Fig 4 - uploaded by Baharak Ashrafi
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(left) The main property and buffer zone of Historic centre of Vienna and location of Heumarkr Neu project © Republic of Austria. (2000)/B. Ashrafi. (right) Comparison and overlapping of the existing building (red) and planned Heumarkt Neu project (blue) © building models: Isay Weinfeld & Sebastian Murr/city model: MA41/Installation: v-cube.
Source publication
Urban growth and modernisation are inevitable phenomena in the developing and developed countries, in which, cultural heritage properties as sensitive urban components may encounter irreparable losses. In the context of UNESCO World Heritage, the uprising conflict between urban development policies and heritage conservation in recent years has draw...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... architectural competition organised in 2014 and includes the extension and redevelopment of the InterContinental Hotel and foresaw an upgrade of the public spaces surrounding the Konzerthaus, and the so-called Ice-skating Club. As a result, the winning design proposal exceeded the height restriction recommended by ICOMOS International in 2012 (Fig. ...
Context 2
... architectural competition organised in 2014 and includes the extension and redevelopment of the InterContinental Hotel and foresaw an upgrade of the public spaces surrounding the Konzerthaus, and the so-called Ice-skating Club. As a result, the winning design proposal exceeded the height restriction recommended by ICOMOS International in 2012 (Fig. ...
Citations
... Despite the fact that "cities are increasingly seen as engines of sustainable development through the application of its objectives" [16], urban development strategies and projects remain one of the main threats to the values of cultural heritage [17,18]. ...
Землі, на яких розташовані пам’ятки культурної спадщини, їх комплекси (ансамблі), історико-культурні заповідні території, охоронювані археологічні території, музеї просто неба, меморіальні музеї-садиби відповідно до законодавства України відносяться до земель історико-культурного призначення. Організація і встановлення меж територій історико-культурного призначення, обмежень у використанні та їх режимоутворюючих об’єктів провадиться відповідно до проектів і технічної документації землеустрою. Для територій природно-заповідного фонду та іншого природоохоронного призначення, оздоровчого, рекреаційного, історико-культурного, лісогосподарського призначення, земель водного фонду та водоохоронних зон земельним законодавством встановлено однаковий порядок розроблення складу та геодезичного і картографічного обґрунтування проектів землеустрою, а також щодо погодження та їх затвердження. Вказане положення існує протягом довгого періоду незважаючи на те, що наведений перелік об’єднує шість різних за правовим режимом категорій земель. Межі історичних ареалів та режими їх використання зазначаються у документації із землеустрою, містобудування і науково-проектній документації з охорони культурної спадщини, що обумовлює необхідність їх взаємної узгодженості. У статті розглядаються правові та організаційні положення формування історико-культурного потенціалу історичних ареалів міст. У зв’язку з наявними у нормативно-правових актах розбіжностях обґрунтовуються пропозиції про кодифікацію правових норм щодо складу та розподілу земель за категоріями, встановлення обмежень, регулювання забудови, зон охорони ландшафту та археологічного шару. Запропоновані підходи до визначення та обрахунку економічної ефективності історичних ареалів включають різноманітні методи, які дозволяють оцінити як кількісні, так і якісні аспекти збереження культурної спадщини.
... These findings underscore the vital role of audio-visual environment assessments in shaping human perceptions. Nevertheless, more voices are calling for attention to the visual integrity of natural landscapes [27], protection of buffer zones [23] and the preservation of cultural heritage in existing heritage environment conservation policies, while little attention is being given to the acoustic environment of heritage sites. Thus, more awareness is required on the integrated consideration of audio-visual environment assessment in formulating environment conservation strategies for the Great Wall. ...
Previous studies have highlighted the significant role of vision in human perception. In this study, we examined whether the assessment of the audiovisual environment at China's iconic Great Wall aligns with these findings to understand how this assessment influences visitor satisfaction and a sense of restoration. Using a field survey with 107 participants, an eight-variable structural equation model was used, encompassing sound sources (sounds of technology, human being and nature), the pleasantness and eventfulness of soundscape, visual assessment, visitor satisfaction, and the Short-version Revised Restoration Scale (SRRS). The results revealed that: (1) visual assessment acted as a partial mediator not only between soundscape assessment and visitor satisfaction, but also between the soundscape assessment and restoration. (2) The pleasantness of the soundscape positively correlated with both visitor satisfaction (β = 0.278, p = 0.004) and restoration (β = 0.244, p = 0.000), while human-generated sounds had a negative impact on soundscape pleasantness (β =-0.256, p = 0.019). (3) The combined visual and auditory assessments contributed 60.5% and 39.5% to visitor satisfaction and 42.1% and 36.8% to restoration, respectively, indicating that the soundscape assessment of the Great Wall was higher than expected and comparable to visual assessment.
