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Objective:
We use psychophysical methods to examine the maximum time intervals over which discrete events can be temporally integrated into the percept known as apparent motion. We hypothesized that the maximum time interval would be shorter in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than it would be in a control group....
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... this case, any intervening behaviors or cues that occur between the operant response and the reinforcement are more likely to be reinforced, and the environmentally relevant association will be frustrated. This concept is illustrated by the delay-of-reinforcement gradient (see Figure 1), which relates the amount of time separating re- sponse and reinforcement to the probability of learning an associ- ation between the two. This inverse relationship between rein- forcement delay and probability of reinforcement has long been recognized in the animal learning literature, and the upper limit on delay for successful reinforcement is known to be on the order of a few seconds (see, e.g., Perin, 1943). ...
Context 2
... memory trace strength, as described above, is a function of t: the trace strength decays as t increases. The impaired dopamine response hypothesized to occur in ADHD would effectively scale the delay-of-reinforcement curve, as shown in Figure 1. To achieve the same probability of association in a scaled gradient compared to a normal gradient, the reinforcer must be delivered more closely in time. ...
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Citations
... In the same way that a time series provides an objective check on a person's sense of their rhythmic behavior, we required a behavioral expression that could stipulate whether or not a path was being perceived. The task we settled on was originally described in Marusich and Gilden (2014) and involved modifying a technique developed by Proffit et al. (1988) for measuring the curvature of emergent paths. ...
... The stimulus employed by Marusich and Gilden (2014) is shown in Figure 15 below. When oriented rectangles (focusing here solely on the rectangles labeled 1 and 2) are cycled on and off, an entire class of curved paths is perceptually invited. ...
... The implication here is either that the geometry of this stimulus invites probe placement on near circular paths, and/or people are influenced by their history of responding. Regardless, the exact same result was also obtained in Marusich and Gilden (2014) that used a similar stimulus, probe placement method, and range of SOA. ...
In both space and time, proximity plays an important role in the formation of perceived groups, objects, and scenes. Proximity is especially critical in the temporal domain where there are constraints-pauses or delays between neighboring events, that when of sufficient size, defeat the grouping processes that underlay temporal integration. A framework is developed where temporal proximity constraints are theorized to reflect lifetimes of exponential decay processes, and this identification leads to an inquiry into their scaling properties. In a study focusing on rhythmic pulse, the slowest tempo permitting stable rhythmic performance is shown to satisfy an allometry with a power-law exponent close to that of heart rate. The coefficient of variation, a measure of drumming stability and precision, is also shown to obey an allometry. A theory is developed that predicts that allometry in the coefficient of variation exists only at adagio and largo tempi. In a second experiment, this theory is tested by replicating the finding of precision allometry at 60 bpm, and by finding that precision is independent of body size at the marching tempo of 120 bpm. A third experiment examined proximity constraints in apparent motion, historically a defining example of temporal organization. Using a behavioral method for measuring path vividness, it is demonstrated that proximity constraints for the percept of illusory motion paths also satisfy an allometry. These two examples of proximity constraint scaling suggest that allometry may be a generic feature of temporal integration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
... The pattern of results here suggests that difficulties with order judgement are more common to individuals with ADHD, with the ASD + ADHD group having higher order judgement thresholds than the typically developing control group, and with both the ASD + ADHD and ADHD groups also being less accurate. Higher order judgement thresholds or "wider temporal binding windows", in which two temporally separate stimuli are perceived as one 36 , has also been identified in ADHD across other sensory domains, including visual and auditory domains [36][37][38] , suggesting a general deficit of time perception 39 , rather than a tactile specific alteration. Further, as stated earlier, wider temporal binding windows have also been identified in ASD [15][16][17][18][19] , though the findings were mixed 17,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] . ...
Alterations of tactile processing have long been identified in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the extent to which these alterations are disorder-specific, rather than disorder-general, and how they relate to the core symptoms of each disorder, remains unclear. We measured and compared tactile detection, discrimination, and order judgment thresholds between a large sample of children with ASD, ADHD, ASD + ADHD combined and typically developing controls. The pattern of results suggested that while difficulties with tactile detection and order judgement were more common in children with ADHD, difficulties with tactile discrimination were more common in children with ASD. Interestingly, in our subsequent correlation analyses between tactile perception and disorder-specific clinical symptoms, tactile detection and order judgment correlated exclusively with the core symptoms of ADHD, while tactile discrimination correlated exclusively with the symptoms of ASD. When taken together, these results suggest that disorder-specific alterations of lower-level sensory processes exist and are specifically related to higher-level clinical symptoms of each disorder.
