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The absorption spectra of Vitamin B12 before and following ultrasonic radiation. Notes: The absorption spectra of bulk Vitamin B12 (control, dashed line), Vitamin B12 following 3-minute sonication (3 minute, solid line), and Vitamin B12 after 5-minute sonication (5 minute, dots).
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Sonochemistry has become a well-known technique for fabricating nanomaterials. Since one of the advantages of nanomaterials is that they have higher chemical activities compared with particles in the bulk form, efforts are being made to produce nano organic compounds with enhanced biological activities that could be exploited in the medical area. T...
Citations
... In recent years, nanotechnology has been exploited to improve antimicrobial agents' biological and chemical activities (São Pedro et al. 2013;Fernandes et al. 2014Fernandes et al. , 2016Yariv et al. 2015;Gupta et al. 2019;Mamun et al. 2021;Tan et al. 2021). Materials at the nanoscale display higher chemical reactivities than their bulk or molecular counterpart due to the large surface area-to-volume ratio of materials in sizes between 1 to 100 nm (Xu et al. 2012;Singh et al. 2014;Yariv et al. 2015). ...
... In recent years, nanotechnology has been exploited to improve antimicrobial agents' biological and chemical activities (São Pedro et al. 2013;Fernandes et al. 2014Fernandes et al. , 2016Yariv et al. 2015;Gupta et al. 2019;Mamun et al. 2021;Tan et al. 2021). Materials at the nanoscale display higher chemical reactivities than their bulk or molecular counterpart due to the large surface area-to-volume ratio of materials in sizes between 1 to 100 nm (Xu et al. 2012;Singh et al. 2014;Yariv et al. 2015). Hence, lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) have been reported for antimicrobial agents at the nanoscale relative to bulk compounds (Yariv et al. 2015). ...
... Materials at the nanoscale display higher chemical reactivities than their bulk or molecular counterpart due to the large surface area-to-volume ratio of materials in sizes between 1 to 100 nm (Xu et al. 2012;Singh et al. 2014;Yariv et al. 2015). Hence, lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) have been reported for antimicrobial agents at the nanoscale relative to bulk compounds (Yariv et al. 2015). Additionally, organic compound-based nanoparticles penetrate cells more efficiently than the bulk form. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic involving SARS-CoV-2 has raised interest in using antimicrobial lipid formulations to inhibit viral entry into their host cells or to inactivate them. Lipids are a part of the innate defense mechanism against pathogens. Here, we evaluated the use of nano-monocaprin (NMC) in inhibiting enveloped (phi6) and unenveloped (MS2) bacteriophages. NMC was prepared using the sonochemistry technique. Size and morphology analysis revealed the formation of ~ 8.4 ± 0.2-nm NMC as measured by dynamic light scattering. We compared the antiviral activity of NMC with molecular monocaprin (MMC) at 0.5 mM and 2 mM concentrations against phi6, which we used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. The synthesized NMC exhibited 50% higher antiviral activity against phi6 than MMC at pH 7 using plaque assay. NMC inactivated phi6 stronger at pH 4 than at pH 7. To determine if NMC is toxic to mammalian cells, we used MTS assay to assess its IC50 for HPDE and HeLa cell lines, which were ~ 203 and 221 µM, respectively. NMC may be used for prophylactic application either as a drop or spray since many viruses enter the human body through the mucosal lining of the nose, eyes, and lungs.
... UAE is a revolutionary extraction method that has the potential to off er great repeatability in less time, larger yields of bioactive compounds, easier manipulation, lower processing temperatures, less solvent use, and lower energy input. This is primarily because of the breakdown of cell walls, decreased particle size, and improved mass transfer to the cell contents caused by cavitation bubble collapse [13]. ...
... Any medium that transmits ultrasound experiences a series of compressions and rarefactions in the molecules. In a liquid medium, such alternating pressure fluctuations lead to the production of bubbles and, fi nally, their collapse [13]. Temperature and pressure variations (between 2000 and 10000 K and 100 and 1000 MPa, respectively) made by these implosions result in shear disruption, membrane thinning, and cell disruption. ...
Bioactive compounds are chemical substances that have biological effects favourable to human health. Many foods contain bioactive compounds, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts, but animals only have extremely small levels of these substances. Many industries use bioactive compounds extensively, including poultry, agriculture, cosmetics, biofuel, and medical research. Techniques for extraction are necessary to get potential bioactive compounds. The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is identified as one of the most efficient methods, given its benefits for the extraction of bioactive substances. This review paper focused on the fundamental concepts behind the ultrasonication process as well as a recently published study on the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to extract bioactive compounds from a wide range of sources for various applications.Keywords: bioactive compounds, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), oligosaccharides, prebiotic
... Soon after introducing penicillin, resistance against this antibiotic was observed among S. aureus strains. These strains produce and secrete a β-lactamase enzyme that destroys the β-lactam ring [12,13]. Sodium oxacillin (5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl penicillin sodium; Figure 1B) primarily targets the penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) and prevents bacterial cell wall synthesis [14,15] . ...
