhesives to dentin and enamel.
Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted human third molar teeth were chosen and divided into six groups regarding the adhesive (G-Premio Bond, Clearfil S3 Bond or Single Bond) and tooth surface. All the applied bonding a...
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Citations
... This jig was equipped with a knife-edge chisel to exert the shear force. This kind of test setup could have a critical impact on stress distribution/concentration and, consequently, might be a source of inconsistency in shear bond measurements [16,17,18]. Moreover, SBS calculated by dividing the peak failure load by the cross-sectional area might underestimate the true interfacial bond strength [19]. ...
... This jig was equipped with a knife-edge chisel to exert the shear force. This kind of test setup could have a critical impact on stress distribution/concentration and, consequently, might be a source of inconsistency in shear bond measurements [16][17][18]. Moreover, SBS calculated by dividing the peak failure load by the cross-sectional area might underestimate the true interfacial bond strength [19]. ...
... Polymers 2024,16, 1488 ...
Citation: Islam, M.S.; Aryal A C, S.; El Bahra, S.; Abuhajjeh, A.J.; Al Mofleh, A.M.; Padmanabhan, V.; Rahman, M.M. The Effect of Mechanical Alteration on Repair Bond Strength of S-PRG-Filler-Based Resin Composite Materials. Polymers 2024, 16, 1488. These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: This study investigates the impact of mechanical alteration on resin composite surfaces and its subsequent effect on repair bond strength. A total of 100 resin composite disks were prepared and were allocated for 24 h or 1 year of artificial aging. Specimens were embedded in epoxy resin, and the composite surfaces were mechanically altered using either diamond burs or air abrasion with aluminum oxide or glass beads. A universal bonding material was applied and a 2 mm circular and 3 mm high repair composite cylinder were prepared using a Teflon mold. Then, the specimens were tested for their shear bond strength, and the de-bonded specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope to determine the failure pattern. SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Two-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant effect of mechanical alteration and aging on the shear bond strength of S-PRG-filler-based resin composite (p < 0.05). Surface modification with a fine diamond bur showed a significantly higher bond strength in both 24-hand 1-year-aged specimens. Surface modification with alumina significantly increased the bond strength of 1-year-aged specimens; however, it was statistically insignificant for 24 h-aged specimens. Mechanical alteration with a fine diamond bur and 50-micron alumina can improve the repair bond strength of the composite.
... The decrease in the bond strength to the bleached tooth structure is due to the presence of residual peroxides and oxygen on the tooth surface, which interfere with resin bonding by preventing complete polymerization or inducing resin porosities [9,33,34]. For optimal adhesion to a bleached tooth structure, several days must elapse between the last whitening treatment session and adhesive application; however, this delay can be avoided by removing the oxidized enamel/dentin surface layer before bonding, or by applying certain antioxidants after bleaching [35]. We believe that the latter is a promising protocol as it is a more conservative approach. ...
We assessed the effect of non-protein thiols (NPSH), reduced glutathione (GSH) and n-acetylcysteine (NAC), on resin shear bond strength (SBS) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated dentin, and their effects on the characteristics of dentin in comparison to ascorbic acid (AA) and sodium thiosulfate (STS). H2O2-treated dentin was conditioned with 5% AA, GSH, NAC, or STS applied for 1 or 5 min. The positive control group received H2O2 without antioxidant application, and the first negative control group received distilled water (DW). The specimens received resin bonding immediately after treatment except for the second negative control group (delayed bonding). Microhardness, roughness, and topography were studied. The SBS values of all antioxidants were statistically greater than the positive control group (p < 0.05); however, NAC and AA applied for 1 min demonstrated the highest values, which were comparable to delayed bonding. All treatments removed the smear layer except DW, H2O2, and STS. The negative effect of H2O2 on resin–dentin bonding was mitigated by the application of the antioxidants; however, their efficiencies were dependent on the antioxidant type and time of application. NAC was more effective in optimizing resin bonding to bleached dentin compared to GSH at 1 min application and STS at both application times but was comparable to AA. Negligible negative effects on the substrate’s roughness and microhardness were detected. The antioxidant properties of the agent and its capacity to remove the smear layer are the processes underpinning the ability of a certain antioxidant to reverse the effect of H2O2 on bonding.
... Increasing the modulus of elasticity will result in a more even distribution of stress over the bonded area and avoid stress concentration at the point of application of the load. In addition, studies have found a positive correlation between the shear bond strength to dentin and the flexural modulus of the composite used [46]. It has been noted that the modulus of elasticity of restorative materials increases roughly in line with the increase in shear bond strength. ...
