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Invertebrate herbivores and pathogens associated with plant species in the family Dipsacaceae that have not been collected by the authors
Source publication
Two closely related teasels (Dipsacales: Dipsacaceae, Dipsacus spp.) of European origin have become invasive weeds in the United States. Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum L.) and cutleaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus L.) have likely been in North America for more than two centuries, having been introduced along with cultivated teasel [D. sativus (L.)...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... priori information regarding known locations of either of these species or their natural enemies was used whenever it was available. These surveys (Table 1), as well as litera- ture searches (Table 2), have yielded a large number of nat- ural enemies to screen for their suitability as biological control agents of invasive teasels. To date, the total pool of biological control candidates (BCCs) identiWed from the combined Weld and literature surveys includes 102 species of insects in six orders, as well as 27 fungi from 10 orders, three mites, one nematode, and two viruses (see Tables 1 and 2). ...
Context 2
... the literature survey, the pool of BCCs was expanded to the broadest logical sense, including those herbivores or pathogens that have been described attacking any plants in the entire family Dipsacaceae (Table 2). An attempt was made to Wnd any reference to Dipsacus using all literature searching abstract journals and databases, in the biological, zoological, and agricultural sciences, particular those references pertain- ing to natural enemies of Dipsacus spp. or any other plant in the Dipsacaceae. ...
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... congener, C. Xaviciliana (Westwood) could be a more promising candi- date. It has been reported from teasel Xowerheads and its host-range is only known to include plants in the Dipsaca- ceae (Table 2). However, C. Xaviciliana has not yet been col- lected by the authors. ...
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... conditions Fragaria is surely not a host plant (of A. sericea)." The congener A. candens Konow, is only known from Dipsacaceae (see Table 2). ...
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... addition to the three fungi that the authors have col- lected on Dipsacus in the Weld (Table 1), reports of 24 other fungi associated with Dipsacus spp. are cataloged in the USDA-ARS GRIN database (Farr et al., 2004) (Table 2). Although some genera of these fungi are known to have broad host ranges, individual isolates may show higher speciWcity. ...
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... it is important to isolate fungi from teasels and conduct further tests from these speciWc isolates on a case-by-case basis. As we found little work has been done on any of the fungi listed in Table 2, it cannot be said with certainty what potential any of these fungi have as BCCs. Exploration and research remains to be conducted to col- lect and evaluate individual fungal isolates for host speciWc- ity and impact. ...
Context 7
... addition to the four fungal species listed in Table 2 as speciWc to Dipsacus (all of which are based on only a few reports per fungal species), two powdery mildews (family Erysiphaceae), have potential as promising BCCs from the standpoint of speciWcity, although their impact on the plant is not yet known. Sphaerotheca dipsacearum (Tul and C. Tul) has 58 host records in the GRIN database from seven host genera, all of which are in the Dipsacaceae (Farr et al., 2004). ...
Citations
... Based on our data, D. fullonum was found to be the main invasive exotic species in the wetland. This is a biennial forb that prefers moist soil; however, it tolerates dry conditions because it produces a deep taproot [28]. Dipsacus fullonum grows in varying soil textures from loamy sand to heavy clay soils [29], which was confirmed in our study. ...
... Dipsacus fullonum grows in varying soil textures from loamy sand to heavy clay soils [29], which was confirmed in our study. This is an introduced species from Europe that is considered an invasive weed in North America, as well as in parts of South America [28,30]. Given the adaptability of this species, its management should be focused on maintaining a proper plant cover of native perennial species such as the dominant Juncus species, especially as the seeds of D. fullonum germinate under a broad range of environmental conditions and could compete with regeneration of the native cover under disturbance and decrease diversity [30]. ...
This study characterized the relationship between plant species, soil, and moisture dynamics in the Willamette Valley (Oregon, USA) to obtain a base framework for wetland conservation and restoration. We identified 24 dominant plant species, including the exotic invasive Dipsacus fullonum, distributed throughout the wetland. Plant community analysis indicated that (1) soil moisture during the dry season (August to October) and (2) soil bulk density were the major abiotic drivers of plant community structure. Water potential measurements confirmed the community analysis. Juncus (rush) species appeared to be more tolerant to drought than other typical wetland species. Therefore, dryer conditions due to climate change or water diversion may favor rushes’ persistence. We also found that the dominance of D. fullonum may also negatively affect the native plant species’ survival, which highlights the need for proper management practices. To prevent further vegetation deterioration in sensitive wetland areas, we recommend avoiding hydric diversions to maintain the water supply, exploring manners of controlling invasive species, and preventing livestock grazing. The results of this study contribute to foundational and practical knowledge concerning the influence of soil conditions and moisture availability on the physiological response and distribution of wetland plant species that is required for conservation and management.
