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Illustration of manatee gastrointestinal parasites. a Eimeria manatus-like oocyst, b Eimeria nodulosa oocyst, c Entamoeba sp. cyst, d Chiorchis fabaceus egg. Scale-bars: a, c, d 20 µm; b 10 µm
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Background
Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) are large herbivorous aquatic mammals living in limited areas of South, Central and North America. As with other aquatic mammals, Antillean manatees can be infected by a variety of protozoan and metazoan parasites, some of them with zoonotic potential, which affect not only their welfare bu...
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... were represented by one trematode species (Chiorchis fabaceus). No stages of cestodes, nematodes or acanthocephalans were found in manatee faecal samples. A list of known parasitic stages and respective prevalences from manatees is presented in Additional file 1: Table S1. In addition, selected illustrations of parasitic stages are given in Fig. ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). Two parasite genera have ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). Two parasite genera have anthropozoonotic potential, namely Entamoeba and ...
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... and morphological analyses of coccidian oocysts and trematode eggs revealed the following data: E. nodulosa oocysts had a mean size of 12.55 × 11.72 (7.0-14.9 × 7.2-13.97) µm and showed characteristic knob-like structures on the surface (Fig. 1b). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses illustrated these knob-like structures in more detail (Fig. 2). E. manatuslike oocysts [9.82 × 9.24 (8.9-11.95 × 8.0-11.31) µm] were slightly smaller than E. nodulosa oocysts and lacked any knob-like structures on oocyst wall. SEM analyses showed a micropyle-like cap structure in the E. ...
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... on oocyst wall. SEM analyses showed a micropyle-like cap structure in the E. manatus-like oocysts (data not shown). Interestingly, such a structure was not reported before for manatee-specific oocysts [25,26]. Entamoeba sp. cysts had a mean size of 14.19 × 12.0 (10.45-18.57 × 8.17-15.89) µm and presented at least more than two spherical nuclei (Fig. ...
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... for trematode egg diagnosis, the SAF-technique was used for detection of helminth eggs and protozoan stages (trophozoites, cysts, sporocysts, oocysts). Samples were analysed by light microscopy (BH-52 ® microscope equipped with a SC30 ® digital camera, both Olympus, Hamburg, Germany) and CellSens ® imaging software (Olympus) for illustration ( Fig. 1) and specimen measurements. Additionally, carbol-fuchsinstained faecal smears were performed for Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst detection [53,54]. As shown for other marine mammals [41,[55][56][57], coproantigen-ELISAs (ProSpecT TM , Thermo Scientific TM , Schwerte, Germany) were applied to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia antigens in ...
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... were represented by one trematode species (Chiorchis fabaceus). No stages of cestodes, nematodes or acanthocephalans were found in manatee faecal samples. A list of known parasitic stages and respective prevalences from manatees is presented in Additional file 1: Table S1. In addition, selected illustrations of parasitic stages are given in Fig. ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). Two parasite genera have ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). Two parasite genera have anthropozoonotic potential, namely Entamoeba and ...
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... and morphological analyses of coccidian oocysts and trematode eggs revealed the following data: E. nodulosa oocysts had a mean size of 12.55 × 11.72 (7.0-14.9 × 7.2-13.97) µm and showed characteristic knob-like structures on the surface (Fig. 1b). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses illustrated these knob-like structures in more detail (Fig. 2). E. manatuslike oocysts [9.82 × 9.24 (8.9-11.95 × 8.0-11.31) µm] were slightly smaller than E. nodulosa oocysts and lacked any knob-like structures on oocyst wall. SEM analyses showed a micropyle-like cap structure in the E. ...
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... on oocyst wall. SEM analyses showed a micropyle-like cap structure in the E. manatus-like oocysts (data not shown). Interestingly, such a structure was not reported before for manatee-specific oocysts [25,26]. Entamoeba sp. cysts had a mean size of 14.19 × 12.0 (10.45-18.57 × 8.17-15.89) µm and presented at least more than two spherical nuclei (Fig. ...
