Fig 9 - uploaded by Mahmoud Al-Quzwini
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... Installations in several different types of sites require the use of an elevated work vehicle, or doing as much work as possible on the ground and then moving it to the pole. This process is very inconvenient for ISPs (Internet Service Providers) who need fast connections or who need to maintain the Internet in a residential area [9]. ...
FTTH (Fibre to the Home) uses a fusion splice field-assembled optical connector. The fusion splice field-assembled optical connector is connected and assembled using a generic fibre fusion splicer. However, general purpose fusion splicers make the device difficult to operate in the installation field because the fusion splicer is too large and heavy to handle. As a result, the fibre optic splice often breaks during the optical connector assembly process. This makes it difficult to apply fusion-spliced optical connectors in the FTTH field. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a fusion splicer for FTTH that can perform fusion splicing using a wing-type sleeve optical connector. The proposed fusion splicer, with a connection module with a lifting/lowering function, is implemented to connect and protect the wing-type sleeve field-assembled optical connector. In addition, by eliminating the tube heater used as a connection protection method in the existing fusion splicer, the power module is reduced. The developed fusion splicer was evaluated for assembly reliability through splice loss measurements and a comparison of assembling time with the existing fusion splicer.
... Faster Internet access, security, and the ability to make calls while browsing the Internet are just a few of the benefits. While distance, fragility, low power, higher access rates than dial-up, and lack of connectivity in remote areas are disadvantages (Al-Quzwini, 2014). ...
Studies have shown that the majority of the global population are migrating from rural to urban areas. People are leaving rural areas due to poor services such as poor broadband service. Fibre optic technology has been introduced as a solution to poor broadband quality. However, as a result of the peculiar characteristics of South Africa's rural areas, the majority of the telecommunication operators are hesitant to invest in ICT in rural areas because it tends to be much less profitable. Hence, the study of how cost-effective it would be to deploy a fibre optic network in rural areas as compared to the current wireless (LTE) network remains an open issue. This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of deploying a fibre optic network in the rural area of Mdantsane township, by analysing the installation and operation costs of fibre optic networks in comparison to the cost of wireless (LTE) networks. The finding of the study amongst others showed that while fibre optic networks seem to be great, however, they come at a cost. The cost of drilling and trenching associated with the deployment of fibre optic networks was reported as the key reason why the network deployment is costly. Hence, reducing the cost of drilling and trenching would reduce the cost significantly. The study suggests that, to lower fibre optic deployment costs, network operators should collaborate and share costs through a customised pricing model that benefits both the operators and rural internet users. RESUMO Estudos têm mostrado que a maioria da população global está migrando de áreas rurais para áreas urbanas. As pessoas estão deixando as áreas rurais devido a serviços precários, como serviço de banda larga precário. A tecnologia de fibra óptica foi introduzida como uma solução para a baixa qualidade de banda larga. No entanto, devido às características peculiares das zonas rurais da África do Sul, a maioria dos operadores de telecomunicações hesita em investir em TIC nas zonas rurais porque tende a ser muito menos rentável. Portanto, o estudo de quão econômico seria implantar uma rede de fibra óptica em áreas rurais em comparação com a rede sem fio atual (LTE) permanece uma questão em aberto. Este estudo investiga o custo-benefício da implantação de uma rede de fibra óptica na área rural do município de Mdantsane, analisando os custos de instalação e operação de redes de fibra óptica em comparação com o custo de redes sem fio (LTE). A descoberta do estudo, entre outros, mostrou que, embora as redes de fibra óptica pareçam ótimas, elas têm um custo. O custo de perfuração e abertura de valas associado à implantação de redes de fibra óptica foi relatado como a principal razão pela qual a implantação da rede é cara. Portanto, reduzir o custo de perfuração e abertura de valas reduziria o custo significativamente. O estudo sugere que, para diminuir os custos de implantação da fibra óptica, as operadoras de rede devem colaborar e compartilhar custos por meio de um modelo de precificação customizado que beneficie tanto as operadoras quanto os usuários rurais de internet. Palavras-chave: Fibra óptica, Desdobramento, Desenvolvimento, Banda Larga, Rede.
... Faster Internet access, security, and the ability to make calls while browsing the Internet are just a few of the benefits. While distance, fragility, low power, higher access rates than dial-up, and lack of connectivity in remote areas are disadvantages (Al-Quzwini, 2014). ...