... Other research investigated the potential impact on visual integrity and aesthetic values of cultural sites as a result of proposed urban development around World Heritage Properties in Iran, Germany, and Austria. It was suggested that while the visual components of an individual site or complex are important, the integrity of the holistic visual setting surrounding the site is highly significant, requiring multi-sectoral collaboration, as well as communicative and legislative support frameworks to minimize visual disturbance (Seyedashrafi, Kloos, and Neugebauer 2021). ...
Following the “authorized heritage discourse” in heritage management, visual components have traditionally formed the basis of aesthetic value assessment of heritage assets. Despite being considered important by national legislation and international conventions, other sensory components have been comparatively underresearched and are generally ignored. No research to date has investigated the breadth and depth of these sensory components either individually nor in combination, and a synthesis of the extent and complexity of this intangible heritage is currently lacking. This literature review aims to examine these sensory heritage components in the human environment setting over the last 10 years. Of the 122 articles included in this literature review, the majority of research focused on only one individual sensory heritage component, generally the sense of sight or sound. For research investigating more than one sensory component, visual and aural components were again highly represented. Smell and touch components were comparatively under-researched, and there was a general paucity of multisensory heritage research and investigation of perceived heritage values. This review shows there is vast potential to push past the authorized heritage discourse, to revisit the current processes of heritage assessment and to rethink the constraints of visually centered heritage documentation and management.
... Retomando el discurso de las HIAs en sitios patrimonio mundial, Kloos M. (2021) compara en un estudio, las evaluaciones realizadas en cuatro ciudades amenazas por el desarrollismo en Europa y Asia. Destaca la efectividad de las HIAs en la implementación de estrategias de mitigación, como por ejemplo el establecimiento de zonas de amortiguación o reserva urbanística, en el caso europeo y, de procedimiento, por falta de normativa adecuada, en la toma de decisiones en el caso asiático. ...
Las diferentes leyes autonómicas de patrimonio cultural y el borrador de la reforma de la Ley del Patrimonio Histórico Español (Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte 2021) reflejan la evolución de los conceptos patrimoniales, ampliando las categorías a proteger. Es el caso, por ejemplo, de la arquitectura defensiva e industrial o del paisaje cultural, que no se entenderían sin su entorno y sin la huella y la articulación del territorio dejada por el ser humano a lo largo del tiempo. La complejidad de estas categorías patrimoniales, compuestas por elementos de naturaleza material e inmaterial, requiere de una comprensión de sus procesos evolutivos, así como de una gestión integral de posibles afecciones desde las primeras etapas de la evaluación ambiental de proyectos. Una propuesta que ha intentado paliar las dificultades asociadas a esta complejidad es la herramienta redactada por el Consejo Internacional de Museos y Sitios (ICOMOS) denominada Evaluación de Impacto Patrimonial, que tiene como objetivo la prevención de impactos en la salvaguarda de sitios declarados Patrimonio Mundial.
En este artículo analizamos la práctica de las Evaluaciones de Impacto Patrimonial en Europa y su relación con el procedimiento de Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental de proyectos, a través de una revisión bibliográfica, con el propósito de documentar los análisis publicados al respecto y hacer una valoración crítica de su uso, evaluando sus ventajas e inconvenientes.
... Heritage Impact Assessment is a tool to fill the gap between the demands of development and heritage conservation. Furthermore, HIA provides a new assessment tool to facilitate cultural heritage conservation within the broader sustainable development policies (Seyedashrafi et al, 2020). Defined by the IAIA (International Association for Impact Assessment) in 2009, Heritage Impact Assessment has introduced a comprehensive methodology to review, assess the impact and determine the value of different projects. ...
