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(morphotype I: Rhizoctonia sp., morphotype II: Phomopsis sp., morphotype III: Verticillium sp., morphotype IV: Fusarium sp., morphotype V: Chaetomium sp., morphotype VI: Gliocladium sp., morphotype VII: Cylindrocarpon sp., morphotype VIII: Phialophora sp., morphotype IX: Paecilomyces sp.).
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Mycorrhizal association is known to be important to orchid species, and a complete understanding of the fungi that form mycorrhizas is required for orchid ecology and conservation. Liparis japonica (Orchidaceae) is a widespread terrestrial photosynthetic orchid in Northeast China. Previously, we found the genetic diversity of this species has been...
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O presente estudo teve como objetivo inventariar as espécies de Orchidaceae ocorrentes no município de Caldas Novas. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas mensais, durante o ano de 2008 (exceto entre setembro e novembro). Paralelamente aos trabalhos de campo foram realizados levantamentos nos herbários CEN, IBGE, UB e UFG. São apresentados chave de...
Bulbophyllum sarcophyllum, an orchid is first time reported from Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
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... VY 2 (98%) Rhizoctonia fusispora (synonym: Thanatephorus fusisporus) matched with VY 4 Tulasnella calospora (anamorph: Epulorhiza repens) and with VY 25 Tulasnella deliquescens (synonym: Tulasnella calospora). On the other hand, the VY 26 isolate showed 81% similarity with the uncultured fungus isolated from Liparis loeselii habitat soil in the database and did not match at the taxon level (Ding et al., 2014). It has been determined that the fungus that is frequently seen in the roots belongs to Tulasnella genus (Table 1). ...
For effective conservation of threatened orchids, identifying root-associated fungi and assessing their activity in seed germination is important for establishing conservation protocols. Therefore, our study investigated the diversity of Spiranthes spiralis‘s root-associated fungi. According to the culture-dependent approach, 37 endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots and morphologically and molecularly identified. It was determined that the dominant fungal species in the roots was the genus Tulasnella. For the first time in Türkiye, the Thanatephorus fusisporus species was isolated from roots. The germination efficiency of the isolated fungi in the symbiotic culture of S. spiranthes seeds was evaluated. VY 25 (Tulasnella) isolate isolated in April showed the highest germination rate (73.77%). VY 4, VY 18, VY 25, (Tulasnella) isolates promoted germination and seedling development. Thanatephorus (46.79%) and Ceratobasidium (32.42%) were not effective in germinating seeds. The study revealed that the fungal partner varied according to developmental stages and months. This study contains the first molecular data for organisms isolated from roots in Türkiye. According to these results, fungi that promote seed germination and plant growth can be recommended for the conservation and reintroduction of endangered temperate orchids.
... Depending on the location of the hyphal entrance, the alteration of the root hair may just reach the tip or may continue to various lengths in the direction of the base [22]. In the present study, Members of Tulasnellaceae are noted as the key mycorrhizal symbionts of several orchids such as Cypripedium, Chiloglottis Dendrobium nobile, Liparis japonica, and Ophrys [23][24][25][26][27][28]. The mycorrhizal status of the M. rheedei species is being examined in the present study for the first time. ...
The mycorrhizal association in orchids is a striking example of mutualism, where the orchid and the associated mycorrhizal fungi exchange essential nutrients and support each other’s growth and reproduction. The present study focused on a selected terrestrial orchid which is noteworthy for its medicinal value. We aimed to investigate the specific mycorrhizal associations to understand how these interactions influence the morphology of their roots. The morphological characteristics of roots were studied using light microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy studies were conducted to analyze and measure fungal hyphae and peloton sizes as well as to know about fungal colonization distribution. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify the mycorrhizal fungi. Colonization was seen in the 91% root cortex proving high mycorrhizal association. Hyphae appeared in the form of peloton patches at the cortex, occupying up to 62% of the cortical space. The root length with an intact peloton was noted 30% more than the degraded peloton. A single fungus, Tulasnella calospora was isolated from the roots. It was identified using phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences. Identification of this orchid-mycorrhizal association has the potential to address ecological challenges, contribute to its conservation, and unlock the phytochemical potential of plant-fungus interactions for drug development.