This study investigated the effect of 3 s light-curing with a high-power LED curing unit on the shear bond strength of bulk-fill composites. Four bulk-fill composites were bonded to dentin with a universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal Plus): two materials designed for rapid curing (Tetric PowerFill and Tetric PowerFlow) and two controls (Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative and SDR Plus Bulk Fill Flowable). The 4 mm composite layer was light-cured with Bluephase PowerCure for 20 s at 1000 mW/cm2 (“20 s”) or for 3 s at 3000 mW/cm2 (“3 s”). The samples were stored at 37 °C in distilled water and tested after 1, 6 and 12 months. The samples polymerised in the “3 s” mode had statistically similar or higher bond strength than the samples cured in “20 s” mode, except for the Tetric PowerFlow (1 month) and SDR+ (6 month). The flowable materials Tetric PowerFlow and SDR Plus initially showed the highest values in the “3 s” and “20 s” groups, which decreased after 12 months. The bond strength was statistically similar for all materials and curing protocols after 12 months, except for Tetric PowerFill cured with the “3 s” protocol (21.22 ± 5.0 MPa), which showed the highest value. Tetric PowerFill showed the highest long-term bond strength. While “3 s” curing resulted in equal or better shear bond strength, its use can only be recommended for a material with an AFCT agent such as Tetric PowerFill.
... In this study, the three "universal" resin luting cements studied exhibited very disparate performances compared with those of the control groups. The overwhelming majority of adhesive ruptures at the interface for the samples tested show the relevance of the results tested [24]. The few cohesive failures in dentin observed for AEP + GCO and SBU (LC) + VL, i.e., the two groups with the highest adhesion values, reflect the high immediate adhesion values observed in these tissues. ...
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the dentin shear bond strength (SBS) and bonding interface of three recently developed “universal” resin luting cements based on different modalities.
Methods: The dentin SBS and interfacial analysis of three recently launched “universal” resin luting cements, namely, G-Cem One, RelyX Universal and Panavia SA cement universal, were studied. All bonding protocols, including the previous use of their dedicated primer or universal adhesive in touch-cure mode or light-cure mode were performed. Variolink Esthetic LC used in conjunction with Scotchbond Universal Plus was used as a control group. For each group (n = 9), 10 specimens were tested for dentin SBS and two were examined by scanning electron microscopy. SBS were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test.
Results: SBS values showed that the three “universal” resin luting cements tested exhibit different adhesive behaviors. G-Cem One with its touch-cure activated primer had a greater SBS to dentin (25.5 MPa) than that of the control group (22.1 MPa).
Conclusion: “Universal” resin luting cements have variable efficacy when used in self-curing mode. The touch-curing mode is also of concern but may show high potential for some formulations.
... In orthodontics, bonding materials must have general properties due to their use in oral cavity (biocompatibility, resistance to solubility and to chemical or physical-chemical attack by the oral environment) [1,2] and specific properties related to their application (sufficient retention to withstand masticatory forces and those delivered by the appliance, immediate watertightness, sufficient working time, easy removal of excess, tolerance to handling and easy debonding without damaging the enamel surface) [1,2]. Reynolds [3] estimated that the minimum adhesion values needed in orthodontics reached 5.9 to 7.8 MPa, but this value had to be weighed against the fact that these results varied from one experimental device to another [4]. ...
Objective
To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of a restorative resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) for orthodontic bracket bonding.
Materials and methods
One hundred twenty-one human teeth were randomly divided into 11 groups ( n = 11) according to the surface treatment applied (H 3 PO 4 ± Transbond Plus (TSEP) or Scotchbond Universal (SU)), and the adhesive used (Riva LC HV (RIVA), Fuji Ortho (FUJI), and Transbond XT (TXT)). For each sample, a metal button was bonded. SBS tests were performed at 1 week and debonded specimens were observed for failure modes determination. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to compare SBS differences and Fisher’s exact test to analyze the failure modes ( p < 0.05).
Results
TSEP + FUJI and H 3 PO 4 + SU + TXT showed the highest SBS values while H 3 PO 4 + TSEP + RIVA showed the lowest value. Cohesive failure and mixed failure were found in the groups with SU and TXT and adhesive failure in the other groups.
Discussion/Conclusions
The bonding of orthodontic attachments to enamel could be performed with any of the three materials studied. The use of a universal adhesive in the bonding protocol could optimize the adhesion values. Clinical studies would be needed to confirm the results obtained.
