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Flood vulnerability assessment is one of the most important actions in the framework of the spatial planning. In this paper are shown the result of the preliminary flood assessment for the river Spreca basin. Individual parameters of vulnerability, as direct requirement of the Flood Directive are observed trough four dimensions: social, economic, p...
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... Floods of transboundary rivers are more severe than those of national rivers because they affect larger areas (Bakker, 2007). Moreover, floodwaters carry pollutants or are mixed with contaminated water from drains and agricultural land, resulting in a removal of topsoil and in some cases cross-border pollution. ...
This report presents evidence of the societal challenges of transboundary impacts, the drivers, and consequences of soil degradation, as well as data and knowledge gaps. The message conveyed by the report is that there is clear evidence of transboundary impacts and drivers of soil degradation and that it has physical, ecological, economic and social causes. Soil degradation does not stop at borders.
... In addition, about 2 billion people worldwide depend on groundwater, which includes approximately 300 transboundary aquifer systems (UNEP, 2012). The risks and challenges connected to these waters are shared between the neighbouring countries, and transboundary cooperation is essential as transboundary basins are often more vulnerable to disasters (Bakker, 2006;. Consequently, solutions need to be coordinated. ...
... A recent study on floods in a transboundary context concluded that although only 10 percent of all river floods are transboundary, these floods represent a considerable amount of the total number of casualties, displaced/affected individuals and financial damages worldwide 13 . The efficient and effective management of transboundary water bodies is critical for social, political and economic stability, as well as for sustainable development. ...
Flood disaster is one of the heaviest disasters in the world. It is necessary to monitor and evaluate the flood disaster in order to mitigate the consequences. As floods do not recognize borders, transboundary flood risk management is imperative in shared river basins. Disaster management is highly dependent on early information and requires data from the whole river basin. Based on the hypothesis that the flood events over the same area with same magnitude have almost identical evolution, it is crucial to develop a repository database of historical flood events. This tool, in the case of extended transboundary river basins, could constitute an operational warning system for the downstream area. The utility of SAR images for flood mapping, was demonstrated by previous studies but the SAR systems in orbit were not characterized by high operational capacity. Copernicus system will fill this gap in operational service for risk management, especially during emergency phase. The operational capabilities have been significantly improved by newly available satellite constellation, such as the Sentinel-1A AB mission, which is able to provide systematic acquisitions with a very high temporal resolution in a wide swath coverage. The present study deals with the monitoring of a transboundary flood event in Evros basin. The objective of the study is to create the “migration story” of the flooded areas on the basis of the evolution in time for the event occurred from October 2014 till May 2015. Flood hazard maps will be created, using SAR-based semi-automatic algorithms and then through the synthesis of the related maps in a GIS-system, a spatiotemporal thematic map of the event will be produced. The thematic map combined with TanDEM-X DEM, 12m/pixel spatial resolution, will define the non- affected areas which is a very useful information for the emergency planning and emergency response phases. The Sentinels meet the main requirements to be an effective and suitable operational tool in transboundary flood risk management.
... As 60% of global freshwater resources contained in 276 river and lake basins are shared between countries, 40% of the world population is located in river and lake basins shared by at least two countries, and about two billion people worldwide depend on groundwater, which includes approximately 300 transboundary aquifer systems, transboundary cooperation in adaptation is necessary. Moreover, a study by Bakker (2006) showed that floods in transboundary basins unduly contribute to casualties and damage. Transboundary cooperation should, therefore, focus on the coordination of adaptation measures at the basin level but also to prevent or reduce possible negative impacts of unilateral adaptation measures on other riparian countries. ...
... Water management is a complex issue that involves a range of governmental and non-governmental stakeholders. Given the difficulty for countries to jointly manage their shared waters, impacts of climate change may hit water resources hardest in transboundary water management situations (Bakker, 2006). All stakeholders should be invited to share and discuss their perspectives in the subsequent stages of the policy process and develop a process of active learning. ...
Climate change adaptation in water management is a water governance issue. While neither climate change nor water respects national borders, adaptation in water management should be treated as a transboundary water governance issue. However, transboundary water management is, in essence, more complex than national water
management because the water management regimes usually differ more between countries than within countries.
