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Hydrogen is one of the main candidates in replacing fossil fuels in the forthcoming years. However, hydrogen technologies must deal with safety aspects due to the specific substance properties. This study aims to provide an overview on the loss of integrity (LOI) of hydrogen equipment, which may lead to serious consequences, such as fires and explo...
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... to Ref. [161], there are three main HD forms which are blisters caused by hydrogen diffusion into the metal, hydrogen-assisted cracking which includes different types of crack and metal hydrides formation. In Fig. 5, the Fig. 4 e Venn diagram of hydrogen damages (HDs) influencing factors (adapted from Ref. ...
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... these examinations bring to the conclusion that the hydrogen loss of integrity is a multidisciplinary topic. The lack of collaboration between authors involved in different research fields is a problem that emerged from this multidisciplinary aspect. This is highlighted in Fig. 15 where the coauthorship network map is displayed with all the clusters demonstrating the absence of links between several research ...
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... material selection for hydrogen equipment is directly related with the LOI phenomena and fundamental during the design phase. There are just few materials suitable for all hydrogen applications. Usually these materials are expensive alloys. For this reason, a careful analysis must be conducted Fig. 15 e Co-authorship network map weighted on the number of documents. Only authors with more than three publications were ...
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... to Ref. [161], there are three main HD forms which are blisters caused by hydrogen diffusion into the metal, hydrogen-assisted cracking which includes different types of crack and metal hydrides formation. In Fig. 5, the Fig. 4 e Venn diagram of hydrogen damages (HDs) influencing factors (adapted from Ref. ...
Context 5
... these examinations bring to the conclusion that the hydrogen loss of integrity is a multidisciplinary topic. The lack of collaboration between authors involved in different research fields is a problem that emerged from this multidisciplinary aspect. This is highlighted in Fig. 15 where the coauthorship network map is displayed with all the clusters demonstrating the absence of links between several research ...
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... material selection for hydrogen equipment is directly related with the LOI phenomena and fundamental during the design phase. There are just few materials suitable for all hydrogen applications. Usually these materials are expensive alloys. For this reason, a careful analysis must be conducted Fig. 15 e Co-authorship network map weighted on the number of documents. Only authors with more than three publications were included. i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y x x x ( x x x x ) x x x for each utilization in order to minimize the costs and maximize the safety of the system. In Ref. [84] the ...
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Citations
... • hydrogen-induced brittleness occurs at low strain rates [23][24][25]; • an increase in the hydrogen content of a material worsens its strength and plastic characteristics [26,27]; • hydrogenated metal is subject to delayed destruction, i.e., destruction under constant or slightly varying loads [28]; • the mechanical characteristics of a hydrogenated metal in a stressed state can be at least partially restored during the process of rest after stress relief [29,30]; • with the tightening of the stress state pattern, the intensity of embrittlement increases noticeably [31]. ...
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) remains a pressing issue in materials science and engineering , given its significant impact on the structural integrity of metals and alloys. This exhaustive review aims to thoroughly examine HE, covering a range of aspects that collectively enhance our understanding of this intricate phenomenon. It proceeds to investigate the varied effects of hydrogen on metals, illustrating its ability to profoundly alter mechanical properties, thereby increasing vulnerability to fractures and failures. A crucial section of the review delves into how different metals and their alloys exhibit unique responses to hydrogen exposure, shedding light on their distinct behaviors. This knowledge is essential for customizing materials to specific applications and ensuring structural dependability. Additionally, the paper explores a diverse array of models and classifications of HE, offering a structured framework for comprehending its complexities. These models play a crucial role in forecasting, preventing, and mitigating HE across various domains, ranging from industrial settings to critical infrastructure.
... Systems for storing hydrogen safely and effectively until it is required for energy production or other uses are made up of a number of essential components [110][111][112]. These elements ( Table 2) are essential [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122] to guaranteeing the hydrogen storage system's dependability and integrity. Here is a summary of the key elements. ...
