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In many arid and semi-arid areas, intensive cultivation is practiced despite water commonly being a limiting factor. Often, irrigation water is from local aquifers or imported from out-of-area aquifers and surface reservoirs. Irrigation return flows become a significant local recharge source, but they may deteriorate aquifer water quality. La Aldea...
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In arid regions, the available water resources are largely restricted to groundwater. Therefore, a precise quantification of the available groundwater resources including groundwater recharge is essential for the management of the limited water resources. For a consistent assessment and the analysis of future exploitation scenarios, numerical model...
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... On the other hand, degradation of groundwater quality in unplanned settlements is influenced by the location of point and diffuses pollutants sources (Ratha et al., 2019). Previous studies (Cruz-Fuentes et al., 2014;Phiri, 2016 andRatha et al., 2019) have pointed out the most common sources of groundwater pollution include domestic sewage, latrines, municipal solid wastes, agricultural manure and industrial wastes. Absences of sewerage systems and poor waste management practices in unplanned settlements lead to the dependence on onsite sanitation systems particularly septic systems and pit latrines which are located in the proximity of groundwater sources, which in turn threaten the quality of dependable water sources (Musa et al., 2019). ...
Groundwater in unplanned settlements is stressed by multiple pollution sources threatening health of consumers. Elevated nitrogen and phosphorus affect the quality of groundwater as they leach through the soil to groundwater. This study aimed at establishing variations of nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds in 75 boreholes used in 8 unplanned settlements in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Laboratory analysis using Spectrophotometer DR/4000 was conducted at Ardhi University. Principal Component Analysis was conducted by using Paleontological Statistics (PAST) software, version 3.08 and statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results indicated that about 84% and 73.3% of sampled boreholes during wet and dry seasons, respectively had nitrate nitrogen greater than WHO recommendations for drinking water quality standards. Concentration of NO2-N showed that 12% and 14.7% of sampled boreholes during wet and dry seasons, respectively were greater than 0.9 mg/L TZS (574:2016) recommended guidelines. Phosphate concentration was greater than 2.2 mg/L TZS (574:2016) recommended guidelines in 49.3% and 12% of sampled boreholes during both wet and dry seasons, respectively. These results indicated that consuming such polluted water may be unsafe to infants and older people and therefore alternative drinking water source is recommended.
... Besides these, irrigation and irrigation return flow could be a significant source of aquifer recharge in agriculture-dominated areas (Jiménez-Martínez et al., 2009;Séraphin et al., 2016). Irrigation return flow is defined as "the excess of irrigation water that is not evapotranspirated or evacuated by direct surface drainage, and which finally returns to an aquifer" (Dewandel et al., 2008) and could contribute a substantial quantity to regional water resources (Cruz-Fuentes et al., 2014;Kendy et al., 2004;Scanlon et al., 2007). ...
Irrigation is vital in Bangladesh in order to meet the growing food demand as a result of the increasing population. During the dry season, groundwater irrigation is the main source of water for agriculture. However, excessive abstraction of groundwater for irrigation causes groundwater level depletion. At the same time, the loss from excessive irrigation could end up contributing to aquifer recharge as return flow. Therefore, investigating the influence of irrigation on groundwater is important for the sustainable management of this resource. This study aims to assess the impact of irrigation on groundwater recharge in the northwest Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. A semi-physically based water balance model was used to simulate spatially distributed groundwater recharge with two scenarios (with and without irrigation). To evaluate the effect of irrigation, groundwater recharges from these two scenarios were compared. The result showed that the use of groundwater for irrigation increased over the study period whereas, there was a persistent trend of decrease in groundwater level during the study period. Groundwater provides 91% of overall irrigation in the study area. However, on average, about 33% of the total irrigation becomes return flow and contributes to groundwater recharge in the dry season. Irrigation return flow is around 98% of the total recharge during the dry season in this region. The spatially distributed seasonal return flow varies from 305 to 401 mm. In brief, irrigation has a significant role in groundwater recharge in the study area during the dry season. Hence, proper irrigation water measurement and management are necessary for sustainable groundwater resource management in this region.
... Además, existen importantes problemas en el acuífero costero causados por la sobreexplotación de pozos y sondeos (presión antropogénica), en materiales que suelen tener una alta permeabilidad, lo que influye directamente en la intrusión marina en los acuíferos costeros (Cruz-Fuentes et al., 2014). ...
