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A way to prepare Poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS) nanocomposite was introduced in the paper. The nanocomposite of PPS/CaCO3 can be prepared by melt mixing process. The dispersion of the CaCO3 nanoparticles in PPS was good when filler content below 5wt %. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and small-angle light
scattering (SALS) results indicated...
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Context 1
... mechanical properties of the PPS/ CaCO 3 nanocomposites were determined by tensile strength and impact strength. The results of mechanical tests are displayed in Fig.5. The tensile strength and impact strength of the PPS nanocomposites increases with the filler content reaching a peak value of about 80MPa and 69KJ/m 2 , respectively, at the filler content of 3wt.%. ...
Citations
... Though the increase of nanocellulose concentration didn't raise the content of cellulose-I at lower concentration, it could cause an increase in cellulose matrix disorder. Nanoparticle can cause the changes of crystallization behavior and crystal structure in the polymer, and the changes are affected by the dispersion (Wang et al. 2006). ...
Cellulose solution and nanocellulose were prepared from corn straw and wheat straw and then used to fabricate an all-cellulose nanocomposites film (ANF). The crystal structure (CS) of ANFs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Cellulose-I and cellulose-II were found to coexist within regenerated cellulose films (RCF) and ANFs. With the change of nanocellulose content, the proportions of cellulose-I and cellulose-II changed. Cellulose transformation was found to depend on the raw material and the preparation method. When cellulose solution was prepared from corn straw that had been extracted, the cellulose type tended to be transformed from cellulose-I to cellulose-II; the proportion of cellulose-I showed a tendency to increase when nanocellulose content exceeded 1.5%. When the dissolved cellulose had been treated by an acid-alkali method, the results did not follow a clear pattern. However, when cellulose solution was prepared from wheat straw, under extraction method, the cellulose type tended to transform from cellulose-I to cellulose-II; under acid-alkali method, cellulose-I did not follow a clear pattern with nanocellulose content. Though the small amount of nanocellulose can’t dominate the content of cellulose-I, it could cause an increase in disorder of the cellulose matrix.
... Therefore, the use of particle fillers to improve the neat polymer's weak properties and cut down final product cost are usual applications. 3,7,13,[18][19][20][21][22][23] Perlite, silica oxides-based volcanic rock which has an acidic character, becomes very light and porous when expanded. When raw perlite is heated to a temperature between 750 and 1200 C, the water explodes in the form of vapour and explodes like a corn, increasing in volume by 5 to 30 times, and becomes very porous and light glass structure. ...
In this study, polyphenylene sulphide was used as a matrix material due to its superior engineering properties. Expanded perlite is formed substantially from silica oxides, and it is a volcanic based and porous structure material. Its low price and low density make it very usable as a filler material. For this reason, expanded perlite reinforced polyphenylene sulphide matrix composites were prepared at various weight ratios (0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt%). Mechanical and tribological characterizations were done with tensile tests, hardness measurements, solid particle erosion, ball on disc, and scratch tests. According to the tensile test results, a synergistic effect was observed in mechanical properties by using perlite as a reinforcing agent. As expected, perlite reinforcement resulted in an increase in the modulus of 54% in composites. As well as tensile strength of the composite increased by approximately 13%. Furthermore, the perlite particle reinforcement improved the adhesion resistance by 73% and the scratch resistance by 30%. On the other hand, especially at low impact angles, perlite particle reinforcement decreased the erosive wear resistance of the pure polyphenylene sulphide polymer by 50%. Furthermore, expanded perlite reinforcement decreased the plastic deformation ability of polyphenylene sulphide. In consequence of this study, it has been found that expanded perlite particles can be used as an alternative filler instead of conventional reinforcing particles.
... Rigid nanoinclusions mainly affect the microstructure of semicrystalline polymers by crazing, cavitation, or particle debonding with consequent deformation bands, micro-void formation, and fibrillation in the matrix [14]. Wang et al. [15] reported a significant increase in impact toughness for PPS/CaCO 3 nanocomposites. They attributed the primary toughening mechanism to matrix cavitation at the filler boundaries with subsequent mass plastic deformation. ...