This paper provides 63 lessons learned from almost a decade of cooperation on transboundary climate adaptation in water management under the UNECE Water Convention and puts these into the context of the OECD principles on water governance. It highlights that good water governance entails a variety of activities that are intertwined and cannot be considered stand-alone elements. The paper also shows that this wide variety of actions is needed to
develop a climate change adaptation strategy in water management. Each of the lessons learned can be considered concrete actions connected to one or more of the OECD principles, where a range of actions may be needed to fulfil one principle. The paper concludes that developing climate change adaptation measures needs to improve in parallel the water governance system at transboundary scale.
... This database includes an analysis of the content of each treaty along more than 40 dimensions of water management, from non-water linkages to conflict resolution to allocation mechanisms, and links these treaties to the corresponding spatial units (Giordano et al., 2014). New data on RBOs are now available, with an expanded accounting of the world's RBOs and more detailed data on the areas of focus of each RBO (Bakker, 2007;Schmeier, 2012). ...
... When comparing our results with those of De Stefano et al. (2012) and Bakker (2007) we see that several basins are identified in two or all of the studies, namely the Juba-Shibeli, Congo/Zaire, Lake Chad, Kura-Araks, Asi-Orontes and Catatumbo basins. The four basins identified in our study as having high-risk BCUs and relatively even urban population distribution probably warrant further investigation, namely the Lempa, Asi/Orontes, Aral Sea and Kura-Araks. ...
Using global data, this article examines the nexus of transboundary flood events and future social vulnerability. Which international river basins are forecast to experience an increase in both hydrological variability and population in the future, but currently lack institutional provisions to deal with these shared events? Concentrations of elevated risk are found in several basins in Central Asia, Central America and Central Africa. The article ends by highlighting transboundary basins that merit further investigation and possibly additional institution building to reduce urban flood risk.
... The data gathered in this database proves that transboundary floods are more intense, affect greater areas and cause higher economic losses than national floods. Human casualties during the above period are estimated approximately 37,000 while the population affected sums up to 210 million and the economic losses to 96 billion dollars (1.8 billion dollars per flood event) (Bakker, 2007). The present paper examines the current implementation status of the FD across Europe, its weaknesses that have appeared up to now, mainly in cases of transboundary flooding and certain recommendations are summed up, that could reinforce the implementation status of the Directive across Europe. ...
... EFAS has been designed to close the gap of only partially existing probabilistic forecasting by providing Europe-wide forecasting information with lead times up to 10 days. Such extended lead times are particularly important for transnational river basins where coordination between different national authorities is needed, and therefore communication pathways may be longer than for national events (Bakker, 2006). The aim of the European system is therefore, first, to provide the EU's Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) with a unique and coherent overview on ongoing and forecasted floods across Europe, and second, to provide added value, basin-wide information to national hydrological services with the capacity to complement the national and local flood early warning systems. ...
The benefit of continental flood early warning systems to reduce the impact of flood disasters
When flood events are extreme or affect regions of high vulnerability, they can become life threatening and devastating.They can also interrupt supply chains and cause significant socio-economic impacts worldwide. -The EU has implemented a comprehensive policy framework to reduce flood impacts in the EU and worldwide. -The JRC supports the EU policies on civil protection, disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change with state ofthe art European and global flood early warning systems. It manages the Copernicus Emergency Management Service. -A study on the monetary benefit of flood early warning systems in Europe suggest major savings can be achieved. -The recently launched Global Flood Partnership, co-chaired by JRC, fosters transfer of knowledge from the EU todeveloping countries and aid organisations. This report summarises current European policies in place to deal with flooding in the different phases of the disaster management cycle. A description of the development of pan-European flood early warning capability (EFAS) is provided as well as how the system fits into the responsibility chain between national services and EU civil protection. An estimate of the potential monetary benefit of EFAS in Europe is clearly indicates the added value. It further addresses gaps of such systems in other regions such as Africa and demonstrates how methodology of EU systems could be transferred for better preparedness for flooding in vulnerable regions. The recently launched Global Flood Partnership shows great potential to facilitate such transfer
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Corporate author(s): European Commission, Joint Research Centre Private author(s): J Thielen-del Pozo, V Thiemig, F Pappenberger see more Themes: Environmental research, Natural disasters Target audience: Scientific Key words: environmental research, natural disaster, drought, flood, meteorology, economic consequence, natural hazard, civil defence, Europe, Africa, research report
... The data gathered in this database proves that transboundary floods are more intense, affect greater areas and cause higher economic losses than national floods. Human casualties during the above period are estimated approximately 37,000 while the population affected sums up to 210 million and the economic losses to 96 billion dollars (1.8 billion dollars per flood event) (Bakker, 2007). The present paper examines the current implementation status of the FD across Europe, its weaknesses that have appeared up to now, mainly in cases of transboundary flooding and certain recommendations are summed up, that could reinforce the implementation status of the Directive across Europe. ...
