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electron micrograph of astrovirus (HAstrV) particles from sample LVC426. Arrows are indicating typical morphology of HAstrV. Bar = 100 nm
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Between June 4th and June 20th 1996 rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus (HAstrV) were investigated in fecal samples from 27 children under three years old with acute diarrhea, attending the Bertha Lutz day care center, in Rio de Janeiro. All fecal samples were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), reverse transcriptase polymerase...
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Citations
... Astroviruses are usually spread through direct person-to-person transmission via the fecal-oral route [10], although indirect transmission due to exposure to contaminated food or water has been described [11]. Astroviruses cause outbreaks, especially in healthcare [12,13] and daycare centers [14,15], mainly affecting small children. ...
... Several reports on AGE outbreaks of viral etiology in daycare centers with the involvement of HAstVs have been described [15,25,26], but they did not provide specific data on their extent among household contacts. ...
We investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to human astrovirus in a daycare center, describing the transmission mechanism, the most affected age groups, conditioning factors and the extent of the outbreak among household contacts of the daycare center attenders. Data were collected from persons exposed at the daycare center and their home contacts. Fecal samples from affected and non-affected daycare center attenders were analyzed for viruses causing acute gastroenteritis by RT-PCR. The percentage of households affected and the attack rates (AR) were calculated. The attack rates were compared using the rate ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals. Information was obtained from 245 people (76 attenders and 169 contacts) of whom 49 were clinical cases. Five HAstV-4, two HAstV-8 and three non-typable HAstV cases were identified (six from clinical cases and four from asymptomatic infected people). The global AR was 20% (41.2% in children aged < 2 years). Data were obtained from 67 households: 20 households of affected attenders and 47 of non-affected attendees. Household contacts of affected attenders had a higher AR (74.3%) than that of non-affected attendees (2.4%). We found asymptomatic infections amongst daycare attendees. The transmission of HAstV during the outbreak was not limited to the daycare center but extended to household contacts of both affected and non-affected attenders.
... No Brasil, na cidade de Belém, em 2003 foi detectado AstV em 45 (14,7%) amostras de fezes de pacientes com gastrenterite grave hospitalizados (ARAGÃO et al., 2010). Na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, foram avaliadas fezes de 27 crianças em uma creche, na qual teve um surto de gastrenterite, 33% destas foram positivas para AstV (SILVA et al., 2001). Em Goiânia, foi evidenciada a presença em 2,8% das amostras fecais de crianças de uma creche (CARDOSO et al., 2002). ...
Vírus entéricos podem causar diversas infecções que acometem os seres humanos e são disseminados pelos meios hídricos, sendo o esgoto doméstico um dos principais contaminantes. A relação ambiente-saúde é de extrema importância uma vez que tais microrganismos podem permanecer viáveis no ambiente e serem disseminados em meio hídrico devido à falta de saneamento básico. O objetivo deste artigo foi abordar temas relacionados aos vírus entéricos, tais como Enterovírus (EV), Rotavírus (RV), Astrovírus (AstV), Mastadenovirus (AdVH) e Norovírus (NoV), elencando as principais doenças que acometem ao homem, transmitidas através da água sem tratamento adequado. Este estudo é um artigo de revisão que utilizou plataformas como Scielo, Pubmed, Medline e Science Direct para pesquisas de diversos trabalhos relacionados. É imprescindível o conhecimento científico sobre a relação hídrica/ambiente com a saúde humana, uma vez que os vírus são responsáveis por diversas enfermidades e atingem a população a qual carece de uma melhor qualidade hídrica.
Palavras-chave: Gastroenterites. Vírus Entéricos. Água.
ABSTRACT
Enteric viruses can cause various infections affecting humans and are spread by water, being the domestic sewage a major contaminants. The environment-health relationship is of extreme importance since such micro-organisms can remain viable in the environment and be disseminated in water because of lack of basic sanitation. The objective of this article was to address issues related to enteric viruses, such asEnterovirus (EV), Rotavirus (RV), Astrovirus (AstV), Mastadenovirus (AdVH) e Norovirus (NoV), by listing their major diseases that affect humans, transmitted through water without adequate treatment. This study is a review article that used platforms such as Scielo, Pubmed, Medline and Science Direct for research on several related works. Scientific knowledge about the relationship between water and the environment with human health is essential, since viruses are responsible for several diseases and reach the population which lacks a better water quality.
