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Incidence of fungal plant pathogens (in percent) isolated from crowns and roots of symptomatic strawberry plants (means 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 seasons)
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Strawberry is a high value crop worth 315.6 million euros in 2013 in Spain. Strawberry diseases are commonly controlled by soil fumigation with toxic chemicals. However, since 2007, the methyl bromide fumigant is banned for strawberry cultivation. Moreover, European policies are progressively restricting the use of other toxic fumigants such as dic...
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Citations
... Various strategies for improving the crop growth promotion and biocontrol efficacies of Trichoderma have been reviewed (Fraceto et al., 2018;Ferreira and Musumeci, 2021;Guzmán-Guzmán et al., 2023;Xiao et al., 2023). They include Trichoderma strain improvement (Szekeres et al., 2004;Montero-Barrientos et al., 2011;Hassan, 2014), formulation of Trichoderma with bioactive compounds (Yang et al., 2011;Nandini et al., 2017;Mbarga et al., 2020), co-application of Trichoderma with other beneficial microbes (Rudresh et al., 2005;Shanmugaiah et al., 2009;Mweetwa et al., 2016;Ghorchiani et al., 2018;Karuppiah et al., 2019;Szczałba et al., 2019;Konappa et al., 2020), and combining Trichoderma application with organic amendments (Haggag and Saber, 2000;Miranda et al., 2006;Joshi et al., 2009;Yang et al., 2011;Bhadauria et al., 2012;Hannan et al., 2012;Domínguez et al., 2014;Blaya et al., 2016;de Araujo et al., 2019;Sani et al., 2020;Da Silva et al., 2022;Amanullah and Khan, 2023). However, these strategies have their own limitations, calling for continued research to develop highly efficacious biocontrol products and application strategies that are economically viable, technically simple, regulatorily neutral, and easily adoptable. ...
Trichoderma spp. are widely used to enhance crop growth and suppress diverse diseases. However, inconsistent field efficacy remains a major barrier to their use as a reliable alternative to synthetic pesticides. Various strategies have been investigated to enhance the robustness of their application. Here, we evaluated how T. virens application methods (pre-, at-, and post-transplant) affect the growth of two tomato varieties and their rhizosphere fungal and bacterial communities. Although the greatest rhizosphere abundance of T. virens was observed in the post-transplant application, the at-transplant application promoted tomato growth the most, indicating that greater rhizosphere abundance does not necessarily result in better tomato growth. None of the application methods significantly altered the global rhizosphere fungal and bacterial communities of the tested varieties. Changes in specific microbial genera and guilds may underpin the enhanced tomato growth. We also investigated whether the resulting microbiome changes affect the mycelial growth and conidial germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici , soilborne fungal pathogens of tomato, upon exposure to volatile compounds emitted by culturable rhizosphere microbes and metabolites extracted from the rhizosphere soils after Trichoderma treatments. Volatile compounds produced by cultured rhizosphere microbes after the at-transplant application suppressed the mycelial growth of both pathogens better than those after the other treatments. Similarly, water-soluble metabolites extracted from the rhizosphere soil samples after the at-transplant application most effectively suppressed the germination rate of F. oxysporum spores. Overall, our results suggest that the at-transplant application is most advantageous for promoting the growth of the tested tomato varieties and building soil suppressiveness against the tested fusaria. However, further studies are needed before applying this method to support tomato production. We discuss critical future questions.
... Soil solarization also works well in conjunction with other techniques such as mulching and soil amendments to improve overall effectiveness against pests and crop yield (D'Addabbo et al., 2010). According to Dominguez et al., (2014) and Mauromicale et al., (2010), the integration of soil biofumigation with plasticulture (biosolarization) provides a sustainable solution for crop protection. Mawar and Lodha (2002) proved that integration of Indian mustard residues with single irrigation and without plasticulture resulted in a 70-80% reduction of the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. ...
... A proper organic amendment is added and mixed with the soil, which is subsequently covered by a transparent plastic sheet to achieve a soil pesticidal effect. Compared to solarization, SBS uses organic amendment to accelerate heat accumulation and transform the soil microbiome activity (Domínguez et al., 2014;Hestmark et al., 2019). Recent studies have shown several promising amendments used in SBS. ...
Introduction
Safe and efficient treatment of organic waste is crucial to developing a sustainable food system around the world. Soil biosolarization (SBS) is a soil treatment technique that can use organic solid wastes to treat the soil in a way that is alternative to the use of chemical fumigants to improve soil fertility in agriculture.