En un marco de Transición Ecológica y Agenda 2030, el Gobierno de Canarias fomenta los proyectos encaminados a abordar una mayor sostenibilidad en el archipiélago. En este aspecto, la ULL participa en el proyecto “Análisis de la Huella de Carbono e Hídrica de las tres principales actividades económicas en las Islas Canarias: turismo, agricultura y ciclo integral del agua”, promovido por la Consejería de Transición Ecológica, Lucha contra el Cambio Climático y Planificación Territorial.
Este libro es el resultado del análisis de la huella ecológica de la primera actividad, en el cual, se ha realizado el estudio para todas las islas del archipiélago, y las instalaciones estudiadas han sido: pozos, galerías de agua, depuradoras de aguas residuales, desalinizadoras de agua de mar, redes de distribución, redes de saneamiento y estaciones de bombeo de aguas residuales.
... Es un tema tratado por muy diversos autores (Adar et al, 1995;Farley et al., 2005;van Lill et al., 1980;Woodward et al., 2014;Zhou et al., 2010), así como el efecto en la recarga de los incendios forestales (Landfortd, 1976;Kuczera, 1987) y en general de los cambios de uso del territorio (Bellot et al., 2001;Calder, 1993;Ibrahim et al., 2014;Zhou et al., 2015). La introducción de regadío también es una causa de salinización de la recarga a través de la infiltración de los retornos de riego (Cabrera y Custodio, 2004;Cruz-Fuentes, 2014a;2014b;Custodio, 1994;Pulido-Bosch et al., 2018;Jiménez-Martínez et al., 2010). Los efectos hidrológicos se están estudiando en cuencas experimentales bien equipadas, como en Cataluña y la cuenca del Ebro (Gallart y Llorens, 2003;Latron y Gallart, 2007, Latron et al., 2009Guasch et al., 2006). ...
La planificación de los recursos hídricos a largo plazo enfrenta muchos desafíos vinculados al alto grado de incertidumbre asociado tanto al uso del recurso como a la disponibilidad del mismo en las próximas décadas, esta incertidumbre es agravada por un contexto de Cambio Climático.
Según el Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático, España y sus regiones insulares (Canarias y Baleares), por su situación geográfica y sus características socioeconómicas, es un país muy vulnerable al cambio climático, como así se viene poniendo de manifiesto en los más recientes análisis e investigaciones. El cambio climático, con aumento de la temperatura y, en
España, disminución en general de la precipitación, causará una reducción de las aportaciones hídricas y una modificación de la demanda de agua en los sistemas de regadío.
El presente libro está dirigido a profesionales que trabajan tanto en el ámbito científico (investigadores, profesores universitarios, etc.) como a personal pertenecientes a las Administraciones Públicas con gestión directa en la planificación y gestión de los recursos hídricos, como una herramienta más para la mejora de la transición hidrológica. Se ha hecho mayor intensidad en las regiones insulares dado que serán las más sensibles al cambio climático.
... The Gran Canaria Island is conceptually considered a unique water body, save for the coastal part of the west catchment [22,23]. The study area is located northeast of the island ( Figure 1) and includes the Las Goteras ravine watershed where the Bandama golf course is located at an altitude of between 400 m and 500 m. ...
The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in the whole environment is a growing concern. These compounds might be present in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants and, hence, irrigation with treated sewage may be a source of groundwater pollution. The volcanic aquifer that lies NE of Gran Canaria (Spain) was studied to address the relationship of the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds and a golf course that has been irrigated with regenerated water since 1973. Of the 14 analyzed groundwater samples, five wells were chosen to perform annual monitoring. Irrigation water and soil leachate were also evaluated. The target analytes were atenolol, metamizole, fluoxetine, ibuprofen, nicotine, permethrin, caffeine, and their metabolite paraxanthine. The environmental risk is limited as the concentrations of the pharmaceuticals measured in the sampled wells were always below 60 ng·L−1 (lower than the detected caffeine and nicotine concentrations). Wide variations for the same wells were measured among sampling campaigns, and also among the different wells. The study points to the importance of sample conservation during transport and the need to perform analyses immediately, or to follow an in-situ extraction procedure to carry concentrated samples under better conditions.
... Neither highly altered rocks nor dike clusters have been observed on the field, but this may be due to the lack of deep erosion incisions in this part of the volcano. On the basis of the andesitic-volcano architecture described in Indonesia such as in Merapi (Selles et al., 2015), we may assume an inner structure with a volcanic core but probably occupying a low to middle elevation because of the absence of gravity springs at high elevation, enabling a thick unsaturated zone (Cruz-Fuentes et al., 2014;Herrera and Custodio, 2008). The main differences between the Bromo-Tengger and the conceptual model of basaltic islands are: ...
