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... It is very prevalent in the Middle East, South America, Africa and in Asia particularly in regions where water infrastructure is under developed [11] and despite its prevalence it is one of "neglected" tropical diseases [21]. Though not instantaneously fatal, schistosomiasis can cause complications in the urinary system and in the liver and it can also damage the brain and cause cancer of the bladder at advanced stages if it persists without an effective treatment [15,1]. People get infected when they come into contact with the cercariae or parasitic larvae released by infected water snails into fresh water bodies, mostly, during their routing recreational, domestic, agricultural activities in these water bodies [23]. ...
... People get infected when they come into contact with the cercariae or parasitic larvae released by infected water snails into fresh water bodies, mostly, during their routing recreational, domestic, agricultural activities in these water bodies [23]. There are many species of the parasitic trematode worms that causes schistomiasis and among which the schistosoma mansoni, schistosoma japonicum and the schistosoma haematobium are the most prevalent in Africa [15]. These parasitic worms have a very complicated life cycle that makes the snail fever a very difficult tropical disease to tackle despite the many allocations of resources dedicated to fighting the disease. ...
... Within the snail host, the parasites reproduce and this time assexually and develop into free living organisms or cercariae which are also released by the intermediate host back into these waters. From a single egg hatched that penetrates snails, as many as 100000 cercariae is able to develop and are able to penetrate a human host and grow to maturity [15,26,28]. ...
Following some successes recorded in recent clinical trials of vaccine in mice and rodentsof a Schistosomiases also known as the snail fever, we present in this work a mathematicalmodel to assess the potential impact of vaccine discovery on the spread of the disease incommunities around the Volta lake in Ghana, West Africa. We present also the efficacy ofa hybrid method that involves the combination of vaccine administration and an age oldpractice of controlling the population in schistosomiasis prone areas as a control strategyagainst the disease.
... The idea of autonomous entities within a manufacturing network goes back to Astrm and Koinoda et al. [2,16]: Equipped with microcontrollers, sensors and network interfaces an entity has the necessary requirements to become smart. Able to asses their on situation via sensory data, they can process information on their own and coordinate with each other by means of communication. ...
Smart factories are an appealing vision, addressing ever increasing challenges in industry. Driven by advances in microcontroller, sensor and networking technologies, all entities, such as machines, products, load carriers, within a smart factory could become intelligent and able to assess their own situation and to attain their own goals successfully. However, local decision may exacerbate achieving global logistics performance due to the entities intrinsic selfishness. In this paper, we explore the trade-off between local decision-making and global performance management and derive first guidelines for the situation-specific design of a distributed control authority for smart factories.
... Concerning the evolutionary adaptations for swimming, there was a dramatic difference between African and Eurasian temperate regions, for instance, the existence versus the lack of crocodiles and of the less important Hippopotamus amphibius (Dunham et al., 2010). Of additional great important may be the various other common African aquatic pests such as Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia (Jordan & Rosenfield, 1983), Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) (Cairncross et al., 2002), and Elephantiasis and Loa (river blindness) (Cox, 2002) to mention just the famous ones. In the Old World, crocodiles are not found in latitudes higher than 35˚ (Martin, 2008) and there are no other common freshwater predators as dangerous to humans as crocodiles in latitudes higher than 35˚. ...
Top achievements in modern sports are not distributed evenly among humans of various origins. Athletes of African origin dominate several fields of athletics, especially short- and long-distance running, which differ in their physiological and muscle structure characters and requirements. This contrasts dramatically with their near absence from the group of leading swimmers at all distances. The conspicuous absence of world-class swimmers of African origin cannot be explained by current or recent social aspects or by the history of their discrimination, and therefore deserves an alternative explanation. I propose that the conspicuous weakness of athletes of African origin in swimming is related to their evolution in the natural African environment with the probable inherited and a certain biological and/or cultural fear of predation by crocodiles and of infection by various pathogens and parasites. Members of the genus Homo that emigrated from Africa during the last 1.8 million years or have evolved outside Africa had sufficient time to get rid of the biological and/or cultural fear of swimming directly, or by gene exchange with contemporary groups that left Africa long ago and had adapted to safer water habitats. The release from the fear of crocodiles, pathogens and parasites at higher latitudes must have influenced other aspects of environmental exploitation of aquatic habitats by various hominin types, an issue outside the scope of his assay.
