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Wetlands are one of the most endangered environments with global change on earth. Wetlands play an important to the ecosystem because they act as buffers between surface runoff and rivers, and decrease flooding peaks by as much as 60%. Wetlands covered by an acre can store more than one million gallons of floodwater, so they can help save lives and...
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... either wholly emergent or submerged above the water surface. But in the deep open water systems such as lakes, reservoirs, and rivers, domination of different algae such as phytoplankton and some filamentous algae can be seen. These algae also occur commonly within the macrophyte-dominated wetlands. Demonstration of how wetlands works is shown in Fig. ...
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... Thus, wetlands also act as natural wastewater treatment plants and represent perfect nature-based solutions for risk mitigation and adaptation of extreme events such as floods and drought. Wetlands and riparian forests also provide a cooling effect and reduce the intensity of heatwaves in cities [105]. ...
Extensive urbanization leads to an increase in population density and pollution, which have emerged as potential threats to the modern world. Unplanned urbanization affects both the ecosystem and human health. The extent of urbanization varies across various geographical areas and climatic conditions. Rapid urbanization causes overexploitation of natural resources and deterioration of the environment. Modern cities contribute about 70% of total global greenhouse gas emissions. At present, the global temperature is increasing about 1.5 °C per year, and if necessary actions are not taken, it will increase at a much faster pace than expected. The impact of the increase in temperature will be severe in tropical and developing countries like India, China, and South Africa. Also, the severity of infectious diseases like the Ebola virus, SARS, and Covid-19 and chronic diseases like heart attacks and stroke is higher in urbanized settings. Novel ecological and engineered approaches are required to ensure sustainable development. This chapter will discuss urban environmental issues and countermeasures being adopted to mitigate them.