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... for trematode egg diagnosis, the SAF-technique was used for detection of helminth eggs and protozoan stages (trophozoites, cysts, sporocysts, oocysts). Samples were analysed by light microscopy (BH-52 ® microscope equipped with a SC30 ® digital camera, both Olympus, Hamburg, Germany) and CellSens ® imaging software (Olympus) for illustration ( Fig. 1) and specimen measurements. Additionally, carbol-fuchsinstained faecal smears were performed for Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst detection [53,54]. As shown for other marine mammals [41,[55][56][57], coproantigen-ELISAs (ProSpecT TM , Thermo Scientific TM , Schwerte, Germany) were applied to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia antigens in ...
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... were represented by one trematode species (Chiorchis fabaceus). No stages of cestodes, nematodes or acanthocephalans were found in manatee faecal samples. A list of known parasitic stages and respective prevalences from manatees is presented in Additional file 1: Table S1. In addition, selected illustrations of parasitic stages are given in Fig. ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). Two parasite genera have ...
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... most prevalent parasitic stages were oocysts of Eimeria nodulosa (47.8%; Fig. 1b), followed by Eimeria manatus-like oocysts (43.4%; Fig. 1a), eggs of C. fabaceus (33.3%; Fig. 1d) and cysts of Entamoeba sp. (14.5%; Fig. 1c). One faecal sample proved positive for Giardia antigen (1.4%) in coproantigen-ELISA. None of the identified parasites revealed as core species (prevalence > 50%) and the diplomonadid protozoan Giardia sp. was found as component species (prevalence < 10%). Two parasite genera have anthropozoonotic potential, namely Entamoeba and ...
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... and morphological analyses of coccidian oocysts and trematode eggs revealed the following data: E. nodulosa oocysts had a mean size of 12.55 × 11.72 (7.0-14.9 × 7.2-13.97) µm and showed characteristic knob-like structures on the surface (Fig. 1b). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses illustrated these knob-like structures in more detail (Fig. 2). E. manatuslike oocysts [9.82 × 9.24 (8.9-11.95 × 8.0-11.31) µm] were slightly smaller than E. nodulosa oocysts and lacked any knob-like structures on oocyst wall. SEM analyses showed a micropyle-like cap structure in the E. ...
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... on oocyst wall. SEM analyses showed a micropyle-like cap structure in the E. manatus-like oocysts (data not shown). Interestingly, such a structure was not reported before for manatee-specific oocysts [25,26]. Entamoeba sp. cysts had a mean size of 14.19 × 12.0 (10.45-18.57 × 8.17-15.89) µm and presented at least more than two spherical nuclei (Fig. ...
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... for trematode egg diagnosis, the SAF-technique was used for detection of helminth eggs and protozoan stages (trophozoites, cysts, sporocysts, oocysts). Samples were analysed by light microscopy (BH-52 ® microscope equipped with a SC30 ® digital camera, both Olympus, Hamburg, Germany) and CellSens ® imaging software (Olympus) for illustration ( Fig. 1) and specimen measurements. Additionally, carbol-fuchsinstained faecal smears were performed for Cryptosporidium spp. oocyst detection [53,54]. As shown for other marine mammals [41,[55][56][57], coproantigen-ELISAs (ProSpecT TM , Thermo Scientific TM , Schwerte, Germany) were applied to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia antigens in ...
Citations
... This parasitic fauna has been documented for several centuries, mainly using morphological data from different life stages of the parasites (Lainson et al., 1983;Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1999a, b;Mora-Pinto, 2000;Colón-Llavina et al., 2009, Bando et al., 2014, Wyrosdick et al., 2018. However, recent studies have begun to identify and characterize these species at the molecular level using eggs and adult specimens, specifically of N. undicola, C. fabaceus, C. groschafti, E. nodulosa, and E. manatus (Rivera-Pérez, 2018;Vélez et al., 2018;Vélez et al., 2019). However, P. cochleotrema, formerly known as Cochleotrema cochleotrema Travassos & Vogelsang, 1931, has not previously been molecularly identified in any of its parasitic life stages. ...