... Although different organisms are used in biological control, fungi have a privileged place due to their high number of species, ability to reproduce easily in artificial environments, specialization to a single host, and suitability for commercial production Demirci 1997, Uygur andUygur 2010). It has been revealed that several microfungi can be used as biocontrol agents against different weed species (Amsellem et al. 2002, Atay et al. 2015, Bailey 2014, Berner et al. 2015, Eken and Demirci 2002, Harding and Raizada 2015, Kiss 2003, Özaslan 2011, Rector et al. 2006, Tepe and Özrenk 1999. Bio-herbicides containing different fungal pathogens are commercially available worldwide for weed management, especially in America, Canada, China, and South Africa (Triolet et al. 2020). ...
Studies on biological control for the sustainable management of weeds that exert serious ecological, economic, and human health problems are attracting increasing attention. Detection of potential biological control agents (pests, pathogens, etc.) on target weed species is the first step in the biological control program. This study aimed to determine the microfungi species found on noxious weed species in the Yüksekova basin situated in Hakkari province, Türkiye. Continued traditional agricultural practices, minimum or no use of pesticides and fertilizers, and better protection of natural flora/fauna compared to other parts of Türkiye were reasons for the selection of the basin in the current study. Field surveys were carried out in different periods during 2020 and 2021. A total of 101 microfungi species were recorded on 79 weed species belonging to 29 families in the basin. The most common fungi species in the basin were in genera Puccinia (29 species), Alternaria (18 species), Uromyces (14 species), and Curvularia (4 species). Weed hosts of the above-mentioned fungi species mostly belonged to Asteraceae (20 species), Fabaceae (7 species), Poaceae (7 species), and Lamiaceae (6 species) families. While 84 microfungi species were recorded on a single host, and the remaining 17 were found on more than one weed species. It has been observed that Puccinia cyani (Schleich.) Pass., Puccinia chondrillina Bub & Syd., and Uromyces polygoni-aviculariae (Pers.) P. Karsten significantly inhibited the growth and development of their host weed species (Centaurea spp., Chondrilla juncea L., and Polygonum aviculare L.) and were able to suppress the populations of the weeds in the fields. The results revealed that it would be beneficial to review the recorded pathogens in terms of biological activity and to carry out detailed field studies in the region.
... Dipsacus includes various ornamental plants used in floristry for their decorative dried inflorescences. The dried inflorescences were previously used in the textile industry to clean and lift the nap on woolen fabrics [57,58]. The name dipsacus itself is believed to be derived from the Greek word for dipsa or thirst [9]. ...
The genera Dipsacus L. and Scabiosa L. of the Caprifoliaceae family are widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and Africa. This work reviews the available literature on the phytochemical profiles, ethnomedicinal uses, and biological activities of the most popular species. These plants are rich sources of many valuable specialized metabolites with beneficial medicinal properties, such as triterpenoid derivatives, iridoids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. They are also sources of essential oils. The genus Dipsacus has been used for centuries in Chinese and Korean folk medicines to treat bone (osteoporosis) and joint problems (rheumatic arthritis). The Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Chinese Pharmacopoeia include Dipsaci radix, the dried roots of D. asperoides C.Y.Cheng & T.M.Ai. In addition, S. comosa Fisch. ex Roem & Schult. and S. tschiliiensis Grunning are used in traditional Mongolian medicine to treat liver diseases. The current scientific literature data indicate that these plants and their constituents have various biological properties, including inter alia antiarthritic, anti-neurodegenerative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities; they have also been found to strengthen tendon and bone tissue and protect the liver, heart, and kidney. The essential oils possess antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal properties. This paper reviews the key biological values of Dipsacus and Scabiosa species, as identified by in vitro and in vivo studies, and presents their potential pharmacological applications.
... Furthermore, the habitats of the common teasel (Christy, 1923) do not meet the classical harsh abiotic conditions in which carnivorous plants typically occur (Chase et al., 2009;Ellison, 2006). In addition, carnivorous plants have low competitive abilities (Chase et al., 2009;Ellison, 2006), whereas individual teasel plants compete for resources with neighboring plants by spreading large rosette leaves that shade the ground and by extending taproots deeper than the roots of many of its annual and biennial competitors (Rector et al., 2006;Werner, 1975). All of these arguments coupled with the fact that insect supplementation does not increase the teasel fitness (Krupa & Thomas, 2019) challenge the hypothesis of the three generations of Darwins. ...