... During the last few decades, many volcanic aquifer systems have been modeled such as the Mosteisros Basin on Fogo Island in the Cape Verde archipelago (Heilweil et al., 2012), the young ocean-island volcano of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion), (Join et al., 2016;Violette et al., 1997), Santa Cruz Island (Galapagos) with special attention paid to salt water intrusion (Pryet, 2011), the sedimentary volcanic aquifer of La Aldea valley (Grand Canaria Island), (Cruz-Fuentes et al., 2014) and the eastern flank of the Merapi volcano (Indonesia) (Selles, 2014). To be relevant, numerical models should integrate all the geological and hydrogeological data at the aquifer scale and must be based on a meaningful conceptual model of the system (Machard de Gramont et al., 2010). ...
Volcanoes are environments combining hazards and natural resources, the latter justifying the high population density living on many active volcanoes in tropical contexts. More than a source of construction materials, some volcanoes are considered as "water castles", providing important possibilities for drinking groundwater supply through complex and sometimes artesian aquifer systems. The Bromo-Tengger volcano aquifer system in East Java, Indonesia, is a strategic resource with its main artesian spring Umbulan, which partly supplies the second biggest city of Indonesia (Surabaya). For more than a decade, this resource has been under increasing pressure with an increase of water abstraction for agricultural practices, industrial development, population growth and is amplified by increasingly accessible drilling techniques. Known as one of the most visited stratovolcanoes in worldwide, the aquifer potential of the Bromo-Tengger was barely studied until now.As part of this thesis, a multidisciplinary approach was used to characterize the hydrogeology of the northern flank of the volcano and its downstream artesian plain. Geological and geophysical results have highlighted the lithology and the geometry of the volcano's aquifer formations. The outflow context of natural major artesian springs of volcanic piedmonts area such as Umbulan has been identified.The climatic conditions were characterized with the installation of new meteorological stations along the northern flank and completed by the monitoring of a representative watershed. Compared with hydrochemical and isotopic data, they allowed a quantitative analysis of the distribution of the recharge and the elaboration of a first hydrogeological conceptual model. The recharge covers the whole northern flank of the volcano (≈66% of the rain) with a preferential recharge zone identified at about 1000 m elevation mainly due to orographic effects. Conceptually, infiltrated waters supply a binary system composed of: a network of high elevation perched aquifers feeding all or part of a low-lying basal aquifer. This latter becomes confined towards the plain through a multi-layer artesian aquifer, explaining the high aquifer productivity of the area.A new measurement device at free-flowing artesian well has been developed, combining hydraulic tests and piezometric measurement. Their interpretation allows both estimating the hydrodynamic parameters and drawing a piezometric map of the artesian aquifer of Pasuruan. These last results, made it possible to define the main flow directions and systems as well as an estimate of groundwater transit time.A first steady-state numerical flow model shows good consistency with the conceptual model previously developed. It allows a better understanding of the hydrogeological functioning in the present and pre-exploitation conditions. Compared with the water age dating analyses, it allows to discuss the most realistic flow model to consider at the scale of the volcano.This research provides new insights in the understanding of hydrogeology of andesitic stratovolcanoes in volcanic arc position under tropical climate including a caldera, high-elevation perched aquifers with a multi-layered and artesian volcano-sedimentary plain.Keywords: Hydrogeology, Bromo-Tengger volcano, conceptual hydrogeolgoical model of volcanic aquifer, volcano-sedimentary plain, artesianism, recharge, multidisciplinary
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... Neither highly altered rocks nor dike clusters have been observed on the field, but this may be due to the lack of deep erosion incisions in this part of the volcano. On the basis of the andesitic-volcano architecture described in Indonesia such as in Merapi (Selles et al., 2015), we may assume an inner structure with a volcanic core but probably occupying a low to middle elevation because of the absence of gravity springs at high elevation, enabling a thick unsaturated zone (Cruz-Fuentes et al., 2014;Herrera and Custodio, 2008). The main differences between the Bromo-Tengger and the conceptual model of basaltic islands are: ...
Study region: The Bromo-Tengger volcanic aquifer system, (East Java, Indonesia).
Study focus: Andesitic volcanic aquifers in Indonesia are an important source of groundwater supply for the population. The artesian flow from high discharge springs facilitates the access for irrigation and drinking water but continuously flowing artesian wells exert an increasing pressure on the groundwater resource. Given the complexity of the volcanic edifice, a multidisciplinary approach including geological, hydrometeorological, hydrochemical and isotopic measurements was performed to characterise the hydrogeological functioning of the volcano’s northern flank.