... La mayoría de los estudios sobre procesamiento temporal en el TDAH (Barkley et al., 2001;Gilden & Marusich, 2009;Marusich & Gilden, 2014;Meaux & Chelonis, 2003;Smith et al., 2002;Suárez et al., 2013;Toplak et al., 2003;Yang et al., 2007) se llevaron a cabo en condiciones de ausencia o suspensión de la medicación ya que el metilfenidato en niños y adolescentes con TDAH influye en la percepción temporal (Rubia, Alegría, & Brinson, 2014), aunque estos efectos han sido puestos en duda en algunas investigaciones (Barkley, Koplowitz, Anderson, & McMurray, 1997). ...
... Estas tareas precisan de una adecuada percepción temporal pero también de un juicio temporal, proceso para el cual entran en juego las funciones ejecutivas. Todo esto supone una dificultad añadida ya que poseemos evidencias de que las personas diagnosticadas de TDAH emiten juicios de mayor inestabilidad que los sujetos controles (Epstein et al., 2011;Klein, Wendling, Huettner, Ruder, & Peper, 2006;Marusich & Gilden, 2014). Tanto el reloj interno como la velocidad en la toma de decisiones son procesos afectados en niños con TDAH, siendo la fuerza de la evidencia para la lentitud en la toma de decisiones superior a la evidencia de un procesamiento más lento del reloj interno (Shapiro & Huang-Pollock, 2019). ...
Time Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Time processing is a primary brain activity for the proper functioning of people in their
daily activities. Its affectation is one of the most important signs of dysfunction in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim was to
review the background and scientific studies carried out on time processing in patients with ADHD, as well as top put forward a proposal for evaluat�ing this function in populations with this neurodevelopmental disorder. Although time processing has not been studied clinically in detail, it has been
approached experimentally in the neuroscientific field. Most studies of time processing have been based on functional phenomena related to time
perception and timed motor reproductions; distortions of these two functions have been described in people with ADHD. Several theories based on
a primary affectation of time processing have been proposed; however, on some occasions this affectation has been considered secondary to the
nuclear alterations of the disorder. The cognitive processes related to temporal processing are rather diverse and require the functioning of different
cognitive domains. Although some tests have been developed for the evaluation of this function, new tools are needed for the proper assessment
of time processing in people with ADHD.
... Crucially, processes inhibiting the Simon interference are weaker in ADHD (Mullane et al., 2009). Moreover, ADHD patients have problems integrating cognitive operations that are only slightly separated in time (Bluschke et al., 2018b;Marusich and Gilden, 2014). Therefore, it is more reasonable to hypothesize that the congruency effect during the inhibition of actions is weaker in ADHD patients compared to controls; i.e. action inhibition processes cannot be facilitated by processes related to the inhibition of interference. ...
... Therefore, it seems that inhibitory control processes in ADHD operate on a hierarchical 'first come, first serve' basis at the response selection level: Whenever 'action inhibition' processes have been triggered, processes related to the 'inhibition of interferences' cannot be integrated. This interpretation is supported by the fact that ADHD patients have problems integrating cognitive processes that are only slightly separated in time (Bluschke et al., 2018b;Marusich and Gilden, 2014). Future studies should evaluate whether pharmacological treatments in ADHD are able to change this altered functional architecture in ADHD. ...
Inhibitory control deficits are a hallmark in ADHD. Yet, inhibitory control includes a multitude of entities (e.g. ‘inhibition of interferences’ and ‘action inhibition’). Examining the interplay between these kinds of inhibitory control provides insights into the architecture of inhibitory control in ADHD. Combining a Simon task and a Go/Nogo task, we assessed the interplay of ‘inhibition of interferences’ and ‘action inhibition’. This was combined with EEG recordings, EEG data decomposition and source localization. Simon interference effects in Go trials were larger in ADHD. At the neurophysiological level, this insufficient inhibition of interferences in ADHD related to the superior parietal cortex. Simon interference effects were absent in action inhibition (Nogo) trials in ADHD, compared to controls. This was supported by bayesian statistics. The power of effects was higher than 95%. The differential effects between the groups were associated with modulations of neurophysiological response selection processes in the superior frontal gyrus. ADHD is not only associated with deficits in inhibitory control. Rather, the organization and architecture of the inhibitory control system is different in ADHD. Distinguishable inhibitory control processes operate on a hierarchical ‘first come, first serve’ basis and are not integrated in ADHD. This is a new facet of ADHD.