... The fungal partners commonly reported with orchid roots are Rhizoctonia-like fungi (Ding et al. 2014;Meng et al. 2019). However, non-Rhizoctonia-like fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum have also been reported in orchid roots as mycorrhizal fungi (Jiang et al. 2019) while Fusarium sp. reported as endophytic fungi (Vujanovic et al. 2000). ...
Sukarno N, Mursidawati S, Listiyowati S, Nugraha NH, Fadillah WN, Waite M. 2023. Root associated Fusarium solani Species Complex (FSSC) in epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. Biodiversitas 24: 2577-2586. Members of the Fusarium solani Species Complex (FSSC) are ecologically diverse, covering human and plant pathogens, saprobes, and endophytic fungi of economically important plants. The role of FSSC on tropical orchids, however, has received little attention. This research aimed to isolate and identify the FSSC found as endophytes in roots of the epiphytic orchids Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl. and Vanda tricolor Lindl., and the terrestrial orchids Calanthe triplicata (Willemet) Ames and Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume. Fungal isolation was obtained from peloton structures within the root. Fungal identification was done using combined morphological and molecular characteristics using ITS rDNA sequences. Four isolates of Fusarium were identified based on morphological characteristics. The BLAST analysis showed that all the isolates were in the Fusarium solani Species Complex (FSSC). Further phylogenetic relationship analysis indicated that all the FSSC isolates belonged to FSSC5 lineage or Fusarium solani sensu stricto, which is nested in FSSC clade 3 as a subgroup. The fungi F. solani sensu stricto V2 and CF34 were isolated from the epiphytic orchids, and F. solani sensu stricto C5 and P44 were isolated from the terrestrial orchids. It is interesting that the FSSC5 isolated from the epiphytic orchids form different groups than those of the terrestrial orchids. This is the first report showing the tropical orchids are the host of the FSSC5 as endophytes and this broadens the known host range and ecological behavior of the FSSC5.
... OMF augment carbohydrate nutrition by breaking down the complex organic compounds in the soil/ substrate and facilitates their subsequent release in the orchid host (Rasmussen, 1995;Smith and Read, 1997;Dearnaley, 2007;Mehra et al., 2016). This includes carbon (Smith, 1967;Alexander and Hadley, 1985;Trudell et al., 2003;Cameron et al., 2006Cameron et al., , 2008Bougoure et al., 2010;Rasmussen et al., 2015;Mehra et al., 2016), phosphorus (Alexander et al., 1984;Smith and Read, 1997;Cameron et al., 2007;Nurfadilah et al., 2013;Zhao et al., 2014), nitrogen (Burgeff, 1936;Barrosso et al., 1986;Rasmussen, 1995;Smith and Read, 1997;Trudell et al., 2003;Cameron et al., 2006;Bougoure et al., 2010;Nurfadilah et al., 2013;Ding et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2014;Rasmussen et al., 2015), water ...
... Author Copy Non Commercial Use (Yoder et al., 2000;Rasmussen and Whingham, 2002;Chang, 2007;Ding et al., 2014), and vitamins (Harvais and Pekkala, 1975;Barroso et al., 1986;Rasmussen, 1995;Rasmussen, 2002;Selosse, 2014). This supplementation is mainly facilitated by lysis of the fungal hyphae that form pelotons inside host tissue (Fochi et al., 2017;Phillips et al., 2020). ...
... Scientists have generally employed root sections of varied thickness (up to 2.0 cm) for isolating mycorrhizal fungi in orchids (Bernard, 1903;Curtis, 1939;Sazak and Ozdener, 2006;Siddiquee et al., 2010;Hossain et al., 2013b;Ding et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2014;Ma et al., 2015;Bhatti et al., 2016). However, a few root cortical cells having fungal colonization or even a single peloton have also been used for this purpose (Currah et al., 1987;Kristiansen et al., 2001;Athipunyakom et al., 2004;Chen et al., 2011;Khamchatra et al., 2016). ...