... Since these two tests both have varying setups, a detailed description of the used approach or the reference to the applied ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standard needs to be provided in order to establish one generally accepted and conducted testing method for adhesive bond strength testing [2,6,8]. As an alternative testing method, an extrusion (pushout) test for dental purposes was first described in 1970, where a cylinder was pushed out of a disk of dental material in varying plunger diameters to simulate the masticatory cycle, reflecting qualities of clinical relevance [16]. ...
... Nowadays, the pushout test is not employed as a universal bond strength test and is commonly used to measure retention of fiber posts to root canal dentin [6]. In the few studies in which the test was not only used to determine the bond strength to human root dentin, it displays significantly higher bond strength values in crown dentin when compared to root dentin [20,21]. ...
... Throughout the development of in vitro bond strength testing on tooth structure, two test methods have been established as the main setups for bond strength testing of dental adhesives, representing 83% of the reported studies in the given review: the microtensile and macro-shear test [5]. Depending on the bonding area, a distinction can be made between micro (<3 mm 2 ) and macro (>3 mm 2 ) tests [6]. ...
To find an alternative that is closer to clinical reality in terms of cavity geometry and configuration factor, this study investigated the pushout test on in vitro adhesive testing to coronal dentin when compared to the established shear test, both in a standardized approach. For a feasible comparison between both tests, the pushout specimen was adjusted in thickness (1.03 ± 0.05 mm) and cavity diameter (1.42 ± 0.03 mm) to receive a bonding area (4.63 ± 0.26 mm2) that matches that of the shear test (4.57 ± 0.13 mm2). Though, the configuration factor between both tests differs largely (pushout 1.5 ± 0.08; shear bond 0.20 ± 0.01). The bond strength of five different adhesives (n = 20) was investigated for both tests. The pushout test registered a high number of invalid measurements (30%) due to concomitant dentin fracture during testing. In contrast to the shear test, the pushout test failed to discriminate between different adhesives (p = 0.367). Both tests differed largely from each other when comparing adhesive groups. When solely looking at the valid specimens, Weibull modulus reached higher values in the pushout approach. Conclusively, the pushout test in this specific setup does not distinguish as precisely as the shear bond test between different adhesives and needs adaption to be routinely applied in adhesive dentistry.
... PEEK is also used in dentistry, particularly for attaching implants, but I think this field is interesting to explore particularly due to the multitude of interface, adherence and bonding-related issues. In addition to generalist journals on biomaterials used in dentistry, there is a very specific journal covering this field of adhesion in odontology: Of course, there are already some literature reviews on adherence in dentistry (Marshall et al. [2010]; Özcan et al. [2012]; von Fraunhofer and Anthony [2012]; Zhao et al. [2021])and measuring adhesion (Kelly et al. [1989]; Mourad and Aminah [2018]; Rasmussen [1978]; Rekow et al. [2009]; Salz and Bock [2010]; Söderholm [2009]; Triani et al. [2022]), with the same differences in approach between mechanical and physical-chemical researchers, and the same adhesion test limitations. Noudeau [1993]'s thesis offers an interesting overview of the state of the art of the subject, from adhesion mechanisms to adherence on various substrates (enamel, dentine, ceramics), covering families of adhesives, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity issues and bonding protocols. ...
he dissertation is based on studies conducted in collaboration with the French Adhesion Society (Société Française de l’Adhésion), its members, and discussions during scientific events. It aims to present a chronological overview of adhesion and bonding, focusing primarily on polymers used as adhesives. The interdisciplinary nature of the research is highlighted, with a particular emphasis on epoxide-amine/metal systems. Interfaces, including interphases, between different materials are the main focus, analyzed through both post-mortem and in situ techniques such as mixing calorimetry. Collaboration with various institutions and experts has allowed for the development of analytical and digital methods to study these interfaces comprehensively. The research extends to various multi-material systems beyond epoxide-amine/metal, including ice on coated aluminum alloy, paints on different substrates, and hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium-based alloys. Future research directions include biomaterials, with a focus on applying knowledge gained from previous studies to dental and orthopedic applications. Collaboration with other experts and institutions is emphasized, with a keen interest in advancing analysis techniques like Raman spectroscopy and SEM-FIB. The researcher also expresses a commitment to open science principles, aiming to promote collaboration, open-source tools, and ethical considerations in research practices.
... Despite the fact that μTBS is currently regarded as a standardized, reliable, and versatile test to evaluate bond strength regardless of the tested material, 11,27 the method's benefits are somewhat outweighed by its labor-intensive nature, requirement for high technical proficiency, and rapid dehydration of small sized specimens throughout handling. 28 In addition, it is crucial to note that μTBS resulted in some warranted criticism in recording pretesting failure, which is still occurring as a significant problem for such testing method with its subsequent implications. 29 Nevertheless, μTBS has been criticized for being a laborintensive procedure; it enables the preparation of several specimens from each tooth. ...
