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... It was created with the multifunctional intention to benefit safety, nature, recreation and knowledge production (Luijendijk and van Oudenhoven, 2019). It relied on natural processes to spread the sand longshore and create dunes by wind transport, 'building with nature', rather than against it (De Vriend and Van Koningsveld, 2012). Moreover, the project served as an 'innovative' experiment that informed multiple other Dutch multifunctional coastal climate adaptation projects (Aukes et al., 2018;Baltissen, 2015;Bontje and Slinger, 2017). ...
Nature-based solutions (NbS) are fast becoming the norm for multifunctional coastal climate adaptation to increased sea-level rise. However, informing decision-makers about NbS presents ongoing challenges. This study set out to identify and explore the information requirements at different stages of the decision-making process of coastal NbS. Developing and applying a novel methodological approach, we analysed the values and indicators discussed in four key decision-making stages: the advocacy, political, bureaucratic and provisioning stages. Applied to a mega beach nourishment in the Netherlands, our study identified substantial differences in information requirements across the decision-making stages. Most notably, the values and indicators discussed shifted from being abstract to becoming increasingly specific and concrete as the stages progressed. Our findings emphasize the importance of recognizing the distinct stages of decision-making and tailoring the content and level of abstraction of information accordingly. Additionally, they suggest that future changes in the content and concretisation of the information required for decision-making on coastal NbS can be anticipated and prepared for. By distinguishing and understanding the decision-making stages in NbS, this study bridges a longstanding gap between decision-making and NbS studies, thereby allowing for improving the fairness, implementation, evaluation and comprehension of trade-offs of coastal NbS. This study progresses the understanding of the information required for planning, implementing, evaluating and managing coastal NbS, advancing multifunc-tional coastal climate adaptation for shores worldwide.
... In these institutional proposals, Nature Based Solutions (NbS) are mainstreamed as an innovative and systemic approach to climate change adaptation [35]. Under the rationale of letting the working of nature do the job of adapting, instead of forcing nature through the use of hard engineering solutions, NbS aims at utilizing natural dynamics (e. g., wind and currents) and natural materials (e.g., sediment and vegetation) for the realization of effective flood defense systems, while at the same time, providing opportunities for nature development [11]. Good examples of NbS in the field of coastal protection are the Building with Nature (BwN) approach in the Netherlands, the similar Working with Nature approach of PIANC and the Engineering with Nature approach of the US Army Corps of Engineers [44]. ...
... To explore the answer, the Sand Engine Delflanda mega-sand nourishment of 21.5 million m3was proposed to be constructed in 2011 (Fig. 2). The Sand Engine constituted the first large-scale pilot project based on BwN design principles, and was supported by public authorities, private companies and research institutes [11]. The end goal was to stimulate natural dune development concomitantly with opportunities for nature and recreational development over an expected period of 20-50 years. ...
Nature Based Solutions (NbS) are mainstreamed as an innovative and adequate approach to climate change. Combining natural dynamics and materials with technical knowledge, NbS are seen as a promising venue for coastal adaptation. However, little still is known about the role that the many uncertainties associated with such projects play in the effectiveness of these solutions, and about how to cope with these uncertainties, considering both positive and negative impacts that NbS may have for our society. Here, we investigate, if and how, managing uncertainties via the cascades of interrelated uncertainties conceptual framework improves the governance capacity for implementing NbS coastal management projects. To this end, we conduct an ex-post analysis of the uncertainties in two NbS study cases (Sand Engine and Safety Buffer Oyster Dam BwN projects in The Netherlands), critically analyzing through the conceptual framework, how uncertainties were addressed and proposing better fit supporting alternatives. Our results indicate major benefits for uncertainty management, supporting project development and implementation: generating more flexibility in managing under unknown conditions, being able to anticipate conflict and maladaptations, providing opportunities of creating new supporting relationships and alternative solutions
... It complements the science-based knowledge of the functioning of targeted species and their associated habitats, which is fundamental for restoration efforts to last long-term (Bayraktarov et al., 2016;Fraschetti et al., 2021). The synergy between science and industry requires a new way of thinking, acting and interacting (De Vriend and Van Koningsveld, 2012), as the incentives of both parties are fundamentally different. Exaggeratedly said, while 'classic restoration ecologists' aim for highest nature values within the margins of the foreseen ecosystem, 'conventional civil engineers' seek for solutions that minimize risks and costs. ...
