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e SEM micrograph showing the distribution and adhesion of arrowroot powder in (a) PLA/AF (20 wt%) and (b) PLA-g-TAF (20 wt%) composites. (c) The effect of fibre loading on the tensile strength at failure for PLA/AF and PLA-g-GMA/TFA reproduced from [197].
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![Fig. 7 e X-ray diffraction of Arrowroot starch [14], copyright 2018,...](profile/Ilyas-Ra/publication/351929719/figure/fig2/AS:1032550306820098@1623190585561/e-X-ray-diffraction-of-Arrowroot-starch-14-copyright-2018-Elsevier_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 8 e TGA curve of arrowroot starch Adapted from ref. [14],...](profile/Ilyas-Ra/publication/351929719/figure/fig3/AS:1032550306824193@1623190585591/e-TGA-curve-of-arrowroot-starch-Adapted-from-ref-14-copyright-2018-Elsevier_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 9 e DSC curve of arrowroot starch Adapted from ref. [14],...](profile/Ilyas-Ra/publication/351929719/figure/fig4/AS:1032550306832390@1623190585617/e-DSC-curve-of-arrowroot-starch-Adapted-from-ref-14-copyright-2018-Elsevier_Q320.jpg)
Raising environmental awareness had forced researchers to explore the potential and implementation of environmentally friendly materials as alternatives for conventional materials. Environmentally friendly materials are biodegradable, safer, non-toxic, lightweight, cheap, and readily available. Arrowroot starch has a high content of amylose (∼35.20...
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arrowroot starch and cow milk for the formation of yogurt
with commercial inoculum of yogurt of soya, four treatments
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as inoculum 5% of soya milk fermented in their commer�cial form of the market, Soyur, in the four treatments. Th...
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... However, since the health benefits are significant, arrowroot farming is increasing notably. It is typically prepared as a porridge, soups, desserts, and cakes [58]. In this study, we exploited the potential of AS as an ingredient for bioink preparation and printed the bioinks into scaffolds using 3D bioprinting technology. ...
Skin, the largest organ in the body, blocks the entry of environmental pollutants into the system. Any injury to this organ allows infections and other harmful substances into the body. 3D bioprinting, a state-of-the-art technique, is suitable for fabricating cell culture scaffolds to heal chronic wounds rapidly. This study uses starch extracted from Maranta arundinacea (Arrowroot plant) (AS) and gellan gum (GG) to develop a bioink for 3D printing a scaffold capable of hosting animal cells. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) prove that the isolated AS is analogous to commercial starch. The cell culture scaffolds developed are superior to the existing monolayer culture. Infrared microscopy shows the AS-GG interaction and elucidates the mechanism of hydrogel formation. The physicochemical properties of the 3D-printed scaffold are analyzed to check the cell adhesion and growth; SEM images have confirmed that the AS-GG printed scaffold can support cell growth and proliferation, and the MTT assay shows good cell viability. Cell behavioral and migration studies reveal that cells are healthy. Since the scaffold is biocompatible, it can be 3D printed to any shape and structure and will biodegrade in the requisite time.
... Bitki 2.5-3 cm genişliğinde ve 20-40 cm uzunluğunda beyaz etli silindirik rizomlara sahiptir. Rizomlar; iki-üç veya tek bir demet halinde bulunur [5,8,14,16,17], değişken şekilli, toprak altında dikey veya yatay olarak büyür [13] ve uzun lifli köklere sahiptir [5,8]. ...
... Bitki 2.5-3 cm genişliğinde ve 20-40 cm uzunluğunda beyaz etli silindirik rizomlara sahiptir. Rizomlar; iki-üç veya tek bir demet halinde bulunur [5,8,14,16,17], değişken şekilli, toprak altında dikey veya yatay olarak büyür [13] ve uzun lifli köklere sahiptir [5,8]. ...
... On yedinci ve on sekizinci yüzyıllarda Asya'nın çoğuna yayılmıştır [4], Afrika'da da görülür [13]. Birçok sıcak ülkede yetiştirilir ve Jamaika, Bahamalar, Bermuda, Hollanda, Çin, Mauritius, Ekvator Ginesi, Gabon, Florida, Kamboçya [5], Endonezya, Hindistan, Sri Lanka ve Filipinlerde doğal kabul edilir [3,5,8,11,17,19]. Batı Hint Adaları'nda yaygın olarak yetiştirilirken [2,6,17,18], Avustralya [3,11,17,18], Güneydoğu Asya, Güney Afrika ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri dâhil olmak üzere dünyanın birçok tropikal bölgesinde yetişmektedir [18]. ...