... For this purpose, 0.5 mg of each GO-PEG-antibiotic compound was dispersed in 2 mL PBS buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated in a shaker incubator (180 rpm) at 37 °C. After different interval times (2,4,8,12,24,48,72,96, and 120 h), the whole samples were taken and centrifuged. The concentration of the antibiotics released into the supernatant was measured using UV-Vis at the wavelength of 205 nm and 273 nm for penicillin and oxacillin, respectively. ...
Infectious diseases are known as the second biggest cause of death worldwide, due to the development of antibiotic resistance. To overcome this problem, nanotechnology offers some promising approaches, such as drug delivery systems that can enhance drug efficiency. Herein, a Graphene Oxide-polyethylene glycol (GO-PEG) nano-platform was synthesized and penicillin and oxacillin, two antibiotics that are ineffective against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), were loaded on it to improve their effectiveness. The nanocomposites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, FE-SEM/EDX, and Zeta potential analyses, followed by an evaluation of their antibacterial activity toward MRSA. Based on the results, drug-loaded GO-PEG nanocomposites with loading efficiencies of 81% and 92% for penicillin and oxacillin, respectively, were successfully synthesized. They showed a controlled release within six days. The zeta potential of GO-PEG-oxacillin and penicillin was −13 mV and −11 mV, respectively. The composites showed much more activity against MRSA (80-85% inhibition) in comparison to GO-PEG (almost 0% inhibition) and pure antibiotics (40-45% inhibition). SEM images of MRSA treated with GO-PEG-antibiotics showed a deformation in the structure of bacterial cells, which led to the collapse of their intracellular components. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of utilizing the GO-based nanoplatforms in enhancing the antibacterial activity of the antibiotics.
... Out of different channel materials, twodimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides (MoS 2 , WS 2 , and MoTe 2 ) have gained lot of attention among worldwide researchers. [8][9][10][11] The 2D materials are helpful in better electrostatic control in the channel and aggressive scaling. Furthermore, by modifying the properties of 2D materials through defect engineering, 2D materials can be applied to selectively respond to particular analytes with enhanced sensitivity. ...
... Now substituting (11) in (3) the front-gate terminal charge Q g, mos can be solved as follow: ...
In this paper, a dielectric modulated negative capacitance (NC) MoS2 FET‐based biosensor is proposed for label‐free detection of biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, DNA, and so forth. Various reports present on experimental demonstration and modeling of NC MoS2 FET but it is never utilized as a dielectric modulated biosensor. So, in this work, the modeling, characterization and sensitivity analysis of dielectric modulated NC MoS2 FET is focused. For immobilization of biomolecules, a nanocavity is formed below the gate by etching some portion of the gate oxide material. The immobilization of biomolecules in the cavity leads to a variation of different electrostatic properties such as surface potential, threshold voltage, drain current, and subthreshold swing which can be utilized as sensing parameters. An analytical model for the proposed biosensor is also developed in the subthreshold region by considering the properties of two‐dimensional ferroelectric materials and benchmarked with TCAD device simulations. The effect of change of gate length and doping concentration on different electrical properties is also analyzed to estimate the optimum value of channel doping. The results prove that the proposed device can be used for next‐generation low power label‐free biosensor which shows enhanced sensitivity as compared to traditional FET‐based biosensors.
... One of the possible techniques to overcome the SCEs in Si MOSFET is to incorporate different novel materials in the channel of FET. Out of different channel materials, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides (MoS2, WS2, and MoTe2) have gained a lot of attention among world-wide researchers [8][9][10][11]. The 2D materials are helpful in better electrostatic control in the channel and aggressive scaling. Furthermore, by modifying the properties of 2D materials through defect engineering, 2D materials can be applied to selectively respond to particular analytes with enhanced sensitivity. ...
... Now substituting (11) in (3) ...