This research investigates the toughness of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) nanocomposites, based on mechanical characterizations and subsequent microstructural observations. Montmorillonite (MMT) and nano-precipitated calcium carbonate (NPCC) were selected as nano-reinforcing phases. Notched Izod impact test, tensile test as a quasi-static loading, and mode-I fracture toughness test, were conducted to evaluate the toughness. The corresponding fracture surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile test results were linked with the morphologies of corresponding tensile-fractured surfaces. The results indicated that massive fibrillation in PBT/MMT nanocomposites dissipated lower energy relative to the large plastic deformation that was induced in the fracture surface of pure PBT. For PBT/NPCC samples, however, surface roughening mechanism was observed to increase the toughness in the tensile test, as compared to plain PBT. The fracture morphology of compact tension (CT) specimens exhibited a low extent of plastic deformation for pure PBT. However, the crack initiation zone of both nanocomposites showed a fibrillated morphology, leading to the increase of stress intensity factor up to 57% and 45% with the application of MMT and NPCC, respectively, as compared to pure PBT. The crack propagation region was, however, associated with shallow fibrils for MMT and local polymer yielding for NPCC.
... Therefore, using cheap particle fillers to reduce final product cost and to enhance the weak specification of the polymers is a common application. 3,8,14,[19][20][21][22][23][24] Due to the worldwide increasing consumption of seafood and shellfish cultivation, shellfish shells wastes have become an environmental trouble. This problem brings two situations, the first is the decomposition of the organic components. ...
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is commonly used in automobile industry, aeronautics and space electrical–electronic components, and mechanical applications. Mussel shell wastes could be an economical reinforcement alternative for polymer-based composites. Which also gets out the environmental trouble of mussel shell wastes. To examine the effect of mussel shell wastes as reinforcing material, particulate mussel shell wastes were incorporated into the PPS matrix in different mass ratios (0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt%). Materials were characterized with ball on disc, scratch, solid particle erosion, hardness, and tensile tests. According to tensile test results, mussel shell reinforcement has a positive effect on elastic modulus and tensile strength of PPS. Moreover, mussel shell filling increased the adhesive wear resistance of PPS. According to scratch test results, scratch hardness value was increased, and residual penetration depth was decreased by mussel shell reinforcement. Furthermore, adding mussel shells in PPS increased the cutting volume value and the scratch behavior of PPS turn from ductile to brittle. Mussel shell waste supplementation increased solid particle erosion resistance at low particle impact angles but decreased it at right angles and those close to right angles. The erosive wear resistance of the PPS samples increased at 30° impingement angle by mussel shell reinforcement. The plastic deformation ability of PPS was decreased by adding mussel cell. As a result of this study, it is seen that usage of mussel shell wastes could be possible in the PPS matrix as a reinforcement material.
... It was attributed to the formation of a continuous monolayer of hydrophobic alkyl chains on nanoparticles, which promoted a more uniform filler dispersion and matrix-particle debonding, allowing higher energy absorption during the fracture. Wang et al. 40 presented an improvement in the impact strength of PP/CaCO 3 nanocomposites, attributed to a cavitation-induced shear deformation mechanism promoted by CaCO 3 combined with a reduction in the crystallinity of the matrix. Furthermore, from Figure 5, the increase in the MAPP from 0 wt% to 4 wt% resulted in 18.75% increase in the impact strength. ...
This article was focused on the mechanical properties improvement of polypropylene (PP) by optimizing the talc, nanosized calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and maleic anhydride–grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a compatibilizer. For this purpose, Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology was used to obtain the best combination of additives. Based on the Box–Behnken experimental design, three levels for each factor were used; talc (0, 15, and 30 wt%), MAPP (0, 2, and 4 wt%), and CaCO3 (0, 15, and 30 wt%). The talc was found as the major factor affecting the tensile strength and modulus of PP nanocomposites, while CaCO3 was the major factor affecting the impact strength. The optimal composition of additives for maximum mechanical properties was detected to be 30 wt% talc, 16.6 wt% CaCO3, and 4 wt% MAPP. Finally, surface morphology was analyzed in detail using scanning electron microscopy to confirm the obtained results.