West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) harbor a variety of endoparasites, including the nasal trematode Pulmonicola cochleotrema, which infects the respiratory tract, especially the nasal passages. Previous studies have described and identified this digenean using morphological data only. This study presents the first molecular identification of P. cochleotrema in West Indian manatees from Puerto Rico and Florida. Samples of the trematode were collected from seven manatees found stranded dead at both locations. The small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) was amplified from each sample using universal primers for different regions of the gene, resulting in a consensus sequence of 1871 base pairs. The phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out using DNA sequences of other species of digenean parasites from other hosts, including a trematode of the same taxonomic family from another sirenian species. Specimens collected from both locations show the same molecular identity using SSU rDNA sequence data. The identity of P. cochleotrema was confirmed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, yielding a high similarity of 98.8 % with Opisthotrema dujonis and 98.2 % with Lankatrema mannarense located in the same clade in our analysis. The latter two digeneans belong to the Opisthotrematidae as does P. cochleotrema and previous studies reported them infecting the Eustachian tubes, esophagus, and digestive tract in dugongs (Dugong dugon). These findings evidence that the nasal trematode of manatees in Florida and Puerto Rico and the dugong, all inhabiting and feeding in marine environments, will have a marine mollusk as an intermediate host, probably a gastropod. The question remains, which species of nasal trematode are harbored by lotic-dwelling manatees in other parts of their distribution like South America.
... In the last years, development and application of non-invasive sampling techniques in the field of parasitology of marine mammals have impressively expanded the possibilities of examining the endo-and ectoparasite fauna of free-ranging animals in vivo, while clearly leaving the animals unmolested in their natural habitats (Kleinertz et al., 2014;Hermosilla et al., 2015;Hermosilla et al., 2016aHermosilla et al., ,b, 2018ade Vos et al., 2018;Ebmer et al., 2019;Vélez et al., 2019). Thereby, the present study exhibits advantages and usefulness of applied non-invasive scat collection methods, showing their applicability in the field of marine mammal parasitology. ...
... Current applied coproscopical techniques (i.e., SAF, carbolfuchsin-stained fecal smears, Giardia/Cryptosporidium coproantigen ELISAs) reinforced proper diagnosis of the most common parasite stages (e.g., cysts, oocysts, and eggs) in marine mammal scat samples (Kleinertz et al., 2014;Hermosilla et al., 2015Hermosilla et al., , 2016aHermosilla et al., ,b, 2018aVélez et al., 2018Vélez et al., , 2019. Furthermore, sieving-and Baermann funnel-methods of freshly shed feces permitted detection of spontaneously excreted adult ascarids and cestodes (scolex and strobila) as well as detection of O. circumlitus/Parafilaroides spp.-L1. ...
Since late 1970s, the southern Chilean city Valdivia constitutes home for a unique bachelor group of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens), initially descendant from colonies at the Pacific coast, but now directly living in a freshwater habitat in close proximity to human population and a vast amount of wild and domestic animal species. In the framework of a parasitological monitoring program, 115 individual fecal samples were collected from synanthropic South American sea lions between March and May 2018. For comparative reasons, 79 individual fecal samples from two free-living O. flavescens colonies at the Pacific coast were also sampled. Coproscopical analyses revealed the presence of nine different parasite taxa in individual fecal samples, including two protozoan (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) and seven metazoan parasites (Anisakidae gen. spp., Diphyllobothriidae gen. spp., Ogmogaster heptalineatus, Trematoda indet. type 1, Trematoda indet. type 2, Otostrongylus circumlitus, and Parafilaroides spp.), and morphological and molecular characterizations of adult helminths confirmed identification of following species: Anisakis simplex/A. pegreffi, Pseudoterranova cattani, Contracaecum ogmorhini, and Adenocephalus pacificus. For the first time, the results of the current study show the presence of zoonotic relevant Giardia- and Cryptosporidium-infections in two free-ranging colonies of South American sea lions apart from human settlement. Furthermore, a detailed literature search of previous publications on the endoparasite fauna of South American sea lions was conducted, revealing reports of at least 50 protozoan and metazoan parasite taxa including findings of the current study. Thereby, at least 25 of reported taxa (50%) have been recorded to bear zoonotic potential. The present study illustrates a successful application of non-invasive screening methods and their applicability in the field of marine mammal parasitology, bringing new insights into the endogenous parasite fauna of South American sea lions in Southern Chile, including anthropozoonotic protozoan and metazoan taxa.
Trujillo, F., Caicedo, D., Diazgranados, M.C. & I.C. Avila. (2022). Plan de Acción Nacional para la Conservación de los Mamíferos Acuáticos de Colombia 2022-2035. In: Avello-Castiblanco, G.C., González-Delgadillo, A.M., Quintero-Gil, J.A. (Eds.) Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, Bogotá, DC. Colombia. 96p. ISBN: 978-958-5551-82-4.
