Fig 2 - uploaded by Rade Čukuranović
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Human fetal kidney is quite different from the mature kidney, both macroscopically and hystologically. Lobulated surface of the human fetal kidney reflects its inner organisation.
To determine the fetal kidneys' volume according to the gestational age, to establish periods of their maximal and minimal growth and to compare these values for various...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... cortex of the left kidney showed statistically significant increase in the second half of V lunar month (p<0.05), at VI month (p<0.01), at VII month (p<0.01) and at VIII lunar month (p<0.05) with a very high correlation with CRL (r=0.972; p<0.01) (Figure 2). The average volume of the right kidney's cortex in- creased from 237.01 mm 3 up to 5 909.05 mm 3 at X lunar month (Table 1). ...
Context 2
... cortex of the left kidney showed statistically significant increase in the second half of V lunar month (p<0.05), at VI month (p<0.01), at VII month (p<0.01) and at VIII lunar month (p<0.05) with a very high correlation with CRL (r=0.972; p<0.01) (Figure 2). The average volume of the right kidney's cortex in- creased from 237.01 mm 3 up to 5 909.05 mm 3 at X lunar month (Table 1). ...
Similar publications
Cell division controls the faithful segregation of genomic and cytoplasmic materials between the two nascent daughter cells. Members of the Aurora, Polo and cyclin-dependent (Cdk) kinase families are known to regulate multiple events throughout cell division, whereas another kinase, citron kinase (CIT-K), for a long time has been considered to func...
Citations
... Interest in fetus life used to be focused, for centuries, on the studies of embryo and mechanical problems encountered by gynecologists at the delivery. Now a days, it is well known that the development of fetus is not proportional to the growth of it is organs, and that each stage in the fetus life is specific, (Slobodan et al 2005). The aim of this study was to determine the normal fetal kidneys measurements in third trimester among Sudanese population. ...
Accurate estimation of normal antenatal fetal kidneys size is of great importance, thus determination of normal measurements was help in early diagnosis and optimize fetal safety then reduce the high prenatal morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study are: to rule out the normal fetal kidneys dimensions among Sudanese population and to develop a local standard with ultrasound as well as to detect the range of fetal kidneys size in third trimester among Sudanese population and comparing the results with the international standard. This study was carried out in Khartoum state Sudan at Al Ahfad center for familly health, AAU Radiobiology department, and Alsalam AL Raed hospital from 1-8-2012 until 1-11-2012, a total of 100 normal pregnant ladies with no previous delivery of fetus with congenital anomaly or obvious fetal disease at (28-40) weeks gestational age. The study demonstrated that the mean renal length of fetal kidneys in third trimester in Sudanese was 34.2 mm, 40.9 mm and 44 mm in premature, mature and full-term fetuses respectively. The mean renal width of fetal kidneys in third trimester was 18 mm,23 mm, and 25.5 mm in premature, mature and full-term fetuses respectively. The mean renal thickness of fetal kidneys in third trimester in was 17.6 mm, 22.2 mm, and 24.5 mm in premature, mature and full-term fetuses respectively. The mean renal volume of fetal kidneys in third trimester was 5.6 mm3, 9.8 mm3,and 10.5 mm3, in premature, mature and full-term fetuses respectively. The study showed proportional relationship between gestational age and fetal weight. Concerning to the sex there was weak correlation. Comparing the international records the result of the study is more like the Netherlands population. It is recommended to implement this study in ultrasonography departments locally And to establish further studies using large sample volume taking in concern all other factors that affect fetal kidneys size.
... Various papers on intrauterine renal growth have been published, but many of these studies suffered from methodological issues, such as failing to validate gestational age by measuring crown-rump length 1 -7 , not covering the whole of the second and third trimesters of pregnancy 4,5,8 -14 , not measuring the kidney in three dimensions 1,2,4,5,8,14,15 or using preterm infants 16 -18 or postmortem specimens 16,17,19,20 . Several studies used a mixture of cross-sectional and longitudinal data 1 -3,5-8,10,14,15,18-21 . ...