... Most countries that achieved long-term control of schistosomiasis experienced important socioeconomic changes resulting in improved living conditions. Important long term and sustainable achievements in schistosomiasis control occurred in Japan, Egypt, Brazil and China, all of which have a relatively a relatively high gross national product per capita compared to other countries where schistosomiasis is still endemic (Yokogawa 1976;Jordan & Rosenfield 1983;Leonardo et al. 2002;Utzinger et al. 2005;Brooker et al. 2008). ...
To examine the role of socioeconomic situation in influencing the risk and intensity of infection with Schistosomiasis mansoni.
Cross-sectional study in Walukuba Division bordering Lake Victoria, Jinja District. We assessed a random sample of 463 individuals aged 10-20 years for Schistosoma mansoni infection, water contact behaviour and treatment status with praziquantel as of the last mass treatment. Socioeconomic conditions of the participants' households were assessed by calculating a wealth index (based on type of housing and ownership of assets). Households were classified in four classes; multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of being infected with schistosomiasis. Intensities of infection with S. mansoni were compared across the classes of wealth index.
Wealth index emerged a risk factor for infection with S. mansoni after controlling for water contact and treatment with praziquantel. The adjusted odds ratio of being infected for the lowest level of wealth index compared to the highest was 10.42 (95% CI 3.38-32.36 P < 0.001). The intensity of infection decreased with wealth index Linearity F-ratio 13.91, 1 df, P < 0.001). The geometric egg count for those in the lowest wealth index was 230 (95% CI 199-279) compared to 114 (95% CI 80-162) for the highest wealth index.
In addition to mass treatment with praziquantel, improving the socio-economic conditions of the population should be given priority.
... In Egypt also, the snail control measures and its integration with chemotherapy in El-Fayoum project were highly effective in the control of both prevalence and intensity of infection (Ayad, 1976;Mousa, 1976;Willmott, 1987). In Puerto Rico, Tanzania (Jordan and Rosenfield, 1983) and Zambia (Shehata et al., 1998) molluscicidal control and chemotherapy were successful with environmental management and health education to overcome the disease to great extent. Slootweg et al. (1994) stated that if fish are to be used in snail control, it should be limited to permanent habitats and in combination with other control measure. ...
he effects of biological and chemical control methods of the snails Biomphalaria alexandrina, Planorbis planorbis, Physa acuta and Lymnaea natalensis as well as the consecutive effect of both methods were studied under laboratory and semi-field conditions. The plant (Euphorbia paralis) or the fish (black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus or grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella) were used as bio-control agents, while niclosamide or copper sulphate were used as chemical agents against the tested snails. The lab study indicated that the average number of consumed snails exposed to the sublethal concentration of the plant (LC 10 against B. alexandrina) followed by adding the fish Mylopharyngodon piceus was significantly higher than the number of snails exposed only to the same concentration of the plant and slightly higher than the number of snails eaten by the fish alone. Moreover, the average number of dead snails exposed to the sublethal concentration of niclosamide or copper sulphate was much significantly lower than the number of snails consumed by the consecutive application of any of them followed by adding the fish M. piceus or eaten by the same fish alone. However, the semi-field experiments showed that the total numbers of harmed snail species under investigation by using two consecutive methods of control were two or three times greater than the numbers of snails exposed to only one method. The obtained results support the concept of utilizing the integrated approach of controlling snails.
... Por ser transmitida através de coleções de água doce, entre diversos outros fatores, a sua ocorrência pode ser potencializada, tanto pela expansão espacial resultante dos movimentos populacionais, quanto pela construção de barragens e o aproveitamento das mesmas para obras subseqüentes, como irrigação. O impacto da introdução de perímetros irrigados na ocorrência da esquistossomose vem sendo referido principalmente na literatura africana (Amin, 1976;Huang & Manderson, 1992;Jordan & Rosenfield, 1983;Mobarak, 1982;Souza, 1996). A maioria desses estudos foi realizada em países localizados na África subsaariana, como dentre outros, o Sudão e a Etiópia, os quais constataram, de forma enfática, a associação entre a introdução da irrigação e o aparecimento ou aumento das taxas de prevalência pela esquistossomose mansônica ou hematóbica. ...
Studies in African countries have shown an association between irrigation projects and the spread of schistosomiasis mansoni and haematobium. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association between irrigation levels and the occurrence and spread of Schistosoma mansoni infection in the State of Bahia. Two forms of irrigation were developed in the State of Bahia: the first is capital-intensive and mechanized, requiring little manual labor. The second is labor-intensive and characterized by limited mechanization. According to the study, the municipalities with the largest irrigated areas are not the ones with the highest S. mansoni infection rates. In most of these counties, irrigation is capital- and technology intensive. According to the findings, unlike Africa, in the State of Bahia irrigation has had little impact on the spatial profile of the schistosomiasis endemic.