Marine reef ecosystems have degraded massively worldwide, and restoration efforts have as yet not managed to realize the scale required to reverse continued degradation. To achieve effective scales, scientific insights in restoration methods should be paired with industry-based approaches used for infrastructural development. We illustrate by five principles how long-standing experience of marine contractors with executing large-scale projects, can support reef restoration: i) utilizing industrial techniques to achieve positive impact at scale, ii) landscaping infrastructure to optimize habitat for targeted species, iii) inducing life to overcome connectivity bottle-necks and steer community composition, iv) designing nature development efforts to be self-sustainable, and v) ensuring continuity beyond project boundaries by early stakeholder engagement. Consciously connecting scientific knowledge to industry-based activities increases the likelihood that marine infrastructure development and ecosystem rehabilitation can be aligned. We plead that synergizing practices by science and industry is needed to upscale restoration efforts and truly improve marine reef ecosystems.
... Some studies have approached the effects of coastal constructions like jetties and breakwaters on the hydrodynamics (Ghasemizadeh and Tajziehchi, 2013;Peixoto et al., 2016;Tang et al., 2017;António et al., 2020), erosion/deposition rates in coastal zones and estuaries (Tanaka and Lee, 2003;Van Rijn, 2013;Shaeri et al., 2017), and morphodynamic processes (Veloso-Gomes and Taveira-Pinto, 2003;Wu et al., 2011;Garel et al., 2015;Prumm and Iglesias, 2016;Anh et al., 2021;Guo et al., 2021). Among the applied tools, numerical models are frequently used to understand and predict these impacts in the dynamics of coastal regions, as well as to inform decision and policy makers (De Vriend and Van Koningsveld, 2012;Mani-Peres et al., 2016;Eidam et al., 2020). However, the impact of coastal structures in microtidal regions is still poorly understood (Garel et al., 2014;Flor-Blanco et al., 2015;Guo et al., 2021). ...
... The appeal procedure ended in 2009 with the permission to start the construction. The whole experience was one of the triggers to develop a more nature-inclusive method for infrastructure development, culminating in the Building with Nature (BwN) philosophy(De Vriend and Van Koningsveld, 2012;De Vriend et al., 2015). ...
Before you lies the book ‘Ports and Waterways - Navigating the changing world’, written by the Ports and Waterways team, part of the Civil Engineering and Geosciences faculty at Delft University of Technology. It integrates the content of a number of separate lecture notes we used in our teaching activities and updates this information where relevant. The integration reflects our vision that ports and waterways should be viewed as parts of a coherent system that supports waterborne supply chains, and that their integral design and operation is essential.
... The guiding principles presented by IUCN (2020) have been incorporated and considered in national frameworks Vouk et al., 2021), and adapted in combination with the EcoShape Building with Nature process (van Eekelen and Bouw, 2020). This approach aligns engineering designs with natural processes (de Vriend and van Koningsveld, 2012) to focus on collaboration with key actors across all levels of society, and an understanding of context-specific issues . These broad guiding principles have also formed the basis for the five foundational principles presented by Bridges et al. (2021b) that are pertinent to achieving successful NbS flood risk management projects. ...
... Instead, these case studies typically provide descriptions of the projects with the type of NbS employed (GGCOP, 2020;Olander et al., 2022;Stafford et al., 2021;World Bank, 2017;WWAP, 2018), the system wide benefits (Bridges et al., 2018(Bridges et al., , 2021aUNEP, 2014), barriers to upscaling (Bilkovic et al., 2017;Saunders et al., 2022), contextual challenges from the perspectives of stakeholders van Eekelen and Bouw, 2020), and lessons learnt (Cohen-Shacham et al., 2016;Matthews and Dela Cruz, 2022;Preston et al., 2020;Saunders et al., 2022;UNEP, 2020;World Bank, 2016). Few case studies detailed the dimensions of the NbS (de Vriend and van Koningsveld, 2012;Forbes et al., 2015;Lewis and Brown, 2014), and/or quantified the outcomes of shoreline erosion reduction (Bilkovic et al., 2017;Hardaway et al., 2017) and biodiversity enhancement (Bilkovic et al., 2017). ...