As a case study on sustainable energy use in educational institutions, this study examines the design and integration of a solar–hydrogen storage system within the energy management framework of Kangwon National University’s Samcheok Campus. This paper provides an extensive analysis of the architecture and integrated design of such a system, which is necessary given the increasing focus on renewable energy sources and the requirement for effective energy management. This study starts with a survey of the literature on hydrogen storage techniques, solar energy storage technologies, and current university energy management systems. In order to pinpoint areas in need of improvement and chances for progress, it also looks at earlier research on solar–hydrogen storage systems. This study’s methodology describes the system architecture, which includes fuel cell integration, electrolysis for hydrogen production, solar energy harvesting, hydrogen storage, and an energy management system customized for the needs of the university. This research explores the energy consumption characteristics of the Samcheok Campus of Kangwon National University and provides recommendations for the scalability and scale of the suggested system by designing three architecture systems of microgrids with EMS Optimization for solar–hydrogen, hybrid solar–hydrogen, and energy storage. To guarantee effective and safe functioning, control strategies and safety considerations are also covered. Prototype creation, testing, and validation are all part of the implementation process, which ends with a thorough case study of the solar–hydrogen storage system’s integration into the university’s energy grid. The effectiveness of the system, its effect on campus energy consumption patterns, its financial sustainability, and comparisons with conventional energy management systems are all assessed in the findings and discussion section. Problems that arise during implementation are addressed along with suggested fixes, and directions for further research—such as scalability issues and technology developments—are indicated. This study sheds important light on the viability and efficiency of solar–hydrogen storage systems in academic environments, particularly with regard to accomplishing sustainable energy objectives.
... For the hydrogen transmission, soil corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement are the main factors of hydrogen pipeline failure [139]. Material selection in the working condition is important to mitigate the hydrogen release issues [140]. Furthermore, machine learning can help to detect hydrogen leakage and ensure a safe operation environment. ...
... However, the potential mechanism remains unclear, lacking a unified model formula and theoretical calculation. [11,12] Currently, the core test method for evaluating hydrogen embrittlement in service is based on the trial and error of electrochemical hydrogenation and slow tensile testing. [13,14] The above methods have high experimental costs and long cycles, limiting the speed of evaluating the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of steel, especially highstrength steel. ...
Accurately and quickly predicting hydrogen embrittlement performance is critical for the service of metal materials. However, due to multi‐source heterogeneity, existing hydrogen embrittlement data are missing, making it impractical to train reliable machine learning models. In this study, we proposed an ensemble learning training strategy for missing data based on the Adaboost algorithm. This method introduced a mask matrix with missing data and enabled each round of training to generate sub‐datasets, considering missing value information. The strategy first trained a subset of features based on the existing dataset and a selected method and continuously focused on the combination of features with the highest error for iterative training, where the mask matrix of the missing data was used as the input to fit the weights of each base learner using a neural network. Compared with directly modeling on highly sparse data, the predictive ability of this strategy was significantly improved by approximately 20%. In addition, in the testing of new samples, the predicted mean absolute error of the new model was successfully reduced from 0.2 to 0.09. This strategy offers good adaptability to the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of different sizes and can avoid interference from feature importance caused by filling data.
... Furthermore, green hydrogen substitution can boost the development of green chemistry and green transportation, as well as assist carbon-intensive sectors in achieving carbon neutrality [2]. When burned with air, it will only generate water, heat, and trace amounts of nitrogen oxides if a catalyst is applied or the flame temperature and oxygen concentration are controlled [3]. ...
In the fight against climate change, hydrogen is seen as a promising sustainable energy alternative to fossil fuels. However, its wider adoption has raised safety issues, particularly regarding spontaneous combustion without an external spark. To ensure safe and sustainable hydrogen use, researchers have developed a thorough research approach targeting hydrogen's potential for spontaneous combustion. Progress has been made in understanding this phenomenon within transparent extension tubes, examining various factors like tube dimensions, curvature, shape, and rupture disc properties. These studies have revealed consistent trends. Simulations have helped explain how hydrogen auto-ignites, often starting at the tube wall, especially in high-pressure situations where it interacts with hot air and expands cold fuel. Researchers have also created mathematical models related to ignition dynamics. Yet, there's limited experimental data on hydrogen jet self-ignition in open spaces. Some simulations suggest that high-pressure hydrogen can ignite spontaneously even without a confinement, but the ignition event is so brief that it's difficult to capture experimentally. Moreover, scholars are creating more accurate empirical formulas based on extensive experimental statistics that connect internal tube ignition to external jet flames. The accuracy of these empirical estimates improves as more experimental data becomes available.
... Either of these can cause LH 2 leaks which result in catastrophic fires and explosions. Ustolin et al. (2020) also pointed out that in the safety analyses of hydrogen-related components, more attention should be paid to the Loss Of Integrity (LOI) of hydrogen-related components. It primarily includes hydrogen-induced embrittlement and thermal stress phenomena that directly or indirectly affect structural reliability. ...