... Critically, it has recently been shown that multi-component behavior in healthy adolescents becomes particularly difficult when temporally separated stimuli have to be integrated during response selection (Gohil et al., 2017b). Notably, in individuals with ADHD, the temporal gaps upon which stimuli can still be integrated are considerably shorter (Marusich and Gilden, 2014). Therefore, ADHD patients may show deficits compared to healthy controls, when stimuli signalling two to be cascaded actions are presented with a gap in time between the stimuli. ...
... The lower C-cluster amplitudes in early adolescent ADHD in the SCD300 condition suggest that ADHD patients have difficulties in performing stimulus-response bindings during multi-component behavior. The fact that this was only the case in the SCD300 condition, but not in the SCD0 condition, suggests that the temporal spacing of information detailing stimulus-response mappings determines the efficiency of stimulus-response bindings during multicomponent behavior in early adolescent ADHD (Marusich and Gilden, 2014). It has been shown that adolescents have smaller time windows for efficient stimulus-response binding processes during multi-component behavior (Gohil et al., 2017b). ...
... However, in healthy participants such temporal windows for information integration have been suggested to be important for multi-sensory stimuli (Conrey and Pisoni, 2006;van Wassenhove et al., 2007), but irrelevant during uni-modal stimulus processing (Gori et al., 2008;Hahn et al., 2014;Hillock-Dunn et al., 2016). The current results suggest that there is a critical temporal integration window during multi-component behavior in early adolescent ADHD, which is (i) smaller than in healthy controls (Marusich and Gilden, 2014) and is (ii) independent of the nature and complexity of sensory input to be used during response selection. This has important clinical implication, because these results suggest that deficits in ADHD to cope with multiple demands are not determined by the sensory complexity. ...
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder affecting cognitive control. These functions are important to achieve goals when different actions need to be executed in close succession. This type of multi-component behavior, which often further requires the processing of information from different modalities, is important for everyday activities. Yet, possible changes in neurophysiological mechanisms have not been investigated in adolescent ADHD. We examined N=31 adolescent ADHD patients and N=35 healthy controls (HC) in two Stop-Change experiments using either uni-modal or bi-modal stimuli to trigger stop and change processes. These stimuli were either presented together (SCD0) or in close succession of 300 milliseconds (SCD300). Using event-related potentials (ERP), EEG data decomposition and source localization we analyzed neural processes and functional neuroanatomical correlates of multicomponent behavior. Compared to HCs, ADHD patients had longer reaction times and higher error rates when Stop and Change stimuli were presented in close succession (SCD300), but not when presented together (SCD0). This effect was evident in the uni-modal and bi-modal experiment and is reflected by neurophysiological processes reflecting response selection mechanisms in the inferior parietal cortex (BA40). These processes were only detectable after accounting for intra-individual variability in neurophysiological data; i.e. there were no effects in standard ERPs. Multi-component behavior is not always deficient in ADHD. Rather, modulations in multi-component behavior depend on a critical temporal integration window during response selection which is associated with functioning of the inferior parietal cortex. This window is smaller than in HCs and independent of the complexity of sensory input.
... Attentional capacity also plays a role in the formation of the illusion of apparent motion [93,94]. Marusich and Gilden [95], using an apparent motion task, found that adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), one of whose traits is attentional instability, had a shorter temporal integration window compared to normal adults. Puyjarinet et al. [96] found that adults and children with ADHD do not produce significantly different tempi in a spontaneous tempo task compared to a control group. ...
... We administered two measures of temporal cognition before and after a 40-min live performance to an audience (n = 12): a Spontaneous Motor Tempo (SMT) task [76] and a task assessing the temporal window inducing the Apparent Motion effect (AM) [95]. The same temporal tasks were tested with a custom created control choreography with a separate group of subjects (n = 13). ...