Traditional solutions to estuarine flood risk management have typically involved the implementation of static 'hard' shoreline protection structures, often at the expense of the natural landscape and the societal and ecosystem benefits they provide. In a changing climate, there is an increasing need to restore these estuarine ecosystems, and alternative measures in the form of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are being considered. Guidance that balances ecology and engineering is required for NbS to establish as self-sustaining ecosystems. In this study, a review of NbS guidelines was undertaken, revealing an absence of technical content bridging ecological and engineering values. Instead, most guidelines focus on NbS project implementation, identifying engineering aspects, and providing frameworks for investors and project managers. Integration of technical engineering and ecological outcomes within NbS guidelines is needed. A conceptual approach for integrating eco-engineering aspects for estuarine ecosystems is proposed. This conceptual approach focuses on the critical thresholds and parameter relationships associated with establishment, growth, recovery and mortality, and functionality of estuarine NbS, in efforts to quantify changes in ecological development and flood risk mitigation services. The conceptual approach documents how the suggested relationships between parameters can be adopted by practitioners in the short-term, medium-term, and long-term. The application of this conceptual approach to multi-habitat restoration is explored, including lifecycle timing and ecosystem/design functionality. The findings of this study demonstrate the need for an integrated NbS design guideline that balances ecology and engineering research for the long-term success of estuarine ecosystems.
... The nature-based approach has been given different names, such as nature-based solutions (NBS) (World Bank 2018, Somarakis et al. 2019), building with nature (BwN) (Waterman 1980, de Vriend andvan Koningsveld 2012), green infrastructure (GI) (European Union 2013), naturaland nature-based features (NNBF) (Bridges et al. 2015) or ecological engineering (EE) (Borsje et al. 2011). All of them share the use of natural elements and processes that belong to the site, to achieve varying objectives, including flood risk Figure 1. ...
Building with Nature (BwN), is a concept that has been applied in various projects around the world in the broader context of nature based solutions for climate resilience and adaptation. Most of these projects are regional or local in nature and are implemented on a smaller scale. Larger scale projects are more rare. The aim of this article is to highlight a number of large‐scale projects that have been completed or are in the developing stage. The focus will be on coastal regions, from temperate locations in the Netherlands and from developing countries in the tropics including Bangladesh. The value of implementing the principle of BwN for a sustainable future is underlined and described. Certain aspects of governance are highlighted to point out the differences and challenges, but also similarities, of carrying out such projects in different parts of the world.
... .), ecological approaches(Morris et al., 2018(Morris et al., , 2019 such as Engineering With Nature in the U.S.A.(Bridges et al., 2018) or Building With Nature in The Netherlands(de Vriend et Van Koningsveld, 2012 ;van Slobbe et al., 2013), and the use of ecological or socio-economic enhancements in the design of hard structures(Evans et al., 2017 ;Schoonees et al., 2019 ;Vuik et al., 2019). Still, the decisions regarding the selection of CDMs are not systematically being made through a participatory process(O'Riordan, 2005 ;Sauvé et al., 2020). ...