New hydrogeological insights for the region: Two main hydrogeological systems are identified: a system with perched aquifers in the lava flows and pyroclastic complex, supplying low discharge springs or infiltrating to a deep flow system. The latter system is unconfined and provides groundwater to the downstream plain that hosts a confined multi-layer volcano-sedimentary aquifer. The joint implementation of a quantitative isotopic approach and a groundwater budget allows characterising aquifer recharge along the whole volcano flank. It is mainly controlled by the rainfall distribution that peaks around 1200m elevation. The caldera basin on the top of the volcano has a very limited contribution to recharge. A conceptual hydrogeological model is proposed and compared to the main concepts of volcanic islands. This study is a first step for further scientific and management discussions to implement protection policies on the Bromo-Tengger aquifer system.
... Some human-induced actions may contribute to the original 'climatic' groundwater salinity, such as pumping inducing seawater intrusion and mobilisation of brines [3,17], high-efficiency irrigation systems producing high-salinity, low irrigation return rates [6,18,19], and misuse of fertilizers and agrochemicals, among others. In many densely-populated and irrigated drylands, the use of non-conventional resources such as wastewater reuse and seawater desalination to cope with water quality requirements has been encouraged [20][21][22]. ...
... The experience gained on geochemical tracers to characterize the origin and dynamics of groundwater salinity due to natural processes and human activities can be used to identify the effect of RO treated waters on groundwater systems [19,[31][32][33][34]. Specifically, the chlorideto-bromide molar ratio (R ≡ Cl/Br) seems of special interest because both Cl and Br ions behave close to ideal conservative tracers in natural systems [35][36][37]. ...
... This area is intensively cultivated. Irrigation water comes from reservoirs upstream, small and medium privately-owned RO plants, and local BW [7,19]. Aquifer recharge is mostly irrigation return with R around the SW value and the scarce rainfall infiltration with R between 1500 and 2400. ...
The chloride-to-bromide molar ratio (R ≡ Cl/Br) is widely used in tracing groundwater salinity. Less experience exists on how some industrial processes such as the reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment modify the R value of desalinated water (P) and reject brine (T), and even less on how distinctive for hydrogeological applications the R changes are. This paper assesses the Cl/Br ratio usefulness to identify the effect of P and T on groundwater systems. First, the experimental R changes produced in P and T during standard RO operations and treatments of raw (I) seawater, brackish groundwater, and tertiary-treated domestic wastewater in nine RO plants (three in Gran Canaria Island and six in south-eastern continental Spain) were determined by means of the XP = RP/RI (R change in P) and XT = RT/RI (R change in T) ratios. XP and XT were respectively 0.90 and 1.07 for treatment 1 (weak pre-acidification) in one RO plant, 0.82±0.09 and 0.94±0.05 for treatment 2 (weak pre-acidification and weak pre-chlorination) in five RO plants, 0.63 and 0.97 for treatment 3 (moderate pre-acidification and strong pre-chlorination) in one RO plant, and 3.21±2.02 and 1.00±0.00 for treatment 4 (post-chlorination) in two RO plants. P was for irrigation (treatments 1 to 3) and for domestic use (treatment 4). Latter, the experimental XP and XT ratios were input data for six theoretical mixing scenarios aimed at showing how groundwater R changes in response to progressive contributions of P and T produced from different I water. The Cl/Br ratio enables to identify the effect of P from treatments 3 and 4, is scarcely effective for treatments 1 and 2, and is especially useful when P produced from seawater is used in other aquifer having different R. The Cl/Br ratio did not clearly identify T from any treatment.
... Historically, basaltic islands have been widely studied (e.g. Hawaii: Peterson, 1972;Macdonald et al., 1983;Canary Islands: Ecker, 1976;Custodio et al., 1988;Custodio, 2005;Custodio and Cabrera, 2008;Cruz-Fuentes et al., 2014;Izquierdo, 2014;Iceland: Sigurðsson and Einarsson, 1988;Réunion: Violette et al., 1997;Join et al., 2005; Azores: Cruz and Silva, 2001;Cruz, 2003;Galapagos Islands: d'Ozouville et al., 2008;Pryet et al., 2012;Violette et al., 2014;Jeju: Hamm et al., 2005;Won et al., 2005Won et al., , 2006Hagedorn et al., 2011;or Mayotte: Vittecoq et al., 2014), leading to several hydrogeological conceptual models, essentially at the island scale, each model being intrinsically dependent on the dynamic of volcanism activity, on the number and history of volcanoes and on their effusive and rest phases, generating a more or less complex geometry within which water infiltrates and circulates in a complex pattern, according to the recharge conditions. Andesitic islands in subduction zones, and especially the Caribbean ones, are less known, and a limited number of hydrogeological studies have been conducted and published in these archipelagos, mainly at the island scale (e.g. ...