A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Propellant-filling system Risk analysis Failure mode and effect analysis Best worst method Grey theory A B S T R A C T To improve the reliability of offshore launch propellant filling systems and mitigate potential hazards in the case of data and knowledge scarcity, a weighted Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (weighted-FMEA) methodology is proposed. A detailed hazard identification framework is proposed to identify potential failure modes of the systems. The Best Worst Method and a comparative matrix is then combined to unify the differences between systems and components. Subsequently, the grey theory is used to mitigate the subjectivity/uncertainty of ex-perts' judgment. Critical failures and corresponding preventive actions are recommended based on the analysis results. The superiority of the proposed model is confirmed by a comparison analysis with existing methods. Overall, the proposed weighted-FMEA model helps to prevent accidents and ensures the safe operation of offshore propellant-filling systems.
... Moreover, the absence of a complete infrastructure network is a fundamental bottleneck to the broad adoption of hydrogen technology (Dong et al. 2022). Due to its low volumetric energy density, hydrogen is also difficult to store and transfer (Ustolin et al. 2020). It needs specific storage techniques and materials, and long-distance transport demands dedicated pipelines or other modes of transportation (Ustolin et al. 2020;Dong et al. 2022). ...
... Due to its low volumetric energy density, hydrogen is also difficult to store and transfer (Ustolin et al. 2020). It needs specific storage techniques and materials, and long-distance transport demands dedicated pipelines or other modes of transportation (Ustolin et al. 2020;Dong et al. 2022). Furthermore, a supportive policy and regulatory framework are essential for driving the growth of the hydrogen market, but many regions still lack clear and consistent policies that provide long-term incentives and support (Velazquez Abad and Dodds 2020; Cheng and Lee 2022). ...
... Furthermore, a supportive policy and regulatory framework are essential for driving the growth of the hydrogen market, but many regions still lack clear and consistent policies that provide long-term incentives and support (Velazquez Abad and Dodds 2020; Cheng and Lee 2022). Misconceptions and ambiguities regarding hydrogen's safety, dependability, and cost can dampen excitement and stymie industry expansion (Ustolin et al. 2020). In addition, the absence of internationally interoperable certification, which allows for the verification that hydrogen (or a derivative product) has been produced and delivered under specific sustainability attributes and standards, inhibits the development of a transparent and dependable market. ...
The hydrogen certification market faces intricate challenges that are intertwined and interdependent. This research paper employs the metaphor of fitting puzzle pieces together to delve into the complexities of the market. It highlights the central puzzle piece that often goes unnoticed: the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The lack of compatibility in LCA methodologies across certifications creates significant hurdles in achieving harmonization of crucial aspects such as governance, hydrogen categorization, emissions threshold determination, segmented certification due to various hydrogen end-uses, and chain-of-custody tracking systems that catches the interest of research so far. To address this oversight, the paper adopts a structured approach to accomplish its objectives. Firstly, it thoroughly investigates the existing life cycle methodologies employed in global hydrogen schemes, treating them as distinct puzzle pieces. This analysis delves into key components of these methodologies, including eligible sources and pathways, functional unit determination, system boundary definition, cut-off rules, allocation choices, and impact assessment. By examining the differences and variations in these methodologies, the paper elucidates their intricate interplay with policymaking and segmented international goals. Moreover, the research tackles the challenges arising from LCA methodology misalignment in the hydrogen market, drawing parallels with the difficulty of fitting mismatched puzzle pieces together. It explores potential strategies to overcome these challenges by drawing insights from existing certification models in other sectors, such as advocating for internationally recognized standards, designing mutual recognition agreements, creating product category rules and comparability factors, and promoting convergence through market demand.
Graphical abstract
... Although hydrogen offers numerous benefits, its wide flammability range (4%-75% vol/vol) and low ignition energy have raised public apprehension regarding potential catastrophic events associated with hydrogen-related hazards. 16,17 The increased concern regarding hydrogen safety, risk, and reliability has been critically discussed in the recent reviews by Moradi and Groth 18 and Ustolin et al. 19 Numerous experimental investigations have been reported on the topic of hydrogen dispersion and explosion modeling. For instance, the hydrogen diffusion at different release conditions and ventilation conditions has been investigated. ...