Orchids depend on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrition, especially during early developmental stages. Some orchid species are specific in their interactions, while others have a variety of fungal associations. Orchid mycorrhiza belongs to at least five major taxonomic groups such as Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Agaricomycetes and Sordariomycetes fungi. The terrestrial orchids are more dependent on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) interactions for the nutritional requirement in comparison to epiphytic orchids because their protocorms become photosynthetic at early life stages. Various omics approaches are employed to understand the complexity of OMF interaction, which indicate that fungus augments orchid development through regulation of various transcription factors (DMI, NSP, WRKY, GRAS, SWEET, CCaMK, ENODL, TPP etc.), involved in plant growth and development. In addition to this, tissue culture studies involving symbiotic seed germination and further development in the presence of the specific mycorrhizal partner, promotes seed germination and robustness of the seedlings. The studies on orchid mycorrhizal associations provides a conceptual framework to understand the mechanisms of selection of fungal partner, establishment of the symbiotic association, nutritional aspects, and ecological adaptations. The present chapter provides an outline on possible physiological, molecular and ecological approaches involved in the study of OMF interactions.
... Just 14.46% of D. aphyllum seeds co-inoculated with FDa17 grew to protocorms, and only 12.07% grew to seedlings. Rhizoctonia sp. was reported in Liparis japonica by Ding et al. (2014), and they were strongly implicated in seed germination. Furthermore, the endophytic bacteria Sphingomonas paucimobilis greatly enhanced nitrogen fixation as well as the synthesis of phytohormones like salicylic acid (SA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Zeatin, and abscisic acid (ABA) in orchid species (Yang et al. 2014a). ...
Orchids, being one of nature’s most magnificent as well as abundant plant species, are often a bit of an enigma because their seeds lack endosperm and rely on endophytes for seedlings, development, as well as evolution. Orchids are valued by ecologists as well as the community at large for their decorative, therapeutic, as well as nutritional content. Many orchid species have become affected and extinct as a result of growers’ eagerness to obtain them. The current orchid study has concentrated on isolating and identifying mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal endophytes that lead to orchid growth and development and also the synthesis of useful bioactive compounds. In the large-scale biosynthetic pathway of industrially as well as pharmaceutically essential biomolecule derivatives, the biodynamics of orchid-fungal endophytes is assisted for renewable production of bio-applications and technologies. The associations between orchids as well as endophytes are the focus of the study.
... Author Copy Non Commercial Use (Yoder et al., 2000;Rasmussen and Whingham, 2002;Chang, 2007;Ding et al., 2014), and vitamins (Harvais and Pekkala, 1975;Barroso et al., 1986;Rasmussen, 1995;Rasmussen, 2002;Selosse, 2014). This supplementation is mainly facilitated by lysis of the fungal hyphae that form pelotons inside host tissue (Fochi et al., 2017;Phillips et al., 2020). ...
... Author Copy Non Commercial Use oatmeal agar (OMA), and water agar under in vitro conditions (Currah et al., 1987;Ding et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2014). Recently, Zettler and Corey (2018) summarized various methods to isolate and identify peloton-forming fungi in the Rhizoctonia complex. ...
... This problem is even more acute in the case of many OMF that mostly belong to the phylum Basidiomycota. Earlier, the isolated fungi were studied using morphological characteristics only (Warcup and Talbot, 1967;Rasmussen, 1995;Hossain et al., 2013a;Ding et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2014;Ma et al., 2015). But the rapid advancement of various biotechnological tools has helped overcoming the bottlenecks associated with the traditional identification methods; it is now largely done by using modern molecular techniques (Taylor and Bruns, 1997;Kristiansen et al., 2001;Shefferson et al., 2007;Tao et al., 2008;Sawmya et al., 2013;Ding et al., 2014;Zhao et al., 2014;Ma et al., 2015;Sathiyadash et al., 2020). ...