Keywords: Gastroenteritis. Enteric Viruses. Water.
... Studies conducted around the world have shown a wide range of prevalence, with prevalences varying from 8.6% in Thailand to 4.3% in Australia and 3% in Iran [1,13,14]. In Brazil, astroviruses were found in 33% of the children younger than 5 years with diarrhea [15]. ...
... Others prevalence rates between 2 and 6% was reported by several studies in Iran, Gabon and Ivory Coast [1,18,19]. Higher prevalence has been reported in Nigeria (19.4%) [30] Brazil (33%) [15] and in South Africa (37%) [31]. ...
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of astrovirus infections and
associated risks factors.
Methods: A prospective study was undertaken from May 2009 to March 2010, covering the rainy and dry seasons, at the Saint Camille Medical Center in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 213 non hospitalized children less than 5 years of age with diarrhea were enrolled and examined for astrovirus, others enteropathogens, and clinico-epidemiological aspects.
Results: Astroviruses prevalence among the enrolled children was 14.6%. Astrovirus infections were common during the cold dry season from December to February (38.7%), during the rainy season from June to September (54.8%), also during dry season in March (3.2%) and May (3.2%).
Children younger than 11 months of age were most affected by astroviruses (16%). Moderate and severe malnutrition influenced more severe symptoms of astrovirus related diarrheas.
Conclusion: The present study shows that astroviruses have an important role in pediatric viralassociated diarrhea in Burkina Faso. Diarrhea is more severe in malnourished children.
... (11) Human astroviruses (HAstVs) were first identified in 1975 via electron microscopy, in stool samples of newborns with gastroenteritis; they have been isolated from humans as well as from animal species. (13) HAstVs have eight serotypes (HAstV-1 through HAstV-8), built on their reactivity to polyclonal antibodies and on a study by immunofluorescence assays, neutralization assays, and immune electron microscopy (IEM). (2) Astrovirus-specific antibodies (as determined by IEM) are associated with shielding immunity. ...
Background. The impairment of the T-lymphocyte system leads to reduced viral clearance, resulting in intensified disease and the possibility of prolonged infection.(2) The poor functioning of B lymphocytes makes the host susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, especially in cases of malignant disease. Aim of the study. The present study set out to determine the frequency of human astrovirus infection among patients who suffered from malignancies who were being treated in the Oncology Center of the Basrah Children’s Specialty Hospital. Patients and Method. A cross-sectional study was approved for a population of children with cancers during the period from October 1, 2015 through the end of January, 2016. Forty-five children (24 females and 21 males), all with cancers, were admitted to the Oncology Center of Basrah Children’s Specialty Hospital. Their ages ranged from under 1 year to 15 years. According to the results of a specially designed questionnaire, data were obtained from patients who were either symptomatic or asymptomatic for human astrovirus infections, including 3 newly diagnosed cases (before chemotherapy) and 38 cases (during chemotherapy), with the remaining 4 cases admitted after chemotherapy. Ninety stool samples were collected at day 0 and day 4 after admission, and all were tested using astrovirus antigen enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) kits (EIA-4456). Results. On both days, the rate of astrovirus infections was 15.6% in the hospitalized children with cancers, and there were no statically significant differences between hematological malignancies and solid tumors (P value was 0.857). Among hematological malignancies, astrovirus was detected at a significant rate (the P value was 0.0001) in patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia, while patients with solid tumors exhibited significant expression of rhabdomyosarcoma (the P value was 0.001). Astrovirus infection was more prevalent in females (85.8%) than in males (the P value was 0.001). Infection was most prevalent in the age group of >1–5 years (57%), and most of the infected patients (85.8%) were from rural areas (the P value was 0.012). In most of the symptomatic infected cases (71.4%) the symptom was acute diarrhea (the P value was 0.05), and this was typically during chemotherapy. Conclusion. Astrovirus infections occur at significant rates in acute myeloblastic leukemia, among hematological malignancies, and in patients with rhabdomyosarcoma, in the solid-tumor category. Therefore, astrovirus screening should be done for all children with cancers, and especially for patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia or rhabdomyosarcoma. Keywords: Cancer in children, human astrovirus
... However, other Brazilian authors have reported higher detection rates (Cardoso et al., 2002;Victoria et al., 2007;Silva et al., 2001). Our results (Table 2) have recognized a higher rate of Adenoviral infection than a study conducted in Turkey among those aged (o-12) months (65.4% Vs 7.2%) while are consistent with that study regarding (13-24) months , and more than 24 months which revealed rates 19.2 % Vs18.8%, and 15.4% Vs 8.1%, ,respectively. ...