... HIA typically applies when a site is considered a red flag zone because the development process may affect the heritage value (Bazazzadeh et al, 2022). HIA has been developed in recent years to consider the specific characteristics and qualitative values of World Heritage properties as a fundamental factor in managing and protecting cultural heritage (Seyedashrafi et al, 2020). In 2011, a guideline for HIA was developed by ICOMOS, focusing on Cultural World Heritage properties to be separately assessed as distinguished and unique characteristics (ICOMOS, 2011b). ...
... Heritage Impact Assessment is a tool to fill the gap between the demands of development and heritage conservation. Furthermore, HIA provides a new assessment tool to facilitate cultural heritage conservation within the broader sustainable development policies (Seyedashrafi et al, 2020). Heritage impact assessments are project-specific assessments focusing on the potential effect on a heritage place's OUV and other heritage/conservation values. ...
The delicate balance between preserving cultural heritage and fostering economic development has come to the forefront in recent years, exemplified by the Hijâz Railway and Madâin Sâlih Station. These sites hold profound historical and cultural
significance, yet their allure to the global tourism industry has heightened the everpresent tension between conservation and progress. Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) emerges as an indispensable tool, offering a systematic and comprehensive approach to mitigate the impact of architectural conservation interventions on these revered sites. HIA is not merely an assessment process but a guiding principle that empowers
decision-makers to navigate the conservation challenges. The multifaceted evaluation addresses the preservation of cultural significance, fosters stakeholder engagement, ensures regulatory compliance, and upholds the quest for authenticity. In alignment
with Saudi Arabia’s 2030 Vision, which envisions a diverse and vibrant economy, HIA plays a pivotal role. It is a potent instrument for reconciling heritage value preservation with pursuing sustainable tourism development. explores using HIA as
a conflict resolution tool for development projects in heritage sites. It aims to protect the cultural significance of these sites while maintaining conservation principles. This research utilizes qualitative analysis to examine the significance of employing HIA and the principles of the Venice Charter in harmonizing development with the preservation of cultural heritage. This paper provided a reflection deployment plan for Venice Charter principles implementation on the Hejaz railway to balance development and preservation process.
... «В контексте всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО возникающий конфликт между политикой городского развития и сохранением наследия в последние годы привлек больше внимания к Оценке воздействия на наследие (ОВЗ) как инструменту оценки для выявления и анализа антропогенного воздействия на объекты культурного наследия с целью поддержания баланса между охраной культурного наследия и потребностями городского развития в направлении устойчивости» [2]. В статье представлены результаты изучения роли оценки воздействия на наследие (ОВЗ) УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОЕ КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ . ...
This review of articles follows the methodology of H. Snyder (2019) and based on a study that was a collection, analysis and comparison of relevant publications in the field of UNESCO cultural heritage studies over the past five years by quantitative methods in the Web of Science and Scopus repositories. The scientometric analysis made by means of the VOSviewer_1.6.16_ exe CitNetExplorer_1.0.0_exe programs made it possible to distinguish the most relevant and cited articles in a vast array of publications the most relevant and cited articles, verified by the scientific community, focused the attention of scientists on semantic “nodes”, that is, values that guide social practices. The undertaken study shows that the concepts of UNESCO heritage, and identity in connection with heritage, are not limited to the traditional framework of ethnos and governance, but include a wide range of social, natural and personal conditions, the study of which is of great theoretical and practical significance. The study of the actors involved, including natural and technical non-humans, makes it possible to take more effective conservation policies in the context of natural and environmental changes, world heritage management policies, identity policies in relation to place and heritage, reduce the distance between the “managers” of heritage and those for whom it is being managed, residents close to the heritage, civil society representatives who identify with the groups re-gathering around the heritage.
... The UNESCO has been concerned about the rise in disturbances to 'Visual Integrity' and held an expert meeting on this question in 2013. Nearly half of the state parties reported preservation issues around this topic (50 out of 120 state parties) (Seyedashrafi et al. 2021). In the report that was produced, these states voiced their concern and urged local authorities 'to integrate urban heritage values and their vulnerability status into a wider framework of city development. ...
The visual integrity of mountains contributing to cultural landscapes as nature-culture attributes is often obscured by the vertical intrusive built environment, especially in buffer areas of protected heritage zones. Therefore, this study argued that even low/medium-rise buildings that inappropriately appear in the horizontal visual plane could be a factor increasing sensitivity to this panoramic view.