The co-presence of bodies in intersubjective situations can give rise to processes of kinesthetic empathy and physiological synchronization, especially in the context of dance: the body and attention of the spectators are oriented towards the dancers. In this study, we investigate the processes of "body-mind" resonance between a choreography and its spectators, and more specifically the lasting impact of this resonance post-performance. We then explore the relation between the observed effects and subjective measures of attention. The study focuses on the work of the French choreographer Myriam Gourfink, who develops a unique movement, based on the slower breathing of dancers: the breathing generates an extremely slow movement without rhythmic ruptures. Phenomenological studies of her work report changes in temporal perception and changes in bodily attentional states. We made use of two cognitive tasks in order to quantify this change in temporal perception: Spontaneous Motor Tempo (SMT) and Apparent Motion effect (AM) before and after a 40-min live performance. Subjective reports were collected at the end of the performance. Physiological data were recorded before and after the performance. We performed a control experiment with a choreography of a distinctly different quality of movement. Post-Gourfink performance, we observed a significant deceleration of SMT and a decrease in its variability, while AM was reported with longer temporal intervals. Neither of these effects was observed in the control condition. Furthermore, an increase in perception of AM was correlated with a slower breathing rate after the performance. Correlations with subjective reports suggest a link between changes in cognitive and physiological dynamics and the degree of absorption of the spectators in the performance. In addition, these changes were related to specific reported attentional dispositions that we interpret as a form of attentional resonance. The ensemble of the results suggests an expansion of the "specious present" that is related to the slowing of physiological rhythms, and an attentional resonance between spectators and the choreography. The intricate relation we observed between inter-personal resonance and temporal cognition, foregrounds the notion of shared present as a neurophenomenological construct.
... Specifically, temporal processing, which is related to integrating information from multiple modalities, seems to be abnormal in children and adults with ADHD (Toplak, Dockstader, & Tannock, 2006). In particular, a perceptual deficit in time discrimination affecting brief durations in the range of milliseconds has been observed (Marusich & Gilden, 2014;Smith, Taylor, Warner Rogers, Newman, & Rubia, 2002). Such deficits have also been found in nonclinical populations exhibiting ADHD-like traits (e.g., impulsivity) (Baumann & Odum, 2012;Wittmann et al., 2011). ...
Preliminary studies in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) report both hypo-responsiveness and hyper-responsiveness to sensory stimuli, as well as problems modulating sensory input. As it has been suggested that those with ADHD exist at the extreme end of a continuum of ADHD traits, which are also evident in the general population, we investigated the link between ADHD and sensory sensitivity in the general population. Two online questionnaires measuring ADHD traits and sensory responsivity across various sensory domains were administered to 234 participants. Results showed a highly significant positive correlation between number of ADHD traits and the frequency of reported sensory processing problems. An increased number of sensory difficulties across all modalities was associated with the level of ADHD. Furthermore, ADHD traits predicted sensory difficulties and exploratory factor analysis revealed a factor that combined ADHD trait and sensory processing items. This is the first study to identify a positive relationship between sensory processing and ADHD traits in the general population. Our results suggest that sensory difficulties could be part of the ADHD phenotype.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
Resumen
Algunos trastornos neuropsicopatológicos cursan con alteraciones de la percepción del tiempo, pero las bases neurobiológicas apenas empiezan a descifrarse. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática consistió en integrar los hallazgos realizados en la neurobiología de la percepción del tiempo en algunas neuropsicopatologías. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos (1975-2016) en diversas bases de datos (ELSEVIER, NCBI, EBSCO, SpringerLink, ResearchGate, OXFORD, SciELO, Redalyc, PubMed, UNAM, entre otras), de las cuales se extrajeron los conceptos principales sobre el estudio de la percepción temporal, las estructuras cerebrales clave, los paradigmas de evaluación y los aspectos metodológicos. Se revisaron 135 referencias, 39 cumplieron los requisitos de inclusión y versaron sobre las alteraciones en la estimación de intervalos de tiempo en pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno por déficit de atención, esquizofrenia, enfermedades neurodegenerativas y trastornos afectivos. Aún no es posible obtener conclusiones definitivas sobre las alteraciones en la percepción temporal de diversas neuropsicopatologías. No obstante, el análisis de los estudios al parecer involucra como estructuras clave en la neurobiología de la percepción del tiempo al cerebelo, los núcleos basales, la corteza prefrontal, la corteza parietal y el hipocampo. La principal limitación metodológica encontrada en los estudios es la falta de un instrumento estandarizado que permita unificar los resultados de la investigación experimental.