Methods
In this study, two types of organic food wastes, green tea waste (GTW) and fish waste (FW), were evaluated for the feasibility of being applied as soil amendments within simulations of high-temperature cycle SBS. The evaluation was conducted by execution of three groups of measurements: gas and organic volatile emission profile, residual soil phytotoxicity and weed suppression, and cultivar growth ( Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort. ).
Results and Discussion
Green tea waste contributed to elevated levels of soil respiration and the evolution of signature volatile organic compounds during the simulated SBS. In the soil amended with green tea waste and then undergoing SBS the phyto compatibility was restored after residual phytotoxicity dissipation and a complete weed suppression was achieved. By using an application rate of 2.5% (w/w, mass fraction of green tea waste in total soil-waste mixture) green tea waste cultivar growth comparable to that of the non-treated soil (NTS) group was attained, with a more efficient nitrogen utilization and higher residual soil nitrogen content enabling the improvement of the continuous cropping system. FW at 1% (w/w, mass fraction of FW in total soil-waste mixture) promoted cultivar growth despite the significant reduction of the nitrogen ( p value=0.02) and phosphorus ( p value=0.03) contents in the cultivar leaves. A significant increase of the sodium content together with an increase of iron and chromium, which exceeded the permissible limit, were observed. These results provide new information about amendment selection for the SBS process.
... Another strategy is biofumigation, in which fresh organic matter (manure, crop remains, industrial residues, etc.) is incorporated into the soil, where it decomposes, thereby liberating natural gases that control the phytopathogenic microorganisms and stimulate the microorganisms that are beneficial for the soil [18]. Lastly, the strategy that stands out for its excellent results in pathogen control is biosolarization [19][20][21]. This method is a combination of the above-mentioned strategies, and whose improved efficacy lies in the combined use of mechanisms such as the thermal inactivation of pests, the release of mineral nutrients and volatile biocides, and changes in the microbiota. ...
One strategy presented as an alternative to avoid using chemical substances in soil disinfestation consists in the technique of biosolarization. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of seasonality on the effectiveness of biosolarization with different organic amendments for the control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOLAC) on lettuce plants, and to compare the results obtained using a classical soil infectivity bioassay and a qPCR-based molecular technique. None of the plants subjected to biosolarization in the summer season (469–700 and 0–463 h with temperature > 42 °C at 15 and 30 cm soil depth, respectively) showed damage by the pathogen except the untreated control. Conversely, in autumn (3–5 and 0–0 h at temperature = 38–40 °C at 15 and 30 cm soil depth, respectively), only two biosolarization treatments (wheat + semi-composted manure, sunflower pellets) that reduced FOLAC inoculum in soil and plants did not show any disease at the lowest depth (15 cm) in the soil infectivity bioassay. This same result was only obtained at 30 cm soil depth in the biosolarization treatment with sunflower pellets. The number of FOLAC sequences per gram of soil determined with qPCR was null in the biosolarization treatments in summer at both soil depths and corresponded to the absence of disease in the soil infectivity bioassay. A threshold of 145 sequences per gram of soil determined by the qPCR-based molecular technique corresponded to the presence of 10% of diseased lettuce plants infected by FOLAC. Therefore, this molecular technique has been shown to be useful for establishing the soil inoculum thresholds required for crop infection by pathogens, while reducing the time and execution tasks necessary to perform soil infectivity bioassays.
... Interestingly, the total BRIX per plant (representing the total potentially sugar content a plant can produce, an important parameter for processing tomatoes; (Gur et al., 2011) was higher in all CSBS treatments as compared to SS. These findings support several studies that showed that SBS can have an advantage in plant health and crop yield in addition to its effect against weeds and pathogens (Domıńguez et al., 2014;Chamorro et al., 2015;Garcıá-Raya et al., 2019). However, this is the first study that showed a beneficial effect of CSBS in conditions of abiotic stresses. ...