... The presence of some aggregation at 10 wt% CaCO 3 (Figure 3(d)) and large clusters with severe agglomerations at 15 wt% CaCO 3 ( Figure 3(e)) are considerable. Generally, it is worth mentioning that at higher nanofiller content the inter-particle distance is relatively negligible, so the agglomeration of nanoparticles can be formed during nanocomposite forming [34]. As a result, weak interactions between nanoparticles and polymer matrixes can be found at higher nanoparticle contents, so this imperfect morphology can negatively influence on the barrier properties of PLA/CaCO 3 nanocomposite films. ...
... Generally, if the crystallization characteristic of polymer changes, its thermo-mechanical properties of polymer can significantly be influenced [34]. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of CaCO 3 nanoparticles on the crystallization behavior of PLA, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used. ...
... This phenomenon can be referred to the formation of two different crystal types during crystallization process [40], and a different pattern of crystallization and thermal stability in PLA/CaCO 3 nanocomposites. Moreover, it is expected that by loading CaCO 3 nanoparticles, an interfacial interaction among the polymer chains and nanofiller surfaces can be formed, which causes to restrict molecular chains into lamella [34]. Accordingly, a higher temperature is needed for melting the obtained crystalline structure. ...
In this study, the effect of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles on the barrier properties and biodegradability of polylactic acid (PLA) was investigated. For this purpose, nanocomposite films with various CaCO3 nanoparticle contents (0, 3, 5, 10, and 15 wt%) were prepared by solution casting method. The gas permeability of nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) was evaluated through a constant volume and variable pressure apparatus at different pressures and temperatures. According to results, barrier properties were improved by loading CaCO3 nanoparticles up to 5 wt%, and the gas permeability of CO2, O2, and N2 was decreased from 1.4, 0.31, and 0.07 Barrer to 0.48, 0.095, and 0.019 Barrer, respectively. In addition, it was also observed that the gas permeability of samples was decreased by increasing feeding pressure and increased by enhancing temperature. Furthermore, morphological results confirmed the formation of agglomerations and large clusters over 5 wt% CaCO3 nanoparticles. Finally, the thermal properties and biodegradability of PLA were increased by employing CaCO3 nanoparticles. These results suggested PLA nanocomposites as favorable candidates for food packaging applications.
... But in this blending method, improving toughness brings degrading mechanical properties, heat resistance, and thermal stability for PPS. For this reason, incorporation of micro-or nano-size fillers, such as inorganic powders is another important method for improving the impact toughness and reduces the cost of PPS[2][3][4][5][6]. Fillers are also used to improve the mechanical properties of polymers such as modulus, strength, and ductility. ...
... Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) has been one of the most commonly used inorganic powders for polymers and effects of the addition of micro-or nano-size CaCO 3 fillers to polymers are well known in the literature[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. PPS is one of these polymers and in the literature there are some studies which investigated nano-sized CaCO 3 reinforced PPS composites[4,5,[22][23][24][25]. Wang et al.[5]prepared PPS/CaCO 3 nanocomposites and investigated the effects of CaCO 3 amount on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. ...
... PPS is one of these polymers and in the literature there are some studies which investigated nano-sized CaCO 3 reinforced PPS composites[4,5,[22][23][24][25]. Wang et al.[5]prepared PPS/CaCO 3 nanocomposites and investigated the effects of CaCO 3 amount on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. They found that CaCO 3 nanoparticles were well dispersed when their content is below 5 wt%. ...