In this paper, a dielectric modulated negative capacitance (NC)-MoS<sub>2</sub> field effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor is proposed for label-free detection of biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, DNA, etc. Various reports present experimental demonstration and modelling of NC-MoS<sub>2</sub> FET, but it is never utilized as a dielectric modulated biosensor. Therefore, in this work, the modelling, characterization and sensitivity analysis of dielectric modulated NC-MoS<sub>2</sub> FET is focussed. For immobilization of biomolecules, a nanocavity is formed below the gate by etching some portion of the gate oxide material. The immobilization of biomolecules in the cavity leads to a variation of different electrostatic properties such as surface potential, threshold voltage, drain current, and subthreshold-swing (SS) which can be utilized as sensing parameters. An analytical model for the proposed biosensor is also developed in the subthreshold region by considering the properties of two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials and benchmarked with TCAD device simulations. The effect of change of gate length and doping concentration on different electrical properties is also analysed to estimate the optimum value of channel doping. The results prove that the proposed device can be used for next-generation low power label-free biosensor which shows enhanced sensitivity as compared to traditional FET-based biosensors.
... One of the possible techniques to overcome the SCEs in Si MOSFET is to incorporate different novel materials in the channel of FET. Out of different channel materials, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides (MoS2, WS2, and MoTe2) have gained a lot of attention among world-wide researchers [8][9][10][11]. The 2D materials are helpful in better electrostatic control in the channel and aggressive scaling. Furthermore, by modifying the properties of 2D materials through defect engineering, 2D materials can be applied to selectively respond to particular analytes with enhanced sensitivity. ...
... Now substituting (11) in (3) ...
In this paper, a dielectric modulated negative capacitance (NC)-MoS<sub>2</sub> field effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor is proposed for label-free detection of biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, DNA, etc. Various reports present experimental demonstration and modelling of NC-MoS<sub>2</sub> FET, but it is never utilized as a dielectric modulated biosensor. Therefore, in this work, the modelling, characterization and sensitivity analysis of dielectric modulated NC-MoS<sub>2</sub> FET is focussed. For immobilization of biomolecules, a nanocavity is formed below the gate by etching some portion of the gate oxide material. The immobilization of biomolecules in the cavity leads to a variation of different electrostatic properties such as surface potential, threshold voltage, drain current, and subthreshold-swing (SS) which can be utilized as sensing parameters. An analytical model for the proposed biosensor is also developed in the subthreshold region by considering the properties of two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials and benchmarked with TCAD device simulations. The effect of change of gate length and doping concentration on different electrical properties is also analysed to estimate the optimum value of channel doping. The results prove that the proposed device can be used for next-generation low power label-free biosensor which shows enhanced sensitivity as compared to traditional FET-based biosensors.
... β-lactams (e.g., penicillin or cephalosporin) are the first line of defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bassetti et al., 2018). Nanopenicillin (Yariv et al., 2015) or nano-ampicillin can be introduced to fight drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Combinatorial beta-lactams (Siriyong et al., 2019) synthesized in pure-nano form as explained in (Yariv et al., 2015) may be applied to address multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ...
... Nanopenicillin (Yariv et al., 2015) or nano-ampicillin can be introduced to fight drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Combinatorial beta-lactams (Siriyong et al., 2019) synthesized in pure-nano form as explained in (Yariv et al., 2015) may be applied to address multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ...
One primary mechanism for bacteria developing resistance is frequent exposure to antibiotics. Nanoantibiotics (nAbts) is one of the strategies being explored to counteract the surge of antibiotic resistant bacteria. nAbts are antibiotic molecules encapsulated with engineered nanoparticles (NPs) or artificially synthesized pure antibiotics with a size range of ≤100 nm in at least one dimension. NPs may restore drug efficacy because of their nanoscale functionalities. As carriers and delivery agents, nAbts can reach target sites inside a bacterium by crossing the cell membrane, interfering with cellular components, and damaging metabolic machinery. Nanoscale systems deliver antibiotics at enormous particle number concentrations. The unique size-, shape-, and composition-related properties of nAbts pose multiple simultaneous assaults on bacteria. Resistance of bacteria toward diverse nanoscale conjugates is considerably slower because NPs generate non-biological adverse effects. NPs physically break down bacteria and interfere with critical molecules used in bacterial processes. Genetic mutations from abiotic assault exerted by nAbts are less probable. This paper discusses how to exploit the fundamental physical and chemical properties of NPs to restore the efficacy of conventional antibiotics. We first described the concept of nAbts and explained their importance. We then summarized the critical physicochemical properties of nAbts that can be utilized in manufacturing and designing various nAbts types. nAbts epitomize a potential Trojan horse strategy to circumvent antibiotic resistance mechanisms. The availability of diverse types and multiple targets of nAbts is increasing due to advances in nanotechnology. Studying nanoscale functions and properties may provide an understanding in preventing future outbreaks caused by antibiotic resistance and in developing successful nAbts.