In 2007 the European Union put into force the Floods Directive (FD) 2007/60/EC. The introduction of the FD was triggered by the fact that more frequent floods were observed in Europe and extreme flooding phenomena have caused many economic losses and in some cases even human casualties. These facts have intensified the need for European cooperation in flood management. The primary goal of the FD is to enact a framework for the assessment and the management of flood risks, targeting at the mitigation of the adverse effects on human health, the environment, the cultural heritage and economic activities that are connected with floods. The FD is currently in the process of implementation by the Member States and the first technical difficulties have arisen. The present paper examines the current implementation status of the FD across Europe, its weaknesses that have appeared up to now and proposes certain steps that should be taken in order to enhance the preparation of the Flood Risk Management Plans. A major technical issue that needs to be tackled is the uncertainty that characterises flood management, mainly due to lack of reliable data, whereas transboundary floods form an additional difficulty in flood management. Moreover, the case of River Evros-Maritsa is presented in relation to the application of the FD on transboundary catchments and the impediments that rise in managing floods across countries.
... This included a review of secondary literature focusing specifically on RBOs, most often in the form of single or comparative case studies. Finally, we consulted earlier RBO lists constructed by water scholars (Bakker 2007;Dombrowsky 2007;Gerlak and Grant 2009). We rely heavily upon Schmeier's earlier work in which a first list of potential RBOs around the world was compiled (Schmeier 2013). ...
Institutions that have been set up by riparian states to internationally govern shared water resources—international River Basin Organizations (RBOs)—play a key role in river basin governance. Despite an increased attention paid to RBOs in international relations and water scholarship, there has been little focus on defining and conceptualizing RBOs and, subsequently, on comprehensively identifying the RBOs that exist around the world. This has challenged research around RBOs in both methodological and theoretical ways. This paper aims to meet this challenge by offering a theoretically grounded definition of an international RBO and crafting a comprehensive list of international RBOs. We do so deductively, building from the larger neo-institutionalist research and international water resources governance literature. Our definition identifies three broad categories of constitutive elements: internationalization, institutionalization and governance. We apply this definition to potential cases to better identify the extent of RBOs around the world today and outline which cases qualify as RBOs and which cases fail to meet our constitutive criteria. This allows us to compile a comprehensive list of all existing international RBOs, including the identification of RBOs with specific characteristics. The article concludes by crafting an agenda for future research around RBOs that builds on this more complete understanding of RBOs.
... (1) Decision-making mechanisms (2) Data and information-sharing mechanisms (3) Monitoring mechanisms (4) Dispute-resolution mechanisms (5) Mechanisms for stakeholder involvement In order to gather and analyse information on the aforementioned institutional design features of RBOs, a database has been developed by the author in the context of a larger research project (see Schmeier 2013): First of all, the entire population of RBOs had to be identified since no comprehensive list of all RBOs governing internationally shared watercourses was available (while a number of researchers have focused on comparative analyses of institutionalized water resources governance, e.g. Bakker 2007, Dombrowsky 2007, Gerlak and Grant 2009, a list of all RBOs did not exist so far). The identification of RBOs, as a first step in the analysis, was therefore based on a number of different sources in which information on international environmental and/or water-specific cooperation had been gathered, including ...
River basin organizations (RBOs) have become a key feature of international water resources governance, providing riparian states with multiple means for overcoming collective action problems that emerge due to the transboundary nature of resources. However, little is known about the RBOs themselves, especially with regard to their organizational structure as well as the mechanisms they actually employ for governing water resources. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the institutional design of all international RBOs by summarizing the empirical data available through the RBO Institutional Design Database in the context of the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database. It contributes to both water resources governance research, requiring institutional design data in order compare different RBOs or to comprehensively assess the contributions RBOs can make to better governing shared watercourses, as well as policy, facing the challenge of establishing new or reforming existing RBOs for more sustainable water resources governance in shared basins.