... Por ser transmitida através de coleções de água doce, entre diversos outros fatores, a sua ocorrência pode ser potencializada, tanto pela expansão espacial resultante dos movimentos populacionais, quanto pela construção de barragens e o aproveitamento das mesmas para obras subseqüentes, como irrigação. O impacto da introdução de perímetros irrigados na ocorrência da esquistossomose vem sendo referido principalmente na literatura africana (Amin, 1976;Huang & Manderson, 1992;Jordan & Rosenfield, 1983;Mobarak, 1982;Souza, 1996). A maioria desses estudos foi realizada em países localizados na África subsaariana, como dentre outros, o Sudão e a Etiópia, os quais constataram, de forma enfática, a associação entre a introdução da irrigação e o aparecimento ou aumento das taxas de prevalência pela esquistossomose mansônica ou hematóbica. ...
Estudos na África, de forma enfática, têm mostrado a associação entre a implantação de perímetros de irrigação e o aumento ou expansão da ocorrência esquistossomose mansônica ou hematóbica. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre a prática de irrigação no território do Estado da Bahia e a ocorrência e a difusão da infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni. O desenvolvimento da irrigação no Estado da Bahia assume duas formas: a primeira é intensiva em capital e mecanizada, voltada para produção agrícola de exportação e necessitando de pouca mão-de-obra. Na segunda forma, caracteriza-se pelo baixo grau de mecanização e utilização intensiva de mão-de-obra. O estudo mostrou que os municípios com as maiores áreas irrigadas não são aqueles que registram as mais altas taxas de prevalência da infecção. Na maior parte desses municípios a irrigação é intensiva em termos de capital e tecnologia. Os achados concluem que diferentemente do observado na África, no Estado da Bahia, a irrigação tem tido pequena influência na definição do perfil espacial da endemia.
... Among thèse, immunization is an attractive alternative. It has been reported that a small number of oocysts administered as a primary infection are capable of producing immunity in b : rds and protect them against repeated exposure to challenge infection (Long, 1984). Thèse oocyst suspensions are inoculated onto feed or into thé drinking water at "/-14 days of âge. ...
The present project was designed to detect the stress following vaccination (Eimeria vaccine) against coccidiosis in broilers and its management by using multivitamins and aspirin. The parameters studied were heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, total serum protein, serum glucose and serum cholesterol estimation, for three consecutive post vaccination days. At the end of experiment, on 42nd day, adrenal gland/body weight ratio and histopathology of adrenal gland was performed to assess any change. The results showed no statistically significant differenc among difference groups. However, the group that was given multivitamins showed maximum weight gain and minimum stress, while the aspirin therapy did not show any significant difference.
... According to Richards, cited by McDonald (1988), warfarin takes up to five or six days of feeding to kill but the second generation substances take only two days. Gibson (1989) considered that death occurs 3-10 days after ingestion with signs apparent after 24 hours. However, continued feeding is required for the bait to be effective and so it is assumed that the period of pain and distress is shorter than the duration between first ingestion and death. ...
... However, R Johnson (personal communication 1993) did not consider that they were suitable for use on farms (which are the bulk of the UK market) due to the time-consuming nature of their use. Gibson (1989) recently reviewed alternative techniques such as the use of pheromones to disrupt mating or the use of ultrasonic cues to cause desertion of litters, but none are sufficiently developed to be a realistic option in the near future. It is important that research into humane methods of rodent control is pursued because some widely used rodenticides are likely to cause severe pain and distress. ...
As part of a study into the effects of human activities on the welfare of free-living wildlife, the relative scale and severity of welfare problems in wild mammals and birds in Europe were investigated. Major cases were described and compared in terms of the nature and level of harm (pain, stress and fear) they cause, the duration of these effects and the number of individuals affected. The use of anticoagulant rodenticides, myxomatosis in rabbits, the poisoning of wildfowl by ingested lead shot, the contamination of seabirds with fuel oil, the effects of shooting, injuries due to collisions with road traffic and predation by domestic cats all severely compromise the welfare of large numbers of animals. Practical approaches to the alleviation and prevention of some of these welfare problems are discussed. We suggest that in assessing the environmental impact of new developments and technologies prior to their implementation, possible consequences to wildlife welfare should always be considered.