An integrative tool – visual sensitivity assessment – consists of Viewshed and Skyline analysis considering the pedestrian’s visual limitation in identifying the sensitive areas of the mountain view corridor in the historic city of Chiang Mai. The visible mountain areas (VMAs) were determined as a baseline, and their relationship with the visible building areas (VBAs) was then examined using statistical correlation to define a strong negative relationship as the visual sensitive areas in five zones. The results showed that the buffer zone was found to have more areas with visual sensitivity values, but this varies depending on the characteristics of buildings and the assessment from the view corridor. Meanwhile, in height-restricted areas, such as historic area zone 5, there are some concerns about the visual intrusion, which necessitates continuous monitoring using the assessment result as a guideline.
Incorporating the results into implementation could support cultural landscape conservation in Chiang Mai city. The method is applicable in historic cities with similar settings to produce the baseline for the built environment that is harmonious with the cultural and historical characteristics of the city and with respect to its broader setting.
... For example, several studies have addressed the risk of natural disasters such as sea-level rise, floods, earthquakes, and air pollution. In addition, the threats to world cultural heritage sites (WCHS) caused by the process of tourism and urbanization have also attracted the attention of many scholars [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Overall, extant studies typically focus on national-level and specific sites but rarely on a macro perspective. ...
Asia, Europe, and Africa, connected by the maritime silk road (MSR) and the land silk road (LSR), as the cradle of ancient civilizations, contain rich cultural heritage resources. While aiming to achieve differentiated and targeted application, protection, and development of world cultural heritage (WCHS), it is essential to identify the temporal-spatial distribution features of WCHS on these three continents. For these WCHS elements, based on big earth data, we semi-quantitatively describe the features of spatial-temporal distribution, material types, civilization and religion characters, capital investment capacity, and risks by data cleaning, spatial analysis, and risk assessment. Our findings reveal features in these WCHS elements, including temporal and spatial distribution, the amount of different ancient civilizations and cultural diversity, and the need for preservation and funding capacity. Finally, this study’s results indicate that we should take full advantage of the potential of cultural heritage, digital technologies, and the scientific protection of cultural heritage along with the MSR and LSR. Moreover, declarations of heritage in Africa and Central Asia should be extended to realize the precise “poverty alleviation” of WCHS protection in these regions. For further planning of WCHS sites along the Silk Road, we propose countermeasures to protect the global cultural heritage in the future and also provide theoretical guidance and specific scientific implementation directions to “strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage,” as proposed by the United Nations.
... Target 11.4 can be said to relate most closely to this study's concept of being visually sustained in life. But only in the narrow frame of being non-renewable resources; and only in the context of the perceived threat to World heritage sites (Ashrafi, Kloos and Neugebauer, 2020). The UNESCO guidelines are as follows: ...
In recent years, culture has been addressed as a key component of integrated approaches to local development planning. In this context, it has been systematically combined with institutional and social aspects of local planning strategies and in support of local innovation/creativity systems. However, the articulation of these integrated approaches inhibits a wide typology of context-specific actions in European cities adopting different patterns of promoting culture as an innovative dimension of spatial planning. At the same time, recent discussion in the field suggests the adoption of more holistic frameworks that equally address the role of culture with differentiated aspects such as physical renewal, social relations and governance networks, hence recognising the integrated character of culture-driven interventions and explaining hindering development factors. The present paper aims to elaborate on the importance of such a holistic framework by testing its aspects in the context of the Piraeus Avenue area in Athens (Greece) and the (short-term and fragmented) emanating of developmental policies in support of the creativity and innovation that exist in this locality. The research focuses on the impact of cultural interventions in the Piraeus Avenue area in terms of the building of territorial efficiency, territorial quality, territorial identity and territorial capacity. In parallel, the research addresses the role of demographic and socio-economic parameters in this regard. To address these research aim issues, desktop research together with ten (10) semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders were conducted. Results indicate several positive impacts in the area mostly regarding spatial quality. However, in relation to territorial capacity building, a key finding is the need for activation towards building complementary uses and activities with other types of local stakeholders with accentuated decision-making powers. The research findings can serve to inform policy-making by identifying best practices and key challenges in the formulation of a holistic impact assessment framework towards culture-based spatial development planning in the European space.
