Figure - available from: Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
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p Values for above/below median group comparisons of alpha diversity and beta diversity across hydration variables
Source publication
Introduction:
Prevalence of chronic hypohydration remains elevated among adults in the USA; however, the health effects of hypohydration in regards to human gut health have not been explored.
Methods:
This study examined the relationship between total water intake, hydration biomarkers (first-morning urine specific gravity [FMUsg], first-morning...
Citations
... Health behaviours, including sleep (Grosicki et al., 2020), physical activity , sedentary behaviour (Bressa et al., 2017), hydration (Willis et al., 2021) and diet (Singh et al., 2017) have all been associated with alterations to the gut microbiota. Of these health behaviours, diet-microbiota interactions have received the most interest (Sonnenburg & Bäckhed, 2016;Torrey, 1919). ...
... To delineate the effects of exercise alone on the gut microbiota, future studies are encouraged to control and standardize dietary intake for at least 3 days leading into exercise and throughout the study duration David et al., 2014), inclusive of any food or liquid consumed during an exercise bout. Given relations between hydration and the gut microbiota it may also be important to control and standardize fluid intake (Vanhaecke et al., 2022;Willis et al., 2021), though interventional studies demonstrating a causal role for hydration status in influencing the gut microbiota are needed. ...
The human gastrointestinal microbiota and its unique metabolites regulate a diverse array of physiological processes with substantial implications for human health and performance. Chronic exercise training positively modulates the gut microbiota and its metabolic output. The benefits of chronic exercise for the gut microbiota may be influenced by acute changes in microbial community structure and function that follow a single exercise bout (i.e., acute exercise). Thus, an improved understanding of changes in the gut microbiota that occur with acute exercise could aid in the development of evidence‐based exercise training strategies to target the gut microbiota more effectively. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the existing literature on the acute and very short‐term (<3 weeks) exercise responses of the gut microbiota and faecal metabolites in humans. We conclude by highlighting gaps in the literature and providing recommendations for future research in this area.
... Hydration biomarkers were related to intestinal mucus homeostasis in adults. In addition, it has been reported that the gut microbiota changed to resist the fluid change related to temperature change and exercise, suggesting the subtle effects of body hydration conditions on the microbiota [92][93][94]. Gut microbiota has become an area of increasing interest during the last decade, and the interplay between gastrointestinal function and hydration deserves in-depth research. ...
Adequate hydration is essential for the maintenance of health and physiological functions in humans. However, many older adults do not maintain adequate hydration, which is under-recognized and poorly managed. Older adults are more vulnerable to dehydration, especially those living with multiple chronic diseases. Dehydration is associated with adverse health outcomes in older adults, and acts as an independent factor of the hospital length of stay, readmission, intensive care, in-hospital mortality, and poor prognosis. Dehydration is a prevalent health problem in older adults, accounting for substantial economic and social burden. This review attempts to provide current knowledge of hydration including patterns of body water turnover, the complex mechanisms behind water homeostasis, the effects of dehydration on the health of the body, and practical guidance for low-intake dehydration in older adults.
... Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to the transmission of preventable water-borne diseases, such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio [34]. While the global burden of diarrheal disease remains high, continuous scientific interest in the effects of the drinking water microbiome and its sources and hydration status on the gut microbiota has attracted the attention of inter-disciplinary researchers [35,36]. ...
... Willis et al. [36], the winner of this H4H Early Career Researcher Award, reinforced the view of how hydration status affects the human fecal microbiota. This article presented three pathophysiological mechanisms that can lead to a clinical syndrome of gut dysfunction, including intestinal inflammation, gut barrier dysfunction, and fecal microbiota. ...
Water is the most abundant substance in the human body and plays a pivotal role in various bodily functions. While underhydration is associated with the incidence of certain diseases, the specific role of water in gut function remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that water restriction disrupts gut homeostasis, which is accompanied by a bloom of gut microbes and decreased numbers of immune cells, especially Th17 cells, within the colon. These microbial and immunological changes in the gut are associated with an impaired ability to eliminate the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Moreover, aquaporin 3, a water channel protein, is required for the maintenance of Th17 cell function and differentiation. Taken together, adequate water intake is critical for maintaining bacterial and immunological homeostasis in the gut, thereby enhancing host defenses against enteric pathogens.
The gut microbiota has been proposed to grant the athlete a metabolic advantage that might be key when optimising performance. While a taxonomic core set of microorganisms characterising the athlete’s gut microbiota has not been delineated, some compositional features might be associated with improved metabolic efficiency, which appears to be driven by the production of bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Not only long-term exercise but also dietary patterns associated with high-level sports practice contribute to this microbial environment, yet isolating the impact of individual dietary components is challenging. The present review synthetises the available evidence on the compositional aspects of the athlete’s gut microbiota, discusses mechanisms involved in the bidirectional association between exercise and the gut environment, and evaluates the role of athletes’ diet in this interplay. Additionally, a practical approach to indicators commonly reported in metagenomic and metabolomic analyses is provided to explore how these insights can translate to support dietary protocols.
Background:
Inadequate hydration is associated with cardiovascular and kidney disease morbidity and all-cause mortality. Compared with White individuals, Black individuals exhibit a higher prevalence of inadequate hydration, which may contribute to racial health disparities. However, the underlying reasons for these differences in hydration remain unclear.
Objective:
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether neighborhood deprivation contributes to racial differences in hydration status.
Methods:
We assessed 24 Black and 30 White college students, measuring 24-hour urine osmolality, urine flow rate, urine specific gravity, and plasma copeptin. Participants recorded their food and fluid intake for three days to assess total water intake from food and beverages. Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation was measured using a tract-level Area Deprivation Index.
Results:
Black participants exhibited higher urine osmolality (640 (314) compared with. 440 (283) mOsm/kg H2O, p = 0.006) and lower urine flow rate (1.06 (0.65) compared with 1.71 (0.89) ml/min, p = 0.009) compared with White participants, indicating greater hypohydration among Black participants. Black participants reported lower total water intake from food and beverages than White participants (2.3 ± 0.7 compared with 3.5 ± 1.1 L/day, p < 0.01). Black participants exhibited higher copeptin than White participants (6.3 (3.1) compared with 4.5 (2.3) pmol/L, p = 0.046), and urine osmolality mediated 67% of the difference (p = 0.027). Black participants reported greater cumulative exposure to neighborhood deprivation during childhood (ages 0-18). Furthermore, neighborhood deprivation during childhood was associated with urine specific gravity (p = 0.031) and total water intake from food and beverages (p = 0.042) but did not mediate the racial differences in these measures.
Conclusion:
Our data suggest that compared with White young adults, Black young adults are hypohydrated and exhibit higher copeptin, and that greater neighborhood deprivation is associated with chronic underhydration irrespective of race.
Clinical trial registry:
The data reported in this investigation were collected as part of a study registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04576338) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04576338.