... Despite significant advancements in bond strength analysis, no ideal in vitro bond strength testing method is certified, which makes searching for new bond strength testing procedures necessary. 28 While it is true that the μTBS has been recognized as a reliable test to evaluate bond strength regardless of the tested material, the various modifications proposed by various researchers to the original microtensile methodology have resulted in inconsistent bond strength results for similar adhesive systems. 11,29,30 Multiple factors such as specimen shape and geometry, flaws during specimen preparation, the angle of loading, and variations in the tested materials' modulus of elasticity can have an impact on its results. ...
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of slab shear bond strength test (Slab_SBS) versus the microtensile in evaluation of the bond strength of different substrates.
Materials and Methods Forty-eight extracted caries-free human third molars were utilized for teeth specimens' preparation. After flattening of all molars' occlusal table, the specimens were divided into two groups based on the type of utilized restorative material: nanohybrid resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups according to the subsequently applied bond strength test and specimen width; microtensile bond strength test (μTBS), Slab_SBS [2 mm] and Slab_SBS [3 mm]. Both testing methods were additionally applied on CAD/CAM specimens, nanohybrid resin composite blocks (composite-to-composite), and ceramic blocks (ceramic-to-ceramic). CAD/CAM specimens were prepared and cemented and then sectioned and subdivided as followed for teeth specimens' preparation. Pretest failures (PTF), bond strength, and failure mode of each specimen were recorded. Representative three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) models were developed to simulate μTBS and Slab_SBS specimens. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro–Wilk test and Weibull analysis.
Results Pretest failures were only noted in the μTBS subgroups. Slab_SBS provided comparable bond strength to the μTBS of all substrates with adhesive mode of failure.
Conclusion Slab_SBS is easier to prepare with consistent and predictable outcome with no pretest failures during specimen preparation and better stress distribution.
... Teeth were examined with magnifying lens at 6x magnification (Univit) to exclude any teeth with cracks, fracture or pathological abnormality. The teeth were stored in deinoized water and thymol at refrigerator 4°C for a maximum period of one month until used (9) . ...
Effect of Natural cross-linkers on shear bond strength to dentin after storage in different media
... This study was designed to evaluate the effect of priming LDC with silane-containing UAs on resin-ceramic bond strength. In contrast to a previous study [23] in which a shear (macro) bond strength test was used to evaluate the bonding of light-cured (polymerized) silane-containing UAs, the current study utilized the µTBS test due to its better discriminative ability, more even stress distribution during testing, and less cohesive substrate failures compared with macro bond strength tests [28,29]. In addition, the ceramic discs were primed with UAs before they were cemented (under force) using a dual-cure resin-based cement to simulate the intra-oral cementation procedure. ...
... Despite the precision of the µTBS test employed in this study, it is a technique-sensitive method associated with the generation of interfacial stress during specimens' sectioning. Such stress can result in failure of low-performance adhesive interfaces or brittle substrates [29]. Multiple factors, such as specimens' alignment in relation to the direction of tensile force, shape and dimensions, gripping jig, and testing machine, can also influence the outcome of the µTBS evaluation [25,39]. ...
Abstract: Background: Silane-containing universal adhesives (UAs) are marketed as adhesion pro-motors for glass-ceramics. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the priming capacity of γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γMPTS)-containing and γ-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane (γMPTES)/3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES)-containing universal adhesives (UAs) for lithium disilicate ceramic (LDC). Materials and Methods: Etched LDC discs were distributed into four groups according to the priming material used: (control), no priming; (MBN), LDC was primed with a universal primer (Monobond N); (SBU), γMPTS-containing UA (Single Bond Universal Adhesive) was used as a primer; and (SBP), γMPTES/APTES-containing UA (Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive) was used as a primer. LDC discs were cemented using a dual-cure resin cement, then sectioned into microbeams for microtensile bond strength (µTBS) evaluation. Failure modes were assessed. Results: MBN application showed the highest µTBS among all groups. γMPTES/APTES-containing UA (SBP) resulted in considerably higher µTBS compared with γMPTS-containing UA (SBU) or the control group. The mixed failures were the most predominant among all groups. Conclusions: The effect of silane-containing UAs on resin-ceramic µTBS is material dependent. Although γMPTES/APTES-containing UA improved bonding to LDC, the priming of LDC with either of the UAs tested cannot be considered as an alternative to a separate silanization (priming) step using a universal primer.