To establish reference curves for size and volume of the fetal kidney, renal pelvis and adrenal gland, as measured using ultrasound from the 15th week of gestation.
This was a prospective, longitudinal study of 96 fetuses in low-risk singleton pregnancies, in which we performed serial ultrasound examinations at 4-week intervals. The length and anteroposterior and transverse diameters of both kidneys, the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the renal pelvises and the length of the adrenal glands were measured three times at each examination, with the average being used for further analysis. Reference charts were constructed using multilevel statistical analysis and comparisons were made with previously published charts derived from cross-sectional data.
We present nomograms for fetal kidney dimensions and volume, renal pelvis dimensions and adrenal gland length. The new charts show differences in shape and have narrower percentile bands in comparison to previously published reference ranges.
These new charts of measurements of the fetal kidney, renal pelvis and adrenal gland, from a prospective, longitudinal study, may be useful in the diagnosis and assessment of pathology of the kidney and adrenal gland.
... Me du la po ka zu je naj br ži rast od 16. do 20. ne de qe zbog br žeg raz vo ja i ra sta sta ri jih, juksta me du lar nih ne fro na, po seb no wi ho vih pra vih de lo va, na su prot su per fi ci jal nim, ko ji se ka sni je raz vi ja ju [17,18]. ...
Glomerulus is an important filtrating apparatus in the body. Three types of cells - endothelial, mesangial and visceral epithelial cells can be identified in the capillary tuft. Glomeruli develop during nephrogenesis which starts in the 8(th) week and ends between the 32(nd) and 36(th) week of gestation. The nephron develops through stages described as the vesicle, the comma-shaped, S-shaped with the developing glomerulus and the mature glomerulus. Glomerular differentiation involves the expansion of the original capillary component into the plexus that consists of 6-8 loops and the migration of podocytes that are arranged around these glomerular capillaries. Glomerular capillary differentiation represents a set of developmental changes of the glomerular endothelial and epithelial cells. The active differentiation of glomerular capillaries starts in the hemisphere of an inferior arm of S-shaped bodies. Endothelial precursors unite into precapillaries devoid of lumen. Further differentiation includes the flattening of endothelial cells on the basement membrane, the loss of superfluous cells, the development of lumen and the formation of fenestrae. The glomerular basement membrane is differentiated by the fusion of epithelial and endothelial basement membrane. The differentiation of visceral epithelial cells includes the development of cytoplasmic processes and the flattening of cell bodies. Primary cytoplasmic processes are formed from the podocyte bodies and develop secondary and tertiary processes or foot processes. Foot processes from one podocyte interdigitate with foot processes from other podocytes. In the developing glomeruli, there is a difference in the level of differentiation of visceral epithelial cells. Cells with differentiated foot processes and cells with no cytoplasmic processes are observed within the same glomerulus.
Kidney diseases are the most common illness for cats with a prevalence seven times higher than in dogs. Metanephros is the last of three renal systems to be formed during the embryonic period, which then becomes the permanent kidney. The current work aimed to analyse the morphology and to quantify the structures present in the development of metanephros from domestic cat (Felis catus) embryos and foetuses. For this purpose, the evaluation of the biometric parameters of metanephros from cat embryos and foetuses was performed in addition to the quantification of renal corpuscles and volume of cortical and medullary layers by stereological analysis. The evaluated biometric parameters were weight, width, height, thickness and volume. The values of the measured biometric parameters increased throughout the gestational stages. The quantity of renal corpuscles gradually increased following the embryo‐foetal development, mainly during the middle of the gestational stage. It was during this phase that morphologically, a complete corticomedullary division was observed. Although the difference in the quantity of renal corpuscles between the middle and the end of the gestational stages was not statistically significant, there was an increase in the volume of the medullary layer and a decrease in the volume of the cortical layer between these two stages. These findings suggest that the metanephros presents a progressive growth with the renal corpuscles following this development until the middle of the gestational stage. Starting from this phase, the differentiation of the corticomedullary layers can be seen with a significant increase in the medullary layer.