Almost 150 years ago, the botanist Francis Darwin, the son of Charles, included Dipsacus fullonum, known as the common teasel, in his scientific ventures into plant carnivory (for a historical overview see Schaefer, 2021). At each node on its mainstem, this large biennial herbaceous plant harbors phytotelmata formed by the bases of opposite oblanceolate leaves. These water-holding cups are capable of retaining up to some 100 ml of water invariably corrupted by dead and putrefying insects and other small invertebrates. To decipher whether the plant was absorbing nitrogen from decaying animals and benefiting from carnivory, Francis Darwin examined the cup-like receptacles. He observed protrusive filaments originating from glandular trichomes (i.e., epidermal hairs specialized for the synthesis of secreted natural products) localized on the inner side of the leaf basins (Darwin, 1877a). In so doing, F. Darwin discovered the astonishing movements made by the filaments, which Ferdinand Cohn, a distinguished Professor of Botany, compared to a “Pharaoh’s snake,” a toy that was a popular Christmas gift in 1865 (Cohn, 1878). Charles Darwin was enthusiastic about his son’s work and wrote in Nature’s “Correspondence” section, “The observations of my son Francis on the contractile filaments protruded from the glands of Dipsacus, offer so new and remarkable a fact in the physiology of plants, that any confirmation of them is valuable” (Darwin, 1877b). While some of Darwin’s contemporaries attempted to elucidate the remarkable filament contractions, neither a consensual nor a convincing explanation emerged (e.g., Chodat & Zollikofer, 1892; Cohn, 1878). To our knowledge, these investigations were not pursued by any botanist in the 20th or 21st centuries or, in any case, were not reported in the scientific literature, but drifted into oblivion. During our ongoing research on the microbiome of phytotelmata (Lehours et al., 2016; Vergne et al., 2021), we fortuitously “re”-discovered the enigmatic filaments of Dipsacus that have no known analog in the plant world. Our primary findings prompted us to further explore past discoveries using modern microscopy and staining methods. Beyond comparing our observations with those of F. Darwin, we demonstrate that the teasel’s Pharaoh’s snakes are part of an orderly process that is likely to be deterministic and under plant control. We also show that a complex microbial network is associated with glandular hairs and their secretions.
... 150 species of perennial or biennial herbs and shrubs classified in 14 genera distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa (1). Some species are ornamental, noxious weeds and identified as herbal medicine sources (2,3). Dipsacoideae has always been discussed for delimitation of the taxa, concerning morphological similarities and high diversity amongst the taxa, especially calyx and fruit characters in genera Scabiosa L. and Pterocephalus Vaill. ...
Dipsacoideae has always been problematic for taxonomic delimitation of the taxa because of their morphological similarities and diversity amongst the taxa. Phenolic compounds are found in various organs of plants and are important in terms of chemotaxonomy and pharmacognosy. In this study, the phenolic acid compounds of 12 species of Dipsacoideae were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) and also evaluated their significances as chemotaxonomic markers. The main phenolic acids were found to be caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and salicylic acid. The principal components analysis (PCA) bi-plot indicated that ferulic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid and rosmaric acid were principal components in the studied species dispersion. The species were separated from each other in a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot in terms of their phenolic acid profile. Regarding the results, the high amount of caffeic acid and cinnamic acid could be considered a chemotaxonomic marker for genus Pterocephalus Vaill. and Cephalaria Schrad. respectively. The results indicated that Scabiosa koelzii Rech. and S. amoena Jacq. were placed as a distinct group regarding their phenolic acid profile and established the opinion supported by Greuter and Raus. Consequently, phenolic contents could be applied as a significant marker in the chemotaxonomy of Dipsacoideae. Considering it, we suggest the study of interaction among ecological and genetically factors as well as the studied chemical compounds.
... The pollen type includes D. laciniatus (Fig. 12j) and D. fullonum and its domesticated form D. sativus (Darwin 1859;Clarke and Jones 1981;Ryder 1994). Overall, these three species display a native Pontic range (Velarque 1985) and today are noxious, invasive weeds in the New World (Rector et al. 2006). The three Pontic species are known to occupy the same habitat as weeds in ruderal fields in South Germany (Oberdorfer 1983). ...