... However, other Brazilian authors have reported higher detection rates (Cardoso et al.2002, Resque et al. 2007, Silva et al. 2001, and Victoria et al. 2007) (Cardoso et al., 2002;Victoria et al., 2007;Resque et al., 2007;Silva et al., 2001). These could be related to the socio-economic differences among Brazilian population. ...
... However, other Brazilian authors have reported higher detection rates (Cardoso et al.2002, Resque et al. 2007, Silva et al. 2001, and Victoria et al. 2007) (Cardoso et al., 2002;Victoria et al., 2007;Resque et al., 2007;Silva et al., 2001). These could be related to the socio-economic differences among Brazilian population. ...
ABSTRACT
Background: Diarrhea in children less than five years of age is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The etiology of diarrhea in more than one third of the cases is unknown. Viral agents are now the most common identifiable causes of childhood gastroenteritis.
Objectives: The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astro virus and Entero viruses in pediatric patients up to five years of age with acute gastroenteritis.
Methods: An outpatient-hospital based prospective study was carried out at AL-Elweya Pediatric Hospital and Children Welfare Teaching Hospital (Baghdad) during the period from February to October 2013.
Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astrovirus and Enterovirus in fecal samples of 465 symptomatic pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis were detected by immunochromatographic assay (ICA). Their age ranged from less than one month to 60 months with a median age of seven months.
Results: Out of the 465 samples analyzed, detection of one virus- alone was found in (22.8%), (10.1), (7.3%) and (5.6%) of the diarrheal cases regarding Rota virus, Astro virus, Entero virus, and Adeno virus, respectively, yet co-infection with all four studied viral types was found in only one case (0.2%), two viruses in 65 cases (14%), and three viruses in 8 cases (1.7%). Rota- and Astro- viral diarrhea tend to occur significantly in younger- aged pediatric patients than their negative counterparts.
Conclusions: A significant prevalence of gastroenteritis that associated with Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astrovirus and Enterovirus was observed while mixed viral infections constituted a respective bulk among Iraqi pediatric patients with gastroenteritis less than five years in Baghdad.
... However, other Brazilian authors have reported higher detection rates (Cardoso et al., 2002;Victoria et al., 2007;Silva et al., 2001). Our results (Table 2) have recognized a higher rate of Adenoviral infection than a study conducted in Turkey among those aged (o-12) months (65.4% Vs 7.2%) while are consistent with that study regarding (13-24) months , and more than 24 months which revealed rates 19.2 % Vs18.8%, and 15.4% Vs 8.1%, ,respectively. ...
... However, other Brazilian authors have reported higher detection rates (Cardoso et al.2002, Resque et al. 2007, Silva et al. 2001, and Victoria et al. 2007) (Cardoso et al., 2002;Victoria et al., 2007;Resque et al., 2007;Silva et al., 2001). These could be related to the socio-economic differences among Brazilian population. ...
... However, other Brazilian authors have reported higher detection rates (Cardoso et al.2002, Resque et al. 2007, Silva et al. 2001, and Victoria et al. 2007) (Cardoso et al., 2002;Victoria et al., 2007;Resque et al., 2007;Silva et al., 2001). These could be related to the socio-economic differences among Brazilian population. ...