Les caractéristiques des environnements côtiers varient à l’échelle du Québec maritime. Plusieurs types d’ouvrage de protection côtière (OPC) existent pour résoudre une problématique d’érosion ou de submersion dans ces environnements. Les effets des OPC sur le système socioécologique côtier (SSEC) sont complexes en raison des nombreuses rétroactions entre les éléments hydrodynamiques et géomorphologiques qui ont aussi des répercussions sur les aspects écologiques et socio-économiques des communautés côtières. Le choix d’un OPC dépend des caractéristiques socioécologiques propres à un secteur de côte, ainsi que des effets souhaités. Cependant, entre 1980 et 2000, au Québec, les OPC ont été aménagés en situation d’urgence et en réaction aux événements de tempête, sans considération des effets indésirables qu’ils pourraient produire. L’objectif principal de cette thèse doctorale est de développer un outil d’aide à la prise de décision élaboré sur une structuration cohérente de l’information permettant de prendre en considération les données tant géomorphologiques et hydrodynamiques, qu’écologiques et socio-économiques nécessaires à l’identification des meilleures alternatives en termes d’OPC au regard des conditions spécifiques d’un SSEC et des besoins exprimés par les acteurs du territoire (professionnels et gestionnaires). Pour ce faire, plusieurs méthodes ont été utilisées : (1) des consultations des acteurs de la zone côtière; (2) un traçage par système d’information géographique des composantes du SSEC; (3) une revue et méta-analyse de la littérature sur les effets des OPC; (4) le développement d’un algorithme; (5) une application d’une analyse multicritère. La thèse est composée de deux volets : (1) caractérisation des interventions passées et établissement d’une base afin d’orienter les décisions futures; (2) développement d’une approche d’évaluation des OPC. Premièrement, en 2017, 97,6 % des OPC présents dans le Québec maritime étaient des enrochements et des murs de protection. Par le passé, en plus de l’urgence des interventions, les principaux facteurs évoqués par les acteurs consultés pour justifier leur choix d’aménagement de ces OPC étaient un manque de connaissance, de financement et de processus collaboratif. Or, les acteurs consultés en 2017-2018 ont démontré une ouverture pour l’utilisation d’une plus grande diversité d’OPC. Ils ont également soulevé un besoin d’acquisition de connaissances scientifiques sur les effets des différents OPC pour pouvoir prendre de meilleures décisions. Les résultats de la méta-analyse de la littérature internationale sur les effets des OPC sur le milieu côtier démontrent que 52,7 % des 355 sites étudiés sont des côtes basses sablonneuses, que les études portent en majorité sur les recharges de plage (40,9 %), les murs de protection (16,7 %) et les brise-lames (12,5 %) et qu’il y a une absence d’études dans un contexte de climat nordique avec la présence de glaces côtières. Ce qui suggère un déséquilibre dans les connaissances scientifiques se rapportant aux effets produits par les OPC sur des environnements côtiers variés, déséquilibre qui doit être redressé afin d’améliorer le processus décisionnel. Deuxièmement, une approche d’évaluation a été développée pour répondre au besoin d’outils d’aide à la décision soulevé par les acteurs du territoire. Cette approche est basée sur la combinaison d’un algorithme d’identification et d’une analyse multicritère. L’algorithme permet d’évaluer et de hiérarchiser des OPC en fonction de leurs effets sur les différents environnements côtiers, et ce en trois étapes. (i) La caractérisation du SSEC est effectuée au moyen d’indicateurs de suivis géomorphologiques (type de côte, substrat) et hydrodynamiques (marnage, vagues, courants). Des données cartographiques (caractérisation côtière, écosystèmes, activités et usages) et hydrodynamiques (vagues et marnage) servent à définir l’état initial des sites à l’étude. (ii) Tirés d’une revue de littérature, les énoncés d’effets observés associés aux caractéristiques environnementales qui y correspondent (type de côte et de substrat, marnage et vagues) ont été compilés dans une base de données, catégorisés et pondérés selon une échelle qualitative de pondération (-5 à 5). Cette échelle est basée sur la pertinence et sur le caractère positif ou négatif des énoncés. (iii) L’information est traitée par l’algorithme sur la base d’une correspondance entre les caractéristiques environnementales du site d’étude et celles enregistrées dans la base de données. L’évaluation et la hiérarchisation des OPC sont réalisées en colligeant et en classant les effets observés connus, produits par ces OPC dans des contextes environnementaux similaires. (iv) Les résultats de l’algorithme présentent la hiérarchisation des OPC selon une structure d’agrégation à plusieurs niveaux qui peut être utilisée par les gestionnaires, les décideurs et les ingénieurs côtiers pour la planification et la conception de projets d’intervention pour protéger des infrastructures ou des milieux sensibles.