Studies have shown that the majority of the global population are migrating from rural to urban areas. People are leaving rural areas due to poor services such as poor broadband service. Fibre optic technology has been introduced as a solution to poor broadband quality. However, as a result of the peculiar characteristics of South Africa's rural areas, the majority of the telecommunication operators are hesitant to invest in ICT in rural areas because it tends to be much less profitable. Hence, the study of how cost-effective it would be to deploy a fibre optic network in rural areas as compared to the current wireless (LTE) network remains an open issue. This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of deploying a fibre optic network in the rural area of Mdantsane township, by analysing the installation and operation costs of fibre optic networks in comparison to the cost of wireless (LTE) networks. The finding of the study amongst others showed that while fibre optic networks seem to be great, however, they come at a cost. The cost of drilling and trenching associated with the deployment of fibre optic networks was reported as the key reason why the network deployment is costly. Hence, reducing the cost of drilling and trenching would reduce the cost significantly. The study suggests that, to lower fibre optic deployment costs, network operators should collaborate and share costs through a customised pricing model that benefits both the operators and rural internet users.
... In recent years, the ever-increasing growth of internet traffic and multimedia services pushed telecommunication operators to propose a convenient way to deliver the huge amount of data all the way to user's home through a next generation access technology called fiber to the home (FTTH). This technology has been introduced in the local loop, by taking credit of optical fiber multiple advantages [1,2]. ...
... Beyond the flow of goals, the home network should be simple for the user (installation, connection of equipment, maintenance ...) and guarantee coverage in very high speed around the houses. This need insist flow in one hand and one or other of the OTDM and WDM technologies as shown authors [2][3][4] can fill the number of subscribers that can connect to the same on the other fiber. Beyond the flow of goals, the home network should be simple for the user (installation, connection of equipment, maintenance,) and guarantee coverage in very high speed around the houses. ...
... Beyond the flow of goals, the home network should be simple for the user (installation, connection of equipment, maintenance,) and guarantee coverage in very high speed around the houses. This need insist flow in one hand and one or other of the OTDM and WDM technologies as shown authors [2][3][4] can fill the number of subscribers that can connect to the same on the other fiber. Beyond the flow of goals, the home network should be simple for the user (installation, connection of equipment, maintenance,) and guarantee coverage in very high speed around the houses. ...
... Beyond the flow of goals, the home network should be simple for the user (installation, connection of equipment, maintenance,) and guarantee coverage in very high speed around the houses. This need insist flow in one hand and one or other of the OTDM and WDM technologies as shown authors [2][3][4][5] can fill the number of subscribers that can connect to the same on the other fiber. ...
In this paper, we analyze the performance of a FTTH system using multiplexing hybribe OTDM / WDM we compare to FTTH systems using multiplexing OTDM and WDM. It appears from the studies that despite a good bit rate error that OTDM and better quality factor that also have the WDM, the hybrid multiplexer which is a combination of the two multiplexing has a quality factor and a lot bit error rate more better. Another advantage is observed that the hybrid multiplexing not only to share the fiber and increase bandwidth but also to increase the number of subscribers per fiber.
... The main branch of optical transmission systems is the Fiberto-the-X (FTT-X), which are used in optical access networks Al-Quzwini [1] . The FTT-X networks are valid for a wide range of applications as Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH), Fiber-to-the-Business (FTTB), and Fiber-to-the-Office (FTTO). ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: TE/TM pass filters optical multiplexer fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) double-loaded-on-ridge plasmonic materials extinction ratio insertion loss In this paper, TE/TM pass filters are introduced as a dual optical multiplexer in the fiber-to-the home (FTTH) uplink transmission. The architecture is implemented at 1330 nm wavelength, with a double-loaded-on-ridge structure. In the TE pass filter, TM mode couples with plasmonic mode while TE mode is guided through the core with low losses due to the effect of the two plasmonic materials. The TM mode is directed through the heart, though, in the TM pass filter. Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), in addition to Titanium Nitride (TiN) are proposed as plasmonic materials in optoelectronics devices. TCOs possess advantages for their transparency, functionality in the NIR region, and its low real permittivity compared to other plasmonic materials. ITO/TiN combination shows better performance than single plasmonic material on the filtration process. At 1330 nm of operating wavelength, the TE-pass filter operates with an extinction ratio of 20.62 dB and an insertion loss of 0.44 dB. Moreover, the TM pass filter performs with an extinction ratio of 20.2 dB and an insertion loss of 0.36 dB. The TE and TM pass filters have a device length of 2.5 and 2 , respectively.
... Optical Fiber / Cable An optical fiber comptises three concentric layers ( Fig.10) [24]: ...
Requirements such as high bandwidth and capacity for high speed internet, High Definition Television “HDTV” and Voice Over Internet Protocol “VOIP”, lead to the proposals for Fibre To Home FTTH Access Network. FTTH based on Giga Passive Optical Network (GPON) technology is one techniques that can provide triple play services at a reasonable cost. It uses only passive equipment except at the central office and the customer premises. Most telecom operators now use FTTH networks based on GPON due to its flexibility in handling extended technologies and services in the future. For a GPON technology, a maximum of 128 uses can be included in a network with maximum reach of 60 km and maximum distance between consecutive optical network terminals of 20 km as per G.984.6 ITU-T specification. GPON uses 2.44 Gbps downstream and 1.24Gbps upstream data transmission.