... This study reports an overview of the distribution of HAstV genotypes in three coast regions of Brazil. It was the first time that the recently novel HAstV was investigated, increasing 3-5% [22][23][24], lower than those reported in the present survey. Nevertheless, our data showed similar rates to those in other studies carried out in Brazil [8,[25][26][27] probably due to the evolution of molecular detection methods with increased sensitivity improving diagnosis. ...
Human astrovirus (HAstV) represents the third most common virus associated with acute diarrhea (AD). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HAstV infection in Brazilian children under 5 years of age with AD, investigate the presence of recently described HAstV strains, through extensive laboratory-based surveillance of enteric viral agents in three Brazilian coastal regions between 2005 and 2011. Using reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the overall HAstV detection rate reached 7.1% (207/ 2.913) with percentage varying according to the geographic region: 3.9% (36/921) in the northeast, 7.9% in the south (71/903) and 9.2% in the southeast (100/1.089) (p < 0.001). HAstV were detected in cases of all age groups. Detection rates were slightly higher during the spring. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 320-bp ORF2 fragment revealed that HAstV-1 was the predominant genotype throughout the seven years of the study. The novel AstV-MLB1 was detected in two children with AD from a subset of 200 samples tested, demonstrating the circulation of this virus both the in northeastern and southeastern regions of Brazil. These results provide additional epidemiological and molecular data on HAstV circulation in three Brazilian coastal regions, highlighting its potential to cause infantile AD.
... In Brazil, the HAstV caused 3 to 11% of the cases of acute gastroenteritis in children under 5 6,16 . The prevalence of HAstV obtained in this study (1%) is lower than that reported by other authors (2-5%) 42 and quite different to the prevalences described in other developing countries (2-26%) or even in developed countries (2-11%) [9][10][11] . Rotavirus species A and C were not detected in the population of the daycare center here evaluated. ...
... However, these results raise the question as to the real reasons that children in this daycare center manifested diarrhea. In fact, previous work on the etiological agents associated with diarrhea indicate that the relative importance of the various enteropathogens varies greatly depending on the season of the year, area of residence (urban or rural), socioeconomic class, geographical location and in particular, the age of the host 42 . Associated with this situation, diarrhea may be related to other non-infectious diseases or even by other enteropathogen infections, not investigated in this study. ...
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and etiological profile of enteropathogens in children from a daycare center.
From October 2010 to February 2011 stool samples from 100 children enrolled in a government daycare center in the municipality of São José do Rio Preto, in the state of São Paulo, were collected and analyzed.
A total of 246 bacteria were isolated in 99% of the fecal samples; 129 were in the diarrheal group and 117 in the non-diarrheal group. Seventy-three strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, 19 of Enterobacter, one of Alcaligenes and one of Proteus. There were 14 cases of mixed colonization with Enterobacter and E. coli. Norovirus and Astrovirus were detected in children with clinical signs suggestive of diarrhea. These viruses were detected exclusively among children residing in urban areas. All fecal samples were negative for the presence of the rotavirus species A and C. The presence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana and hookworm was observed. A significant association was found between food consumption outside home and daycare center and the presence of intestinal parasites.
For children of this daycare center, intestinal infection due to pathogens does not seem to have contributed to the occurrence of diarrhea or other intestinal symptoms. The observed differences may be due to the wide diversity of geographical, social and economic characteristics and the climate of Brazil, all of which have been reported as critical factors in the modulation of the frequency of different enteropathogens.
... Valores más altos son excepcionales en tal región, pero se presentan -aunque no de forma endémica-; es el caso de una investigación hecha en la India en 2009, donde se analizaron muestras diarreicas provenientes de niños hospitalizados menores de dos años y cuya prevalencia resultó ser del 34% (27), cifra similar a la reportada en Brasil, que en un brote de gastroenteritis reportó la presencia de HAstV en un 33% de las etiologías del brote (28). En investigaciones que reportan la endemia de HAstV como es el caso de un estudio multicéntrico realizado en Chile (29) en los años 90, la prevalencia global alcanzó el 16,5%. ...