In this study it was aimed to investigate the mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and morphological properties of pumice and calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-filled Poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) composites and compare the effect of these filler materials on the properties of composites. Mechanical test results indicate that %1 pumice and CaCO3 addition increased the tensile strength value of PPS. With the %1 loading level of pumice, tensile strain of composites remained unchanged, but for other loading levels of both fillers, tensile strain of composites decreased. Hardness of composites increased with the addition of pumice to PPS matrix for all loading levels of pumice. The lowest damping factor peak intensity was observed for %1 pumice included composites. Morphological analyses results revealed that pumice particles are clearly embedded in the PPS matrix and covered with matrix. On the other hand, there are a number of microvioids that can be observed in the tensile fracture surfaces of CaCO3-filled composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
... To overcome those deficiencies, considerable research effort has been dedicated to PPS-matrix composites. Modification of PPS with nanoparticles, [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] nanoclay, [17][18][19] and nanotubes [20][21][22][23][24] have undergone rapid development in recent years and showed remarkable reinforcing effects on the mechanical, thermal, and wear properties. ...
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were prepared using a melt-blending procedure combining twin-screw extrusion with centrifugal premixing. A homogeneous dispersion of MWCNTs throughout the matrix was revealed by scanning electron microscopy for the nanocomposites with MWCNT contents ranging from 0.5 to 8.0 wt %. The mechanical properties of PPS were markedly enhanced by the incorporation of MWCNTs. Halpin-Tsai equations, modified with an efficiency factor, were used to model the elastic properties of the nanocomposites. The calculated modulus showed good agreement with the experimental data. The presence of the MWCNTs exhibited both promotion and retardation effects on the crystallization of PPS. The competition between these two effects results in an unusual change of the degree of crystallinity with increasing MWCNT content. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
... PPS has high melting point (285-295 • C), high degradation temperature (>450 • C) and good mechanical properties [11]. Owing to these properties, PPS has been reinforced with several types of fillers like carbon nanotube (CNT) [12,13], expanded graphite [14], CaCO 3 [15], Clay [16], TiO 2 [17], Al 2 O 3 [18], and CuO [19] for various applications. For example, addition of small amount of CuO [19] or Ag 2 S [20] in PPS matrix decreased significantly wear rate of PPS composites. ...
The thermal and electrical properties of high performance poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) composites reinforced up to 31 vol% Cu particles were investigated to be used as materials for electronic applications. The thermal stability and char yield of the composites increased significantly. Both pre- and post- glass transition coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of composites decreased significantly. The microhardness was increased by more than 50% compared to pure PPS matrix. Microhardness and CTE of composites correlated well with the rule of mixtures. A percolation threshold about 6 vol% Cu was obtained. The electrical conductivity was increased by about eight orders of magnitude for 18 vol% composite. Dielectric constant and dissipation factor of composites at 1 MHz was increased by about 6-fold and 70-fold compared to matrix, respectively. They decreased gradually with increasing frequency up to 1 MHz and thereafter, there was insignificant change. The scanning electron microscope showed almost uniform distribution of Cu particles in the matrix. Owing to better dimensional stability and good electrical properties, these composites are very promising for electronic applications.
... To overcome those marginal properties, considerable research effort has been directed towheads PPS-matrix composites. Enlightened by the advance in nanotechnology, PPS nanocomposites filled with nanoparticles [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], nanoclay [11][12][13] and nanotubes [14][15][16][17][18] has attracted extensive interest in recent years, and exhibited significant improvement in mechanical, thermal and wear properties. ...
Polyphenylene sulphide (PPS)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube
(MWCNT) composites were prepared using a melt‐blending procedure combining centrifugal pre‐mixing and twin‐screw extrusion. A homogeneous dispersion of MWCNTs throughout the matrix was revealed by scanning electron microscopy for the nanocomposites with MWCNT contents ranging from 0.5 to 8.0 wt%. The presence of the MWCNTs showed both promotion and retardation effects on the crystallization of PPS. The competition between these two effects results in an unusual change of the degree of crystallinity with increasing MWCNT content. The mechanical properties of PPS were markedly enhanced by the incorporation of MWCNTs.
