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A study into the sanitary state of roots and culm base of winter wheat was carried
out in 1999–2002 in the Production and Experimental Station in Bałcyny near Ostróda.
Experimental wheat was cultivated after spring cross plants such as spring oilseed rape
(Brassica napus ssp. oleiferus Metz.), white mustard (Sinapis alba L), chinese mustard
(Brassi...
Citations
... To some extent, this occurrence can be reduced by using proper crop rotation and by using cultivars with high resistance to pathogens [5][6][7]. Crop rotation is the most rational crop management factor to limit the occurrence of such diseases [8]. One factor that largely determines the occurrence of fungal diseases is the weather conditions, which are beyond human control. ...
... In addition to resistance breeding, an important element in the prevention of stem base eyespot is also the use of correct crop rotation and the introduction of intercrops. The results of the study by Majchrzak et al. [8] confirm the influence of forecrops on the occurrence of fungal stem base diseases. The most frequent disease found among cereals was Fusarium crown rot of the stem base and roots. ...
... The occurrence of this disease is mainly determined by weather. Majchrzak et al. [8], found a higher severity of stem base diseases in 2001, which saw a wet growing season. This is also confirmed by the results of the study by Kozdój et al. [63], where a significant decrease in grain yield in spring barley of the Pallas cultivar resulted from a decrease in the number of grains per plant and ear by 30-34%. ...
The level of cereal yields and the quality of these yields depend, to a large extent, on a crop management system, the genetic potential of a given cultivar, but also on factors that may cause damage to plants or a reduction in yield. Such factors include fungal diseases of cereals, which may cause a reduction in yield by 15–20%, and in extreme cases even by 60%. The main factors determining the occurrence of these pathogens are the weather conditions during the growing season of plants, crop rotation, the previous crop, the soil tillage system, and nitrogen fertilisation. Fungal diseases of cereals limit plant growth and development, as well as reduce grain yield and quality. This paper reviews the literature on fungal diseases of cereals.
... (Greenhalgh and Mitchell, 1976), Fusarium graminearum (L.), Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) (Waligóra et al., 2001), and fungi of the genus Alternaria (Milford et al., 1989). In the work of Majchrzak et al. (2001Majchrzak et al. ( , 2004, extracts with greater concentrations of GLS (1 and 5 μmol) inhibited the growth of Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm./Sacc.), F. avenaceum (Fr./Sacc), ...
... Glucosinolate breakdown products, which are released into soil from post-harvest residues, can possess biofumigant properties against soil microorganisms (Majchrzak et al., 2001;Piekarska et al., 2010, Neubauer et al., 2015. These can reduce pathogenic infections of crops grown after Brassica plants, including cereals (Schung and Ceynowa, 1990;Majchrzak et al., 2004Majchrzak et al., , 2005. ...
... Rapid decomposition limits periodical immobilization of N by microorganisms (Spargo et al., 2011), and reduces the inhibitory effect of decomposition products on the emergence and early development of successive crops (Gan et al., 2011). The biofumigant properties of compounds released during the breakdown of GLS from the incorporated residues of Brassica oilseed crops contribute to their biocidal effects as forecrops for cereals (Schung and Ceynowa, 1990;Majchrzak et al., 2004Majchrzak et al., , 2005. The oil cake of traditional mustard varieties (with high GLS concentrations) which cannot be used as animal feed could be applied for this purpose (Oleszek, 1987;Biały et al., 1990, Neubauer et al., 2015. ...