Soil biosolarization (SBS) is an alternative technique for soil pest control to standard techniques such as soil fumigation and soil solarization (SS). By using both solar heating and fermentation of organic amendments, faster and more effective control of soilborne pathogens can be achieved. A circular economy may be created by using the residues of a given crop as organic amendments to biosolarize fields that produce that crop, which is termed circular soil biosolarization (CSBS). In this study, CSBS was employed by biosolarizing soil with amended tomato pomace (TP) residues and examining its impact on tomato cropping under conditions of abiotic stresses, specifically high salinity and nitrogen deficiency. The results showed that in the absence of abiotic stress, CSBS can benefit plant physiological performance, growth and yield relative to SS. Moreover, CSBS significantly mitigated the impacts of abiotic stress conditions. The results also showed that CSBS impacted the soil microbiome and plant metabolome. Mycoplana and Kaistobacter genera were found to be positively correlated with benefits to tomato plants health under abiotic stress conditions. Conversely, the relative abundance of the orders RB41, MND1, and the family Ellin6075 and were negatively correlated with tomato plants health. Moreover, several metabolites were significantly affected in plants grown in SS- and CSBS-treated soils under abiotic stress conditions. The metabolite xylonic acid isomer was found to be significantly negatively correlated with tomato plants health performance across all treatments. These findings improve understanding of the interactions between CSBS, soil ecology, and crop physiology under abiotic stress conditions.
... In practice, fresh chicken manure and olive pomace have been shown to improve the yield and the mean fruit weight of the crop plants in strawberry treated with the biosolarization process (Domínguez et al., 2014). Prior work has demonstrated that white wine grape pomace and tomato pomace, used as amendments in the SBS process, could inactivate weed seeds and microbial pathogens by inducing changes in the soil's temperature and pH (Achmon et al., 2016). ...
... The system was set to two different relevant mixtures of FW with soil where the FW concentration was 0.5 and 2 %wt, which could be relevant for agricultural application as used with different studies of SBS (Achmon et al., 2016Hestmark et al., 2019). The system ran for four weeks, a time frame that is sufficient to simulate an effective biosolarization process (Domínguez et al., 2014). During the four weeks of simulation, the different systems (bioreactors) were tested for changes in VS and in pH (supplement S2). ...
Organic food-waste is an ever growing environmental, economic, and social problem. One way to address this problem is to find new ways to valorise food waste in a circular economical manner. In this study, the concept of separating food from waste at its source in eateries was applied to obtain separated fish waste residues from the general waste of our university's canteen. This study is the first known attempt to use separated fish residues as soil amendments for soil biosolarization (SBS), a soil treatment method which is an environment-friendly alternative to chemical fumigation of soil. In this study a unique laboratory simulation system was used which mimics the conditions of field temperature, monitors the soil respiration and the follows the temporal profile of emitted volatile organic compounds. The fish waste residues were used as soil amendment in 2% wt. and the results showed elevated levels of aerobic soil respiration without unwanted CH4 emission. A different profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was also identified in the soils treated with fish residues. The profile of volatiles found in the soil with fish residues included changes in the amounts of compounds such as: Dimethylsulfide, Methanethiol and C9-aldehydes that have been found to supress soilborne plant pathogens. This is the first indication that VOCs can be used as indicators for the SBS process. Greenhouse studies and analyses of soils treated by fish residues showed no soil residual phytotoxicity affecting later growth of lettuce seedlings while not hindering the herbicidal effect of SBS on unwanted Bidens (Bidens pilosa) weeds. These results indicate that fish waste residues can be used as a soil amendment in the SBS process.
... Poaceae), broadleaf thistles (Asteraceae), mustards (Brassicaceae), fiddleneck (Boraginaceae), warm-season monocots (Poaceae, Cyperaceae), broadleaf thistles (Asteraceae), amaranths (Amaranthaceae), morning glory (Convolvulaceae), and caltrop (Zygophyllaceae).Domínguez et al. (2014) reported that during 10 yr of experimentation with biosolarization with fresh chicken manure in strawberry production, there was year-by-year improvement in suppression of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), annual bluegrass (Poa annua), and Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) compared to standard chemical fumigants. A field study from ...
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a pre-plant soil modification method in which soil is amended with easily degradable organic matter followed by saturation with water and covering with plastic sheeting for several weeks to create anaerobic conditions. This process promotes stale seedbed conditions and encourages seed germination. In time, changes in soil physical, chemical, and biological conditions kill the weed seeds and seedlings. Anaerobic soil disinfestation has been used to suppress soilborne plant pathogens. Studies indicate that ASD can contribute to weed management in production systems where pesticides are not permitted or are economically prohibitive. Although most available literature focuses on plant pathogens, in this review we have consolidated the information on the efficacy of ASD for weed management, using examples from widely distributed weed species. We also pose a potential mechanism of action for weed seed mortality due to ASD treatment. Potential areas of research for refinement and validation of ASD for weed management for its broader adaptability have also been described. Finally, we elaborate on the potential of cover crop incorporation in ASD for weed management in specialty crops.