L’analyse multicritère est ensuite utilisée pour hiérarchiser les OPC présélectionnés selon les résultats de l’algorithme en trois étapes. (i) Les critères d’évaluation ont été identifiés et pondérés par les acteurs du territoire selon leurs priorités dans le cadre d’une série de cinq ateliers. (ii) Les OPC ont été évalués en regard de chacun des critères et des caractéristiques socioécologiques de quatre secteurs d’études. (iii) Les OPC sont hiérarchisés avec la méthode PROMETHEE. Les résultats de la hiérarchisation montrent que le premier rang est occupé par la végétalisation dans trois des quatre sites et par l’enrochement dans le quatrième site. De manière plus générale, les résultats montrent la pertinence de l’utilisation d’une méthode d’analyse multicritère et de l’implication des acteurs du territoire dans le processus de sélection d’un OPC qui tienne compte des priorités locales et soit adapté aux conditions environnementales. Globalement, cette thèse offre des connaissances permettant d’améliorer le processus décisionnel menant à la sélection d’un OPC. Elle est appuyée sur une approche intégrée et holistique d’identification des OPC adaptés aux conditions spécifiques d’un SSEC, en tenant compte d’une part des effets des OPC sur l’évolution du SSEC et, d’autre part, des besoins exprimés par les acteurs du territoire.
... The nature-based approach has been given different names, such as nature-based solutions (NBS) (World Bank 2018, Somarakis et al. 2019), building with nature (BwN) (Waterman 1980, de Vriend andvan Koningsveld 2012), green infrastructure (GI) (European Union 2013), naturaland nature-based features (NNBF) (Bridges et al. 2015) or ecological engineering (EE) (Borsje et al. 2011). All of them share the use of natural elements and processes that belong to the site, to achieve varying objectives, including flood risk reduction, ecological health and recreation. ...
The paper introduces nature‐based solutions (NBS) and their application in coastal adaptation management. NBS seek to make use of local natural elements and processes in coastal ecosystems, as much as possible, to harness forces of nature for the benefit of society. We focus on soft sedimentary coasts, like beaches and dunes, salt marshes, seagrass beds and mangroves. By shifting coastal management from conventional ‘Building in Nature' to ‘Building with Nature', NBS can be seen as a valuable alternative to the traditional approach, which is based on hydraulic, civil engineered designs. NBS can be applied in diverse situations and at various scales, from small‐scale (ecosystem elements, a small pond) to large‐scale (entire coastal stretches). The practice of NBS is also valuable for climate change adaptation, when forces of nature will increase. NBS requires a governance setting that makes use of an integrated approach with disciplines of ecology, economy and society working together. But integration is not yet common practise in many countries. We conclude that NBS are a promising alternative to the traditional approach. Because the practise still is relatively young, more field and laboratory projects should be executed, in particular under extreme weather conditions. The future challenge is to build up more stakeholder acceptance and (local) trust in the concept.
... -Building with Nature, BwN (Netherlands): The BwN concept develops multi-functional solutions through the use of natural processes and ensures that they are 'aligned with the interests of both nature and stakeholder' (Vriend and van Koningsveld 2012). -Ecological Engineering: Ecological Engineering is defined as 'the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both' (Mitsch and Jørgensen 2003). ...
Under the umbrella term of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) fall measures from a wide range of disciplines. With regard to coastal protection, coastal ecosystems represent possible and promising NbS to coastal threats such as storm surges or erosion. Around the globe, the looming climate change and related developments in the coastal landscapes as well as a paradigm shift in societal views shifted the focus of decision-makers and researchers onto NbS for coastal protection, driving the need for a comprehensive up-to-date review of coastal ecosystems like salt marshes, mangroves, seagrass meadows, beaches, dunes, coral, and shellfish/oyster reefs and their benefits for Water, Nature and People alike. While existing reviews of NbS have mainly focused on the idea of softer coastal protection in general and constraints regarding management and regulations, this study reviews not only the characteristics, features and needs of the coastal ecosystems under consideration but also examines the ecosystems’ potential and related processes for coastal protection, their ecological as well as their societal benefits. This review paper is based on an extensive literature review and analysis of scientific publications, books and book sections, guidelines, reports, policy recommendations and strategies. In order to create a basis for the selection of site-suitable adaptation measures for local coastal challenges and questions, this study compiles the coastal ecosystems’ key features and elaborates the provided ecosystem services for protective, ecological and societal needs. The highlighted diversity of processes within ecosystems that directly cause or support coastal protection, in combination with the multiple ecological services and societal benefits, underlines the great potential of coastal ecosystems to bridge the gap between coastal engineering and nature conservation. In combination with existing coastal protection, coastal ecosystems as NbS can serve both disciplines equally and provide an integral, sustainable element in the adaptation of coastal protection to climate change.