This volume, Endophyte Biology: Recent Findings from the Kashmir Himalayas, is a unique compilation of the original, latest, and updated information on endophyte biology of the Kashmir Himalayas. The book presents an introduction to and definition of endophytes, the endophytic diversity of some important plants of the Kashmir Himalayas, bioprospection of endophytes for various drug metabolites, sustainable agriculture, and more. This book discusses the applications of endophytes in the agriculture, aroma, and pharmaceutical industries.
... (Tao et al., 2013;Li et al., 2018;Deng et al., 2019;Jiang et al., 2019;Xi et al., 2020), Coelogyne (Xing et al., 2015;Qin et al., 2020), Cymbidium (Li et al., 2016a;Liu et al., 2016;Sheng et al., 2012;Wu et al., 2010), Cypripedium Fu et al., 2019;Miao et al., 2015;Quan et al., 2015), Dendrobium (Chen et al., 2012;Dan et al., 2012;Zi et al., 2014;Meng et al., 2019a;Shao et al., 2019Shao et al., , 2020bSarsaiya et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2020), Gymnadenia R.Br. (Gao et al., 2020;Xing et al., 2020a), Liparis (Ding et al., 2014(Ding et al., , 2016Gai et al., 2016), Paphiopedilum (Ding et al., 2014(Ding et al., , 2016Gai et al., 2016), and Pleione . The main taxa of mycorrhizal fungi that form symbiotic relationships with orchids are three groups within Basidiomycota (such as Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae and Sebacinales) (see details in Gao et al., 2019). ...
... (Tao et al., 2013;Li et al., 2018;Deng et al., 2019;Jiang et al., 2019;Xi et al., 2020), Coelogyne (Xing et al., 2015;Qin et al., 2020), Cymbidium (Li et al., 2016a;Liu et al., 2016;Sheng et al., 2012;Wu et al., 2010), Cypripedium Fu et al., 2019;Miao et al., 2015;Quan et al., 2015), Dendrobium (Chen et al., 2012;Dan et al., 2012;Zi et al., 2014;Meng et al., 2019a;Shao et al., 2019Shao et al., , 2020bSarsaiya et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2020), Gymnadenia R.Br. (Gao et al., 2020;Xing et al., 2020a), Liparis (Ding et al., 2014(Ding et al., , 2016Gai et al., 2016), Paphiopedilum (Ding et al., 2014(Ding et al., , 2016Gai et al., 2016), and Pleione . The main taxa of mycorrhizal fungi that form symbiotic relationships with orchids are three groups within Basidiomycota (such as Tulasnellaceae, Ceratobasidiaceae and Sebacinales) (see details in Gao et al., 2019). ...
We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years. We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China. We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation, especially of orchid conservation, which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China. There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China, including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years. The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened, 132 species were treated as data-deficient, and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct. Approximately 1111 species (ca. 65%) are protected in national nature reserves, and another ~66 species in provincial nature reserves. About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens. The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions. The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera, such as Bletilla, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, and Dendrobium. Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year. Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.
... phorophytes (Jacquemyn et al., 2011b(Jacquemyn et al., , 2017aMcCormick et al., 2012McCormick et al., , 2018Pandey et al., 2013;Waud et al., 2016a;Shefferson et al., 2019;Xing et al., 2019), thus showing strong and complex variations. For example, Neottia and Caladenia prefer symbiosis with sebacinales fungi (Těšitelová et al., 2015;Phillips et al., 2016;Reiter et al., 2020); the rare terrestrial orchid Caladenia huegelii specifically associates with Serendipita (= Sebacina) vermifera (Swarts et al., 2010); Cypripedium, Ophrys, and Chiloglottis prefer Tulasnellaceae (Shefferson et al., 2005(Shefferson et al., , 2019Roche et al., 2010;Schatz et al., 2010); Dendrobium nobile and Liparis japonica have high specificity for Tulasnellaceae (Ding et al., 2014;Xing et al., 2017); Pterostylis nutans and Sarcochilus weinthalii are only symbiotic with Ceratobasidium fungi (Irwin et al., 2007;Graham and Dearnaley, 2012); Platanthera leucophaea tends to be associated with Ceratobasidium fungi over a 10-year period (Thixton et al., 2020); Corallorhiza trifida shows high specificity for Thelephoraceae in different countries and varied habitats (McKendrick et al., 2000;Zimmer et al., 2008). Jacquemyn et al. (2010) asserted the possibility of promoting widespread associations between orchids and available OMF in an environment devoid of water and nutrients. ...