Prevalencia de astrovirus en pacientes con enfermedad diarreica aguda del Hospital San Rafael de Tunja (Colombia) Prevalence of astrovirus in patients with acute diarrheal disease at San Rafael Hospital of Tunja (Colombia) Prevalência de astrovirus em pacientes com diarreia aguda da Hospital San Rafael de Tunja (Colômbia) Resumen Introducción: La infección por astrovirus humano (HAstV) induce diarrea aguda sin cambios significativos en la morfología intestinal. El desarrollo de la infección sintomática ocurre principalmente en niños de corta edad y en ancianos. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de HAstV en pacientes del Hospital San Rafael de Tunja (Colombia), que consultaron por diarrea en el periodo comprendido entre diciembre de 2012 a agosto de 2013. Materiales y Métodos: Para la determinación de HAstV se utilizó una prueba de ELISA directo que se aplicó a muestras de materia fecal diarreicas de 166 pacientes con un rango de edad entre <1 y 86 años. Resultados: La prevalencia de HAstV fue de 3,61% (IC=95%), observándose mayor proporción en pacientes entre 1 a 4 años de edad. El valor de la prevalencia encontrada es concordante con prevalencias reportadas en otros estudios en Colombia y el mundo, al igual que el rango de edad que es mayormente afectado por la infección. Conclusión: Siendo esta la primera y única investigación (hasta la fecha) en la cual se reporta la prevalencia de HAstV en Boyacá, puede concluirse la importancia de la determinación de etiologías virales en diarreas agudas, con el fin de tener clara la distribución, comportamiento y relevancia clínica de estos microorganismos en dichas patologías. Abstract Introduction: Infection with human astrovirus (HAstV) induces acute diarrhea without significant changes in intestinal morphology. Development of symptomatic infection occurs mainly in young children and the elderly. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HAstV in patients of San Rafael Hospital from Tunja (Colombia), who consulted due to diarrhea in the period from December of 2012 to August 2013. Materials and Methods: In order to determine HAstV, direct ELISA test was applied to diarrheic fecal samples of 166 patients with an age range from <1 to 86 years. HAstV prevalence was 3,61% (CI = 95%) with a higher proportion of patients aged 1-4 years old. Results: Prevalence rate found here is consistent with prevalence rates found in other studies in Colombia and the world, as well as, age range of population who is mostly affected by HAstV infection. Conclusion: Being this research the first and unique (to date) in which the
... A diarreia infecciosa é marcada pela diversidade de agentes etiológicos como bactérias, vírus e protozoários. O rotavírus é o principal agente viral relacionado à diarreia aguda infantil 10 , no entanto outros vírus, como norovírus e astrovírus, são responsáveis por casos isolados de diarreia aguda 11 e por surtos 12 . Entre os protozoários, Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia e Entamoeba histolytica 13,14,15 são os mais comuns relacionados aos quadros diarreicos infantis. ...
The Municipality of Juruti, in Pará State, Brazil, has been facing intense environmental and socioeconomic changes due to bauxite exploration, which triggered an intense migratory process caused by job and income opportunities. Because of the impact of this migration on local public health, the local health department with the Instituto Evandro Chagas developed the Projeto Saúde Juruti, which allowed investigation of relevant health problems in the Municipality, such as the diarrheal diseases. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors and the infectious etiology associated to diarrheal diseases in Juruti, from 2007 to 2010, by statistical techniques such as exploratory data analysis and bivariate analysis. The results demonstrated that the age group under 1 year old and burning of garbage have been identified as possible risk factors for the occurrence of diarrhea. Other variables such as eating habits, safe food handling practices, personal hygiene habits and home cleaning need to be investigated. Among bacterial and parasitic infection causes, bacterial agents were a major cause of diarrhea, highlighting the association of Shigella and pathogenic Escherichia coli, bacterial pathogens to diarrheal cases. Considering these results, we suggest that monitoring actions, such as registration of diarrhea cases, prevention and diarrhea control, keeping the distribution and use of sodium hypochlorite, with health education actions and improved sanitation.