The development of metanephros is a complex and gradual process. The number, size and distribution of nephrons provide important information about the organization of the kidney. Stereology is the current gold-standard technique for the morphometrical evaluation of kidney structures. This study describes morphometric features of the kidney development in sheep using design-based stereological techniques aimed to introduce the sheep as a translational model in human nephrogenesis. Left kidneys of 16 sheep fetuses in four groups at 9-11, 12-14, 15-17, and 18-20 weeks of gestation were used in the present study. Systematic uniform random sections were obtained. The kidney volume, volume fraction of nephrogenic zone, cortex and medulla, and glomerular volume were estimated using point counting and Cavalieri's estimator. The total glomerular number was estimated using a physical disector/fractionator technique. The kidney and its compartments presented gradual changes with aging, with differences found in the last fetal ages. The kidney volume increased from 0.94 ± 0.22 cm3 to 8.6 ± 0.88 cm3 during development. The volume of cortex increased from 406 ± 85 mm3 to 5,151 ± 309 mm3 and the volume of medulla showed increase from 301 ± 91 mm3 to 3,426 ± 599 mm3 . The total glomerular volume increased from 13.8 ± 1.6 mm3 to 235 ± 44 mm3 . The total glomerular number increased from 4,683 ± 757 to 639 × 103 ± 11.6 × 103 . Our data might contribute to the knowledge of embryological urology and promote future experimental investigations in this field.
Background
The growth of fetal organs is a dynamic process involving considerable changes in the anatomical and physiological parameters that can alter fetal exposure to xenobiotics in utero. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models can be used to predict the fetal exposure as time-varying parameters can easily be incorporated. Objective
The objective of this study was to collate, analyse and integrate the available time-varying parameters needed for the physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of xenobiotic kinetics in a fetal population. Methods
We performed a comprehensive literature search on the physiological development of fetal organs. Data were carefully assessed, integrated and a meta-analysis was performed to establish growth trends with fetal age and weight. Algorithms and models were generated to describe the growth of these parameter values as functions of age and/or weight. ResultsFetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic parameters, including the size of the heart, liver, brain, kidneys, lungs, spleen, muscles, pancreas, skin, bones, adrenal and thyroid glands, thymus, gut and gonads were quantified as a function of fetal age and weight. Variability around the means of these parameters at different fetal ages was also reported. The growth of the investigated parameters was not consistent (with respect to direction and monotonicity). Conclusion
Despite the limitations identified in the availability of some values, the data presented in this article provide a unique resource for age-dependent organ size and composition parameters needed for fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. This will facilitate the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models during drug development and in the risk assessment of environmental chemicals and following maternally administered drugs or unintended exposure to environmental toxicants in this population.
The bovine kidney has recently been used as a model for urological techniques in human health. The volume of the renal parenchyma (cortex-medulla) criteria is especially important in the morphological, developmental and toxicological experiments for the determination of the health status of the kidney. However, there are no recent, adequate morphological data about the bovine renal parenchyma. Because of this reason, the present study aimed to estimate the volume of the renal parenchyma by Cavalieri method in two bovine breeds. All lobes of the left kidneys of the Brown Swiss and Holstein bulls were evaluated individually. The mean volume of the cortex and medulla of the Brown Swiss and the Holstein bulls per lobe were estimated as 13.8 cm3, 5.8 cm3and 15.4 cm3, 7.2 cm3, respectively. The weight, length, width, total volume and the volume of the medulla fraction between breeds was statistically significant (p<0.05). However, no statistical differences were observed at the volume of the cortex fraction and the cortex/medulla ratio (p>0.05). The volume fraction of the Brown Swiss bull left kidney was 70.41% cortex, 29.59% medulla, while the Holstein bull left kidney was 68.14% cortex, 31.86% medulla. The researchers believe that the findings may facilitate the future researches and will contribute to the existing literature.