... Al-Quzwini [79] reviewed FTTH network component requirement and their contributions in the network architecture. It also presented the design and implementation of type B protected GPON based FTTH network for 1000 users and validated the deign using optical power limits for random locations. ...
Next generation wireless networks are the need of the hour with reliable, high bandwidth, low Bit Error Rate (BER), high Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), large network capacity, etc. for a paradigm shift to all optical networks from the prevailing conventional electro optic network due to the various benefits of optical links such as enormous bandwidth and extremely low losses. This paper presents a primitive overview of the foregoing technologies and then move on to encapsulating the contemporary techniques to enhance the system performance. For this, preceding limitation and their respective improvement measures from literature of fiber communication and its integration with the next generation networks mainly based upon Radio over Fiber (RoF), Fiber to the Home (FTTH) and Free Space Optics (FSO) are discussed. The advancement in the domain of optical wireless communication utilizing various methodologies is summarized. Finally, we conclude by incorporating various cost reduction methodologies developed which may further be explored to make next generation networks more promising.
... In the telecommunication industry, the DSL technology via twisted-pair copper cables plays a vital role as an infrastructure for high-speed Internet access as well as for worldwide information technology connectivity, especially for suburban areas. This is because of copper cabling is cheaper compared to fiber and can offer fiber to the home (FTTH)-like speeds of data transmission rate [1][2][3]. The standardization work on DSL technology was initiated by the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) Study Group 15 (SG15) in 1998. ...
An ultrafast digital subscriber line (DSL) technology called G.fast is important for ultrafast broadband Internet access services. In G.fast, the existing cable bundles installed for 250 m from the distribution point to the customer’s premises are used to support the gigabit data transmission (aggregated 1 Gbit/s) for frequency up to 106 MHz or 212 MHz. Since unshielded cable is used, and the frequency is 12 times higher compared to the very high-speed DSL2 (VDSL2), it is important to investigate the cable performance in terms of insertion loss and crosstalk coupling. In this paper, the impact of cable twisting rate on 10 pairs of unshielded twisted-pair copper cables for a small copper bundle on insertion loss and crosstalk coupling is investigated. A simulation model is developed based on the standard cable installed in Malaysia. The model reliability is validated by comparing the obtained result with the published result in the literature. Besides, the twisting rate of 100 m cable is manipulated by changing its lay size to determine its impact on insertion loss and crosstalk coupling. The results showed that a high twisting rate can reduce the far-end crosstalk but increase both the insertion loss and near-end crosstalk.
... En la tabla 1, se observan los diferentes estándares que componen la tecnología PON [8], [9]. A continuación, se analizan algunos trabajos relacionados con la Planificación de las topologías de redes de acceso FTTH con tecnologías GPON que han de proporcionarse. ...
... A su vez, [9], recoge en las publicaciones de otros autores, dedicados al planeamiento y diseño de redes FTTH, aspectos relacionados con la eficiencia de las redes FTTH, costos de implementación, modelado de la redes FTTH, cambios relacionados con las redes de próxima generación PONs, entre otros aspectos relevantes. La propuesta es una nueva implementación de este tipo de redes FTTH, denominado marcas OLT, con protección de clase B. ...
... Con respecto al ciclo de vida, dentro del proceso de planificación y diseño de la red, hay que prever una adaptación de la infraestructura a las nuevas tecnologías que vayan surgiendo con el tiempo, a fin de no quedar obsoleta con el paso del tiempo. Por consiguiente, los aspectos que plantea este autor guardan mucha relación con los puntos fundamentales antes mencionados, que esbozan [10], [9] , [11], [16] y [17] respectivamente. [12], [13] También establece los elementos de la red FTTH, con respecto a la ubicación de las oficinas centrales (CO) y nodos, cables de alimentación y su configuración. ...
This paper presents the analysis of the planning of the FTTH access network topologies with GPON technologies. Nowadays, Internet, Voice and Data service providers and multimedia applications seek to penetrate the Telecommunications market with more advanced and complex network plans and designs in order to reach a larger number of users as well as expand the range of services they provide. This is where FTTH networks coupled with GPON technology play an important role, as they meet this challenge. In this paper, we present a FTTH network study case with GPON technology which includes a series of scenarios in combination with tree, eye and eye-tree topologies and Home-Run and GPON architectures. In the analysis of the case, parameters related to the Main Conduit and the Network Terminals (TRs) connected to Junction Points (PEs) are considered, among other aspects. The combination of these topologies with their respective architectures would help the network planners to reduce the planning time of this type of networks as well as the investment costs.