Life on a hilltop: vegetation history, plant husbandry and pastoralism
at the dawn of Bergamo‑Bergomum (northern Italy, 15th to 7th
century bc)
Roberta Pini · Cesare Ravazzi · Roberto Comolli · Renata Perego · Lorenzo Castellano · Camilla Croci ·
Mattia De Amicis · Davide Abu El Khair · Giulia Furlanetto · Diego Marsetti
Abstract
Cores and trenches drilled or dug in religious and secular buildings in the hilltop town of Bergamo (northern Italy) were
investigated by means of micro/macrobotanical and pedochemical analysis to unravel the cultural vegetation history of the
area during ca. seven centuries across the Bronze—Iron Ages. We explore the predictive power of biological proxies, nutrients,
and coupled 14C datings to reveal early phases of human settlement and activity in a modern urban context with low
visibility and difficult accessibility. Our records suggest that a farming centre was active on the Bergamo hilltop as early as the
15th century bc. Crop and animal husbandry reached a high point between the 11th-8th century bc. Plant and biogeochemical
proxies predict extensive and diversified cereal cropping, flax and grapevine cultivation, as well as herd stalling at a watering
pond, free range livestock growing in woodlands, and pastoralism, shown by hay making and overgrazing evidence. The
suggestive hypothesis of carding wool is mentioned but is currently untenable. Furthermore, we identified a possible phase
of abandonment starting from the 8th century bc, to be further investigated, and in agreement with archaeological data suggesting
settlement decline in the 8th-6th century bc. Our research highlights the dedication to pastoralism of the Bergamo
hill since prehistoric times. The settlement position was strategic for pastoralists to exploit biological and water resources in
space, season and elevation, i.e. from the plain to higher Alpine pastures. Ethnographic examples and Middle Age written
sources strongly support this picture.
... In Turkey, it is very largely distributed in north Turkey (from Ankara to the Black Sea), but rare or absent in the rest of the country (Sforza, 2004). Plants appear to be a mixture of rapidly growing rosettes and rosettes with the development of reproductive structures (Bentivegna and Smeda, 2011 is used in the processing of wool (Rector et al., 2006). Also, D. laciniatus is cultivated for its attractive purple flowers, its attractiveness to butterflies, and as natural enemies of crop pests (Judd, 1983). ...
In the present study, we investigated the phenolic composition of the methanol extract from the aboveground of two plants of Turkish flora; Datura innoxia and Dipsacus laciniatus. In addition, the antioxidant (phosphomolybdenum, CUPRAC, FRAP, DPPH, ABTS)and enzyme inhibitory activities (α-amylase and tyrosinase), and total phenolic and flavonoids contents were determined in these plant extracts. The results showed high significant differences among plants (p ≤ 0.05)for the antioxidant capacities measured with the different methods, the enzyme inhibitory activities, and the all identified phenolic compounds except for hyperoside. From a total of 23 identified phenolic compounds, 19 were found in both plants. The main flavonoids identified were (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin and hyperoside. (+)-Catechin and (−)-epicatechin showed very high concentrations in D. innoxia (12937.39 ± 108.86 and 24147.64 ± 2512.35 μg/g of dry plant, respectively)and in D. laciniatus (4947.99 ± 14.18 and 13171.30 ± 2410.76 μg/g of dry plant, respectively). Hyperoside had interesting contents with comparable values (115.11 ± 16.20 in D. innoxia, and 110.77 ± 16.32 μg/g of dry plant in D. laciniatus). The major phenolic acid was chlorogenic acid especially in D. laciniatus (12124.22 ± 598.13 μg/g of dry plant). These compounds were correlated to the high antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities for both species and confirm their medicinal traditional uses. Hence, further screening of bioactive compounds in different organs such as flowers and roots of these plants is crucial for the discovering of new source of natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors.
... The use of microorganisms in classical biological control of different weed species has increased since last decades. Some of these fungi and other microorganisms are potential biological control agents of these weed species (Kiss, 2003;Rector et al., 2006). There are some reports from Turkey denoting the presence of fungal plant pathogens on different weed species (Göbelez, 1963(Göbelez, ,1964Ercis and Iren, 1993;Tepe and Özrenk, 1999;Bahcecioglu and Gjaerum, 2003;Kavak, 2003;Sert and Sümbül, 2003;Kirbag, 2004;Sert, 2009;Tunali et al., 2009;Erdogdu et al., 2010;Ekici et al., 2012;Erdogdu and Hüseyin, 2013;Özaslan et al., 2013;Kavak and Bilgili, 2015;Özaslan et al., 2015). ...