... However, the inhibition was less than that achieved with the standard antibiotic streptomycin, which gave a zone of inhibition ranging from 18.0 to 23.0 mm. This reflects the lower capability of the microcrystals as antibacterial agents; however, this preliminary study confirmed that when the Schiff base is in the form of microcrystals, its activity is enhanced due to the increase in surface area of the microcrystals (Yariv et al., 2015). In addition, organic microcrystals in the reprecipitation method exist as freestanding forms in a dispersion medium (Kasai et al., 2012); therefore, they have lower liposolubility and would reduce the ease of diffusion into the bacteria (Fasina et al., 2013). ...
In this study, the microcrystallization of the 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde Schiff base of S-benzyldithiocarbazate (i.e. benzyl (2E)-2-[(thiophen-2-yl)methylidene]hydrazine-1-carbodithioate [TASBnDTC]) was fabricated by a reprecipitation method in an organic solvent-water system using different crystallization parameters, including temperature and the concentration of the target compound. The size, anisotropy, crystalline phase, and surface morphology of the TASBnDTC microcrystals were characterized by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. The stability of the Schiff base microcrystals was also evaluated. Different sizes of surfactant-dispersed TASBnDTC microcrystals (1505, 2194, and 2447 nm) were fabricated from three different concentrations of the Schiff base (0.001 M, 0.002 M, and 0.003 M, respectively) in an acetone-water system. The TASBnDTC microcrystals were also evaluated by X-ray powder diffraction and were found to differ slightly in molecular form but were otherwise similar, irrespective of the different TASBnDTC concentrations. The synthesized Schiff bases and their microcrystals were also screened for their antibacterial activities against four different gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) using the agar well diffusion method. The growth inhibition was enhanced by 8.0 to 10.75 mm against the four bacteria by TASBnDTC microcrystals compared to the bulk molecular form, which showed no inhibitory activity at all. However, the inhibition was less that that achieved with the standard streptomycin antibiotic, which gave zones of inhibition of 18.0 to 23.0 mm against the four bacterial strains. Overall, the Schiff base microcrystals show potential for use in various biological applications. They also have potential physical and optical applications due to their high surface-to-volume ratio and the molecular alignment on the surface of the microcrystals.
... Additionally, high-intensity ultrasound is an efficient physical approach for the preparation of NPs, with the advantages of simplicity, high yield, relative rapidity, and the elimination of purification steps (Minakawa, Faria-Tischer, & Mali, 2019). During ultrasonic irradiation, the cavitational collapse of bubbles occurs during the ultrasonic irradiation, along with energy being released and converted to a high pressure and temperature (Boufi et al., 2018;Yariv, Lipovsky, Gedanken, Lubart, & Fixler, 2015). The effects of ultrasonication on starch molecules are complicated, and are likely affected by various factors, such as ultrasonication power and frequency, temperature, and treatment time (Boufi et al., 2018). ...
In this study, a starch-based nanocarrier was fabricated to allow tangeretin to avoid the disadvantages of poor aqueous solubility and weak stability. A green technique comprised of a combination of ultrasonication and recrystallization was applied, which ensured the products would be more applicable in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Debranched starch (DBS) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) underwent ultrasonic irradiation and were self-assembled at 4 °C to form CD/DBS-nanoparticles (NPs). By developing CD/DBS-NPs with different degrees of polymerization of DBS and under varied durations of ultrasonic irradiation, the correlation between particle construction and tangeretin loading ability of CD/DBS-NPs was revealed. The maximum loading amount and loading efficiency of tangeretin in tangeretin-loaded CD/DBS-NPs ([email protected]/DBS-NPs) were 17.91 ± 0.03 μg/mg and 83.20 ± 0.15%, respectively. Furthermore, the [email protected]/DBS-NPs displayed a homogenous distribution and satisfying stability in a series of human microenvironments, including ionic strength (physiological saline), temperature (37 °C), and acidic stomach conditions (pH 2.1). In addition, the maximum retention index of tangeretin in [email protected]/DBS-NPs reached 99.21 ± 0.17% after a 20-day storage period, suggesting an outstanding effectiveness of CD/DBS-NPs for tangeretin preservation. The prepared nanocarriers were demonstrated to be non-toxic to cells, showing promising potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
... 8 Investigating the process of short pulses in fiber and their underlying mechanism is important for understanding extreme events in different schemes, such as phase locked fiber lasers, [16][17][18][19][20] fiber lasers with unique states of polarization, 21,22 and different types of fiber components [10][11][12][13][14][15][23][24][25] We hope to utilize our temporal imaging to focus light through dispersive material and to create rogue waves for high resolution imaging with nano-particles. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32] ...