... Strawberry is a fruit crop of high economic value, with an annual production of 1,300,000 t [1] and a positive trend in production, cultivated surface, and consumption [2] in the European Union. In intensive strawberry production, repeated planting in the same site is a common practice worldwide [3][4][5][6]; however, prolonged monoculture is often the cause of plant disorders, such as stunted development, weak root system, and marketable yield reduction [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Such disorders are associated to the so-called 'soil sickness' syndrome, whose mechanisms are complex and not fully elucidated so far. ...
... In both years, LA and DW increased during the growing season and resulted to be highly correlated to each other in all the treatment plots (r ≥ 0.90, Figure 2a,b). Soil pre-planting treatments significantly affected plant growth in both years (Table 1). is a well-known phenomenon in strawberry replanting conditions when no soil disinfection treatments are implemented [3,8,9,14,50]. In our trial conditions, at the final sampling date (1 May 2019), the whole plant DW in the UNTREAT plots was only 36%, 41% and 64% of plant DW in the STANDARD, ASD and BIOFUM treatment plots, respectively. ...
In intensive strawberry production, monoculture is a common practice worldwide; however, prolonged replanting can cause plant disorders and jeopardize profitable cultivation of this highly valuable crop. To mitigate replanting problems, the strawberry industry is still highly dependent on chemical fumigation. Given the increasing regulatory restrictions and concerns about human and environmental risks from fumigants use, there is a growing interest in the adoption of effective, non-chemical alternatives. Two non-chemical soil fumigation practices, i.e., anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and bio-fumigation with biocide plants (BIOFUM), were tested against chemical fumigation by chloropicrin + 1,3-dichloropropene mixture (STANDARD) and untreated (UNTREAT) control in a 2-year trial established in a commercial strawberry farm in Southern Italy (40°25’ N, 16°42′ E). Overall, the alternative practices provided consistently better results than UNTREAT; whereas, compared to STANDARD, their performance was significantly different in the two years: in 2018/19 season the alternative practices registered a 20% (ASD) and 39% (BIOFUM) marketable yield loss compared to STANDARD, while in the 2019/20 season yield differences were not significant. Although both practices appear promising as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fumigation, in this short-term trial ASD performed better than BIOFUM both in terms of yield and fruit size, resulting in a more advanced stage for practical adoption.
... Soil amendments help overcome the limitations that arise from only solarization methods, such as long treatment times, survival of pathogens in deeper soil layers, and weather dependency regarding heating, by creating a reductive environment and producing biocidals through microbial activity under low oxygen conditions (Blok et al., 2000;Ros et al., 2008;Patel et al., 2014). This biocidal activity can be traced back to the degradation of organic material and the formation of ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, organic acids, hydrogen sulfide, aldehydes, and ketones (Angus et al., 1994;Sarwar et al., 1998;Domínguez et al., 2014;Shea et al., 2021). Several studies positively correlated the potential efficacy of SBS with the stability degree of the amendments originating from wheat bran, green waste compost, or tomato processing residues (Simmons et al., 2013;Achmon et al., 2017;Fernández-Bayo et al., 2017. ...
... Several studies positively correlated the potential efficacy of SBS with the stability degree of the amendments originating from wheat bran, green waste compost, or tomato processing residues (Simmons et al., 2013;Achmon et al., 2017;Fernández-Bayo et al., 2017. In addition to a decreased mortality in crops, such as strawberry (Domínguez et al., 2014), SBS was shown to positively impact crop yields and soil health. Particularly, SBS with manure, olive pomace, or beet vinasse as organic amendment showed a significant increase of strawberry and tomato yields (Domínguez et al., 2014;Díaz-Hernández et al., 2017). ...
... In addition to a decreased mortality in crops, such as strawberry (Domínguez et al., 2014), SBS was shown to positively impact crop yields and soil health. Particularly, SBS with manure, olive pomace, or beet vinasse as organic amendment showed a significant increase of strawberry and tomato yields (Domínguez et al., 2014;Díaz-Hernández et al., 2017). Furthermore, SBS with energy crops and digestates increased phosphate, potassium, and inorganic nitrogen amounts (Pognani et al., 2009;Fernández-Bayo et al., 2017). ...