This article presents new records of fungi and downy mildews in
Turkey on different weeds of agrophytocoenosis. These records include
Plectosphaerella alismatis (Oudem.) A.J.L. Phillips, Carlucci & M.L. Raimondo (on
Alisma plantago-aquatica L.), Pyricularia grisea Sacc. (on Setaria viridis (L.) P.
Beauv.), Phakopsora artemisiae Hirats. (on Artemisia dracunculus L.), Puccinia
rubefaciens Johanson (on Galium sp.), Ustilago trichophora (Link) Kunze (on
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.), Peronospora astragalina Syd. (on Astragalus
homosus L.) and P. myagri Mayor (on Myagrum perfoliatum L.). Plectosphaerella
and Phakopsora as generic level and others as species are new recordsfrom Turkey.
Description and illustrations of the identified fungi are presented, which all are based
on Turkish specimens. The identified fungi could be potential biological control
agents; however, detailed studies are needed in this regard.
... The species may inhabit disturbed areas but it also "invades high quality natural areas and can become a serious pest" (Anonymous 2018). The species is reported as "noxious in five US states and as invasive in 12 other states and four national parks" (Rector et al. 2005). ...
... The plant is biennial, but "under adverse biotic or abiotic conditions (including herbivory or other natural [or artificial] enemy attack) the plant may need additional years to bolt" (Rector et al. 2005), hence some websites also describe the species as perennial (Invasive Plant Atlas = perennial). The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (July 2018) reported both D. laciniatus and D. fullonum L. (= D. sylvestris Huds.) as biennial, and that description is accepted for this report. ...
... Common teasel seeds can float up to 22 days without significant reduction in viability (Werner 1975a). In years without flooding, "dense teasel populations can build up as entire seed loads are successively dumped in one area" (Rector et al. 2005). ...
Questions are asked about the unusual distributions of invasive species in the area of Niagara Falls, New York.
... Common teasel plants are herbaceous and 0.5 to 2 m tall and have prickles on stem and leaves. Rosettes have large leaves that cover the soil around them, reducing resources available for establishment of other species (Rector et al. 2006). Reproduction and dispersion is exclusively through seeds, and each plant produces around 3,000 seeds per year (Werner 1975). ...
... Because of this trait, knowledge of seed biology of this species is essential for developing sustainable management practices (Bhowmick 1997;Chauhan and Johnson 2008). Common teasel was observed in more than 40 U.S. states and four Canadian provinces (Rector et al. 2006;USDA 2015;Werner and Caswell 1977). In Argentina, even though it was detected decades ago, colonized area has increased significantly in the past years, and it is considered one of the most abundant weed species in grasslands and right of ways (Busso et al. 2013;Marzocca 1976). ...
Common teasel is an invasive and widespread weed in Argentina. Germination experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2014 to determine the effect of various environmental factors on germination and emergence. Germination of recently dispersed seeds was 12% in darkness at constant temperature. In contrast, seed exposure to light and alternating temperatures enhanced germination to 95%. The requirement of light and alternating temperatures suggest that common teasel has physiological dormancy. Several experiments were carried out to determine whether (1) seed responses to light and alternating temperatures have a hormonal basis, (2) seed coats can suppress germination, and (3) time and thermal conditions during seed storage reduce light and alternating temperature requirements. Germination was reduced (≤13%) by a gibberellin synthesis inhibitor. In contrast, the presence of gibberellins and an abscisic acid synthesis inhibitor increased germination to 95 and 38%, respectively. Results suggest that a higher ratio among gibberellins and abscisic acid (GA/ABA) leads to a break in dormancy. Germination was 100% when embryos were excised, suggesting that seed coats may suppress germination by mechanical restriction. Likewise, germination was enhanced by hydrogen peroxide (70%). This compound is known to increase GA/ABA ratio in agreement with a hormonal control of dormancy proposed for common teasel. An increment of storage time reduces light and alternating temperature requirements, allowing seeds to germinate in darkness. Taking these results together confirms that common teasel has physiological dormancy. Seedling emergence was progressively reduced from 70 to 8% by increased burial depth from 0 to 3 cm. Information from these experiments may facilitate development of effective management for common teasel. Nomenclature: Common teasel Dipsacus fullonum L. DIFU2.