We conducted a multidisciplinary study at the watershed scale of an andesitic-type volcanic island in order to better characterize the hydrogeological functioning of aquifers and to better evaluate groundwater resources. A heliborne Time Domain ElectroMagnetic (TDEM) survey was conducted over Martinique in order to investigate underground volcanic structures and lithology, characterized by high lateral and vertical geological variability and resulting in a very high heterogeneity of their hydrogeological characteristics. Correlations were made on three adjacent watersheds between resistivity data along flight lines and geological and hydrogeological data from 51 boreholes and 24 springs, showing that the younger the formations, the higher their resistivity. Correlation between resistivity, geology and transmissivity data of three aquifers is attested: within the interval 10–100 ohm m and within a range of 1 to 5.5 Ma, the older the formation, the lower its resistivity, and the older the formation, the higher its transmissivity. Moreover, we demonstrate that the main geological structures lead to preferential flow circulations and that hydrogeological watersheds can differ from topographical watersheds. The consequence is that, even if the topographical watershed is small, underground flows from an adjacent watershed can add significant amounts of water to such a catchment. This effect is amplified when lava domes and their roots are situated upstream, as they present very high hydraulic conductivity leading to deep preferential groundwater flow circulations. We also reveal, unlike basaltic-type volcanic islands, that hydraulic conductivity increases with age in this andesitic-type volcanic island. This trend is interpreted as the consequence of tectonic fracturing associated with earthquakes in this subduction zone, related to andesitic volcanic islands. Finally, our approach allows characterization in detail of the hydrogeological functioning and identification of the properties of the main aquifer and aquitard units, leading to the proposition of a hydrogeological conceptual model at the watershed scale. This working scale seems particularly suitable due to the complexity of edifices, with heterogeneous geological formations presenting high lateral and vertical variability. Moreover, our study offers new guidelines for accurate correlations between resistivity, geology and hydraulic conductivity for volcanic islands. Finally, our results will also help stakeholders toward a better management of water resources.
... Improving irrigation efficiency through the reduction of the return flow is often desired for reducing water consumption, and preventing groundwater salinization mechanisms (Bresciani et al., 2014;Dewandel et al., 2008;Stigter et al., 1998;Yakirevich et al., 2013). Nevertheless, the contribution of return flows may constitute a substantial and sustainable support to local water resource, especially when irrigation supply comes from remote and well watered catchments (Kendy et al., 2004;Scanlon et al., 2007;Cruz-Fuentes et al., 2014;Tang et al., 2007). ...
The supply of irrigation water often overcomes crop evapotranspiration, and the resulting return flow may infiltrate and significantly contribute to an aquifer water budget. Despite its crucial importance for water resource management, the proportion of irrigation water that contributes to groundwater recharge, namely the return flow coefficient, often remains difficult to assess. Here, a chloride mass balance is combined with an isotopic mixing model (δ¹⁸O and δD) to quantify return flow coefficients, in the Crau alluvial-type aquifer (Southern France), characterized by a long-term traditional practice of flood irrigation. Local groundwater compositions are interpreted in terms of average recharge along different flow paths. The high isotopic contrast between irrigation water and regional precipitation allows the partitioning of recharge between rainfall infiltration and irrigation return flows. Isotopic mixing proportions are then used to decipher the chloride concentration of groundwater purely recharged by return flow. This allows an original application of the chloride mass balance approach to estimate return flow coefficients, which doesn't rely on any atmospheric chloride survey. Values around 0.53 ± 0.16 were found for well defined stream lines averaging the functioning of the upstream aquifer, which leads to a return flow rate of 1190 ± 140 mm yr⁻¹. These results are consistent with a local daily time series of recharge fluxes derived from the water-table fluctuation method over the 2003-2009 period, and in line with the spatial average previously quantified over the whole aquifer. This study confirms the ability of geochemical tracers to provide recharge rates fully independent from flux measurements. They can be further used to assess the irrigation efficiency in other similar systems, or to monitor the variations of irrigation return flow, which will result from the future modifications of land use, irrigation practices and climate.