Development of the human kidney begins at the end of the first month, and the kidney becomes functional in the course of the second month of antenatal life. In the last trimester, the fetal kidney already manifests first involutive changes. From then on to its adult maturity, the kidney is characterised by intensive processes of maturation, but also evident involutive changes. The dynamism of these changes, however, is different in certain life ages. The antenatal period is characterised by intensive processes of nephrogenesis, realised in three successive phases of renal development: pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The first two changes represent a temporary system, while the third stands for a permanent system of excretion, that is, a definitive kidney. The functioning of kidneys, though not necessary in the antenatal stadium, indicates their excretory, homeostatic and endocrine roles, and signifies the maturation process. After birth, there is a further process of structural and functional maturation of the kidneys. With a definitive number of nephrones at birth, renal mass increases at the expense of growth of certain nephrone structures and interstitium. The kidney reaches its full anatomical and functional maturity by the end of the third decade of life. From then on, the kidney is characterised by involutive changes of varying intensity. By the end of the sixth decade these changes are slow; afterwards, to the end of life, they show a trend of very rapid progression, and are a consequence primarily of the reduced renal perfusion. In spite of that, under normal conditions they do not show signs of renal insufficiency even in a well-advanced age. The involutive renal changes can be separate, but they can coincide with corresponding renal diseases. In some individuals this can result in a progressive failure of renal functions in an advanced age.
The aim of this study is to test the glomerular and other quantitative parameters of kidneys of anencephalic fetuses and comparing those to "normal" fetuses. In this study, 20 kidneys of human fetuses (5 boys and 5 girls of anencephalic fetus, and 5 boys and 5 girls of normal fetus), at gestational ages of 25-30 weeks, were examined. This study is based on two basic research methods: one is a conventional anatomical measurement at the macroscopical level; the other is a design-biased stereological method at the microscopical level. Physical dissector and Cavalieri principle were used to estimate the total and numerical density of glomerulus and the volume of kidney, respectively. The results of the two types of investigation were compared based on anencephalic/normal and boy/girl kidneys at both the macroscopical and microscopical levels. There was no significant difference found between the quantitative features of kidneys (volume of kidneys and mean number and/or height of glomerulus) belonging to anencephalic and normal fetuses. The results of this study suggest that anencephalic fetuses did not differ from normal fetuses in respect of kidneys.
To evaluate age-dependent changes in fetal kidney measurements with MRI.
Fetal MRI examinations were used to study the kidney length (218 fetuses), signal intensities of renal tissue, renal pelvis, and liver tissue on T2-weighted images (223 fetuses), and the whole-kidney apparent diffusion coefficient (107 fetuses). A 1.5 T superconducting unit with a phased array coil was used in patients from 16 to 39 weeks' gestation. The imaging protocol included T2-weighted single-shot fast spin-echo, T2-weighted balanced angiography and diffusion-weighted sequences. Slice thickness ranged from 3 to 5mm.
Fetal kidney length as a function of gestational age was expressed by the linear regression: kidney length (mm)=0.190 x gestational age (d) -8.034 (R(2) = 0.883, p < 0.001). Paired t-test analysis showed a highly statistically significant difference between the ratio of renal tissue signal intensity to renal pelvis signal intensity and the ratio of liver signal intensity to renal pelvis signal intensity on T2-weighted images (t = -50.963, d.f. = 162, p < 0.001), with renal tissue hyperintense to liver tissue. The apparent diffusion coefficient in relation to gestational age was described by the equation: ADC (microm(2)/s) = 0.0302 x square (gestational age (d)) -14.202 x gestational age (d) +2,728.6 (R(2) = 0.225, p < 0.001).
The length, signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and apparent diffusion coefficient of the fetal kidney change significantly with gestational age. The presented data may help in the prenatal diagnosis of renal anomalies.