Hydrogen is gaining global recognition as a sustainable energy source, but its combustible nature raises concerns, especially in congested offshore settings. Steam methane reforming (SMR) remains the predominant hydrogen production method; however, offshore SMR facilities exposed to harsh weather could potentially compromise safety because of leakages. This study uses the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) to carry out the first‐of‐its‐kind CFD modeling of hydrogen leakage and its wind‐influenced dispersion on an offshore SMR platform. It also provides the spatial risk that accounts for the probabilities of human errors and wind speeds. The study uses a grid‐based approach with 120 monitor points (MPs) to measure locally dispersed gas concentration. At 2 m/s wind speed, only nine grids contain explosive concentrations while the rest remain safe. At 5 m/s, the flammable zones increase by 133%, affecting 21 grids. Extreme wind speeds of 12.5 m/s have limited impact, but SMR1 exhibits higher stoichiometric concentrations. MPs 43–48 record flammable concentrations at all wind speeds; however, at 12.5 m/s the explosion risk is well below the threshold of 1 × 10⁻⁴ due to the low wind occurrence probability. Overall, this research contributes to addressing the safety concerns associated with hydrogen in offshore settings and provides a foundation for future risk assessments.
... Naturally occurring hydrogen - Table 2 Benefits, drawbacks, and properties of hydrogen [15][16][17]. Hydrides are formed when hydrogen bonds to a more electropositive element or group Natural gas and coal account for most hydrogen production, which is 95 % of total production. Meanwhile, as a byproduct of chlorine production, electrolysis produces roughly 5 % of the world's hydrogen [12]. ...
Hydrogen energy has garnered substantial support from industry, government, and the public, positioning it as a pivotal future fuel source. However, its commercial realisation faces significant hurdles, including slow infrastructure growth and the high cost of producing clean hydrogen. This review uniquely emphasises the different colour codes of hydrogen, which have been rarely discussed in the literature to date. Hydrogen production methods are classified by colour codes, with green hydrogen, produced from renewable sources such as wind and solar, being the most desirable option. The demand for green hydrogen across various sectors is expected to surge. This review comprehensively evaluates the major hydrogen production methods based on cost, environmental impact, and technological maturity. Recent data confirm the increased efficiency, cost-competitiveness, and scalability of green hydrogen production technologies. The cost of green hydrogen has declined significantly, making it competitive with blue hydrogen (produced from fossil fuels with carbon capture). The review also scrutinises several recent hydrogen production technologies, highlighting their advantages , disadvantages, and technological readiness. Among these, the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) currently outperforms others, with anion exchange membrane (AEM) and electrified steam methane reforming (ESMR) also showing promise. This review also succinctly summarises global progress in hydrogen infrastructure and policies. By spotlighting the diverse colour codes of hydrogen and discussing the crucial takeaways and implications for the future, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the hydrogen energy landscape. This unique focus enriches the literature and enhances our understanding of hydrogen as a promising energy source.
... In conjunction with the physical aspects of hydrogen, we want to shortly list some general characteristics of hydrogen that are of importance with regards to safety. From the literature, the following attributes have been identified, please note that this is not necessarily a complete list (Iabidine Messaoudani et al., 2016;Faizal et al., 2019;Ustolin et al., 2020): ...
... For more information on cryo-compressed storage, we would like to point to the works by Aceves et al. (2010Aceves et al. ( & 2013. Lastly, a meta-analysis of research regarding systems Loss Of Integrity (LOI) due to hydrogen has been performed by Ustolin et al. (2020). ...
... Furthermore, in case of a modified CIE engine, systems integrity also plays an important role in safety. Lower systems integrity may result in part failure, which can lead to hydrogen leakage and all its consequences (Ustolin et al., 2020). Additionally, the lifespan of parts, specifically those that experience high pressures and temperatures under hydrogen load, could decrease as a result of embrittlement. ...
The use of hydrogen as a chemical substance versus an energy commodity drastically changes how a production and transport chain should or could be realised. Aside from a change in efficiency and cost considerations, the use of hydrogen as an energy commodity rather than a chemical substance also raises the question of how hazards and risks transform and how they are tackled. Instead of having hydrogen and possible carriers move between industries, they would also be used privately and on a much wider scale. Not only would this completely change the type, severity and location of hazards but would also modify risk. Provided this knowledge, we will elucidate on some theoretical changes, as well as those that have been identified in literature.