Orchids form mycorrhizal symbioses with fungi in natural habitats that affect their seed germination, protocorm growth, and adult nutrition. An increasing number of studies indicates how orchids gain mineral nutrients and sometime even organic compounds from interactions with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF). Thus, OMF exhibit a high diversity and play a key role in the life cycle of orchids. In recent years, the high-throughput molecular identification of fungi has broadly extended our understanding of OMF diversity, revealing it to be a dynamic outcome co-regulated by environmental filtering, dispersal restrictions, spatiotemporal scales, biogeographic history, as well as the distribution, selection, and phylogenetic spectrum width of host orchids. Most of the results show congruent emerging patterns. Although it is still difficult to extend them to all orchid species or geographical areas, to a certain extent they follow the “everything is everywhere, but the environment selects” rule. This review provides an extensive understanding of the diversity and ecological dynamics of orchid-fungal association. Moreover, it promotes the conservation of resources and the regeneration of rare or endangered orchids. We provide a comprehensive overview, systematically describing six fields of research on orchid-fungal diversity: the research methods of orchid-fungal interactions, the primer selection in high-throughput sequencing, the fungal diversity and specificity in orchids, the difference and adaptability of OMF in different habitats, the comparison of OMF in orchid roots and soil, and the spatiotemporal variation patterns of OMF. Further, we highlight certain shortcomings of current research methodologies and propose perspectives for future studies. This review emphasizes the need for more information on the four main ecological processes: dispersal, selection, ecological drift, and diversification, as well as their interactions, in the study of orchid-fungal interactions and OMF community structure.
... Contoh tersebut terjadi pada anggrek jenis Liparis japonica yang hidup ditempat berbeda, memiliki asosiasi fungi perakaran yang berbeda pula (Ding et al., 2014). Namun untuk jenis anggrek endemik seperti jenis Platanthera praeclara yang hanya hidup di habitat spesifik di kawasan padang rumput di Amerika Utara, fungi mikoriza yang berasosiasi juga spesifik (Kaur, Andrews, & Sharma, 2019). ...
... Mycorrhizal fungi have a unique role in the life cycle of orchids (Pandey et al. 2013;Perotto et al. 2014). In nature, orchid associated with mycorrhizal fungi has become very essential in seed germination because of their lack of endosperm and seedling growth that require nutrients from the outside (Ding et al. 2014;Perotto et al. 2014). Orchid mycorrhiza has a significant effect on the growth of plantlets life, vegetative and reproductive growth (Cheng et al. 2012;Perotto et al. 2014;Wang and Liu 2013). ...
... Fungi associated with photosynthetic orchids are generally included in the subdivision Basidiomycota class Hymenomycetes, genus Rhizoctonia. Nine species of orchids that grow in Puerto Rico found it has association with as many as 108 Rhizoctonia-like fungi that includes Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus (Otero et al. 2002;Ding et al. 2014). As Taylor and Bruns (1997) and Taylor et al. (2004) showed, 1722 species of fungi associated with orchid are family Russulaceae. ...
Agustini V, Sufaati S, Suharno, Suwannasai N. 2016. Rhizoctonia-like fungi isolated from roots of Dendrobium lancifolium var. papuanum and Calanthe triplicata in Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 377-383. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Rhizoctonia-like fungi associated with the roots of the terrestrial orchids Dendrobium lancifolium A. Rich var. papuanum and Calanthe triplicata (Willem) Ames in Papua. The fungi were isolated from the transversal section of the orchid roots. Two isolates have been morphologically identified as genus Rhizoctonia. Further identification was carried out based on the analysis of nucleotide sequences generated from ITS and 28S rDNA. The results revealed that both isolates closed to Ceratobasidium sp. and the phylogenetic analysis confirmed that they were determined as Rhizoctonia-like fungi.