Insect farming has the potential to transform abundant residual biomass into feed that is compatible with non-ruminant animal production systems. However, insect cultivation generates its own by-products. There is a need to find valuable and sustainable applications for this material to enable commercial-scale insect farming. Soil application of by-products, which may be either basic broadcasting incorporation or part of a sustainable soil borne pest management practice, such as biosolarization, could offer an agricultural outlet. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of applying black soldier fly larvae (BSFL)-digested substrate as soil amendment for soil biosolarization and evaluate its impact on soil health. Sandy loam (SL) and sandy clay loam (CL) soils amended with BSFL-digested almond processing residues, i.e., spent pollinator hulls (SPH), at 2% dry weight (dw) were incubated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 15 days under a daily fluctuating temperature-interval (30–50°C). The microbial respiration, pH, electrical conductivity, volatile fatty acids, macronutrients, and germination index using radish seeds ( Raphanus sativus L.) were quantified to assess the soil health after amendment application. Incubation showed a statistically significant ( p < 0.05) increase in electrical conductivity related to amendment addition and a decrease potentially linked to microbiological activity, i.e., sequestering of ions. Under aerobic conditions, SPH addition increased the CO 2 -accumulation by a factor of 5–6 compared to the non-amended soils in SL and CL, respectively. This increase further suggests a higher microbiological activity and that SPH behaves like a partially stabilized organic material. Under anaerobic conditions, CO 2 -development remained unchanged. BSFL-digested residues significantly increased the carbon, nitrogen, C/N, phosphate, ammonium, and potassium in the two soil types, replenishing soils with essential macronutrients. However, greenhouse trials with lettuce seeds ( Lactuca sativa ) lasting 14 days resulted in a decrease of the biomass by 44.6 ± 35.4 and 35.2 ± 25.3% for SL and CL, respectively, compared to their respective non-amended soil samples. This reduction of the biomass resulted from residual phytotoxic compounds, indicating that BSFL-digested SPH have the potential to be used for biosolarization and as soil amendments, depending on the concentration and mitigation strategies. Application and environmental conditions must be carefully selected to minimize the persistence of soil phytotoxicity.
... The availability and cost of these byproducts varies by region within the United States, depending on local agricultural industries. Agricultural byproducts commonly studied as ASD carbon sources include brans (Yossen et al., 2008;Momma et al., 2010;Shennan et al., 2018;Testen and Miller, 2019), seed meals (Shennan et al., 2018), molasses and molasses products (Butler et al., 2012a;McCarty et al., 2014), ethanol (Momma et al., 2010;Hewavitharana et al., 2014;Testen and Miller, 2018), crop residues (Blok et al., 2000;Messiha et al., 2007), pomaces (Domínguez et al., 2014;Achmon et al., 2016;Serrano-Pérez et al., 2017), poultry litter (Butler et al., 2012a), manures (Núñez-Zofío et al., 2011;López-Robles et al., 2013;Hewavitharana et al., 2014;Khadka et al., 2020), and high protein, fermented products (Ludeking et al., 2011;van Overbeek et al., 2014). Cover crops have potential as ASD carbon sources because they can be produced in situ and can be used to supplement agricultural byproducts as ASD amendments. ...
Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a viable option for disease management in tomato production and reduces damage due to a soilborne disease complex consisting of Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Colletotrichum coccodes, Verticillium dahliae , and Meloidogyne spp. There are plentiful options for ASD carbon sources using byproducts of Midwestern United States agriculture or cover crops, yet these carbon sources have not been evaluated for use in Midwestern settings. Low (10.1 Mg/ha) and high (20.2 Mg/ha) rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, wheat bran, and dry sweet whey were evaluated as ASD carbon sources in growth chamber and greenhouse bioassays. Cover crops including buckwheat, cowpea, crimson clover, mustard, oilseed radish, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, and winter rye were evaluated in similar bioassays with one amendment rate (20.2 Mg/ha). Reducing conditions developed in soils regardless of carbon source or rate. Use of high rates of corn gluten meal, distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat bran led to the lowest levels of root rot severity compared to non-treated controls. The higher rate of any byproduct carbon source was always more effective than the lower rate in reducing root rot severity. Use of both rates of soybean meal or corn gluten meal and the high rate of distillers dried grains or dry sweet whey led to significant increases in dry root and shoot biomass compared to controls. For cover crops, ASD with crimson clover, sorghum-sudangrass, white clover, or winter rye amendments reduced root rot severity relative to the aerobic control, but not relative to the anaerobic control. Use of cover crops did not significantly impact plant biomass. A subset of three ASD carbon sources [distillers dried grains, soybean meal, and wheat middlings (midds), all 20.2 Mg/ha] were evaluated in five on-farm ASD trials in high tunnels. Soil temperatures were low during the application period, limiting treatment efficacy. Reducing conditions developed in all soils during ASD treatment, and a moderate but significant reduction in root rot severity was observed following ASD with the soybean meal or wheat midds compared to ASD with distillers dried grains. Tomato yield was not significantly affected by ASD treatment.