Rapeseed [Brassica napus (L.)], white mustard [Sinapis alba (L.)], and Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss] belong to the family Brassicaceae. these crop species synthesize substantial amounts of fat, protein, and glucosinolates (GLS). Brassica species can differ in their concentrations of fat, protein, and GLS in response to S fertilization. Plant material for chemical analyses was harvested from a field experiment conducted in northeastern Poland in 2005 to 2008. the examined species of oilseed crops were fertilized or not fertilized with S applied to soil at optimal rates for each species based on S uptake and forecast seed yield. On average, S fertilization increased seed yield of oilseed crops by 8%, but it did not induce significant differences in the concentrations of fat and protein in seeds. Sulfur fertilization increased total GLS concentrations by 0.22 and 0.27 μmol g–1 dry matter (DM) in the root residues of white mustard and Indian mustard, respectively, and by 0.52 μmol g–1 DM in winter rapeseed. Total GLS concentration in winter rapeseed straw decreased by 0.18 μmol g–1 DM with S application. In white mustard straw, S fertilization increased total GLS concentration by 0.27 μmol g–1 DM. Sulfur fertilization increased total GLS concentrations in the seeds of spring rapeseed, white mustard and Indian mustard by 11.43, 41.75 and 32.05 μmol g–1 DM, respectively. Sulfur fertilization has a significant effect on the seed yield and biomass quality of oilseed crops of the family Brassicaceae.
A change in agricultural policy in the European Union aims, among other things, to halve the use of pesticides and increase the share of organic farming to 25% by 2030. One of the challenges associated with this target will be the control of plant fungal diseases. The key methods in organic farming include the selection of less susceptible crop varieties. In order to test this method, a long-term trial of organic farming in Eastern Poland was established. In total, 41 different winter wheat varieties were grown from 2018 to 2022 and their resistance to fungal leaf diseases was monitored. Brown rust was found to be the disease causing the highest infestation towards the end of vegetation, often exceeding 80% of the flag leaf area. However, yield reductions were mainly related to the severe occurrence of leaf Septoria. Other leaf diseases such as tan spot, yellow rust, powdery mildew, and fusariosis were of little importance and only occurred at low infestations of Septoria and brown rust. The course of the weather was found to have a significant effect on disease incidence. Drought occurring in May and June significantly increased the incidence of brown rust and Septoria, while prolonged rains increased tan spot and Fusarium infestation. Greater overall infestation occurred in years with high average temperatures. Ten varieties with high resistance to foliar fungal diseases were selected and can be recommended for organic farming.
Field experiments were conducted during three consecutive growing seasons (2007/2008, 2008/2009 and 2009/2010) with four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars - "Bogatka", "Kris", "Satyna" and "Tonacja" - grown on fields with a 3-field crop rotation (winter triticale, spring barley, winter wheat) and in a 4-field crop rotation experiment (spring wheat, spring cereals, winter rapeseed, winter wheat). After the harvest, kernels were surface disinfected with 2% NaOCl and then analysed for the internal infection by different species of Fusarium. Fusaria were isolated on CZID medium and identified on the basis of macro- and micro-morphology on PDA and SNA media. The total wheat grain infection by Fusarium depended mainly on relative humidity (RH) and a rainfall level during the flowering stage. Intensive rainfall and high RH in 2009 and 2010 in the period caused that the proportions of infected kernels by the fungi were much higher than those in 2008 (lack of precipitation during anthesis). Weather conditions during post-anthesis period changed the species composition of Fusarium communities internally colonising winter wheat grain. The cultivars significantly varied in the proportion of infected kernels by Fusarium spp. The growing season and the type of crop rotation had a distinct effect on species composition of Fusarium communities colonizing the grain inside. A trend of higher percentage of the colonised kernels by the fungi in the grain from the systems using more fertilizers and pesticides as well as the buried straw, could be perceived. The most frequent species in the grain were F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. poae in 2008, and F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. tricinctum and F. poae in 2009 and 2010. The contents of deoxynivalenol and zearalenon in the grain were correlated with the percentage of kernels colonised by F. graminearum and were the highest in 2009 in the grain from the 4-field crop rotation. The content of T-2/HT-2 toxins was the highest in 2010 in grain from the 3-field crop rotation and it was correlated with the isolation frequency of F. langsethiae.