Amaç: Maranta arundinacea L. (Ararot) (Marantaceae) tropiklerde yetişen otsu, çok yıllık bir bitkidir. Yüksek nişasta içerikli yenilebilir silindirik rizomlara sahiptir. Rizomlar halk tıbbında yatıştırıcı, kızarıklık giderici, anti-inflamatuvar ve antiseptik olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada günümüzde ekonomik değeri olan ve çeşitli endüstrilerde uygulama potansiyeli bulunan ararotun botanik özellikleri, yayılışı ve geleneksel kullanımı araştırılmıştır. Dahası yenilebilir rizomlarının kimyasal içeriği ve rizomlardan elde edilen ekstre, un, nişasta ve tozun biyolojik aktiviteleri ve rizomların çeşitli kullanım alanlarına ait bilgiler derlenmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Rizomlar alkaloit, karbonhidrat, kardiyak glikozitler, protein, amino asit, terpen, saponin, flavonoit, reçine, tanen, zamk, lignin, antrakinon, sterol, lif ve mineral içerir. Rizom ve rizomdan elde edilen ürünlerin antioksidan, immünostimulan, anti-ülserojenik, antidiyareik, anti-inflamatuvar, antimikrobiyal, antidispeptik, antihipertansif, hipokolesterolemik, hipoglisemik, antikanser ve hepatoprotektif aktiviteleri bildirilmiştir. Ararot unu kolayca sindirilebildiğinden çocuklar için hazırlanan ekmek ve bisküvilerde ve ayrıca kurabiye ve unlu mamullerde kullanılır. Ararot nişastası; çorba, tatlılar, puding, sos, kurabiye, şekerleme, bisküvi, kek ve jöle yapımında kullanılır. Ararot nişastası glüten içermediğinden özel bisküvi ve fırın ürünlerinin hazırlanmasında kullanılır. Ararot tozu ve nişastasının kozmetik endüstrisinde kullanımı vardır. Ararot nişastasının eczacılık, hijyen ürünleri, çevre yönetimi, tarım, biyofilm, biyomedikal mühendisliği ve biyoyakıt üretimi gibi alanlarda uygulamaları mevcuttur. Ararot lifi kâğıt mendil, ince kâğıt, karton, ambalaj kâğıdı ve çanta gibi yırtılmaya dirençli kâğıt yapımına uygundur.
... Arrowroot starch has been used in the gluten-free food industry and can be used by people on a diet program [6], including in the form of bread products [7], cake [8], and noodles [9]; apart from that several studies have used arrowroot tubers as ingredients for edible films [10], bioplastics [11] and as a source of fiber [12]. ...
... The physical and chemical methods by which reactions can be processed have improved significantly [12]. Chitosan is one of the most common natural polymers with linear polysaccharide structures is chitosan [13,14]. Furthermore, chitosan is an N-deacetylated chitin derivative with a high N-acetyl content. ...
Solution casting technique was used to prepare polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan composite thin films with a total weight of 1g. Chitosan (Cs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend was used as the natural matrix. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were added to the blend with different weight percentages (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3%). The effects of adding nano-Al2O3 on the physical properties of the prepared films, such as the microstructure, UV-visible and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and x-ray differential (XRD) patterns, were studied. The experimental results indicated that the transmittance of all films do not vary greatly. According to the FTIR results, the optimum interaction between both polymers and nano-Al2O3 was observed at concentrations of 1% polymer mixed with nano-Al2O3 at 2.5 and 3 wt.%. Ultimately, the structural and physical characteristics of the films may be greatly enhanced by chitosan in a PVA blend with a concentration of 3% nano-Al2O3.
... The rhizome is whitish, fleshly, and cylindrical with a length of 20-40 cm and a width of 2.5-3 cm. Normally, the fleshy rhizome has seen to be in a single or bunch of 2-3 cm [12] (Fig. 1b). ...
... Maranta arundinacea is utilized to synthesize selenium nanoparticles and it has anti-inflammatory activity [32]. The starch contains phenylalanine in 10-200 mg PHE/100 g of starch; therefore it is a highly recommended diet for phenylketonuria patients [12]. It also has probiotic enhancing and enterokinase activity. ...
... To remove the fibrous residue from the homogenous mass, it is filtered using a cheesecloth. At last, the filtrate was decanted, dried at an optimum temperature, and stored [12]. ...
... In an attempt to address this misery, the academia has taken a smart measure in fabricating biopolymer to replace a synthetic one. The term "biopolymer" here refers to a biobased substance made from natural resources such starch [6,7], chitosan [8,9], silk [10,11] and cellulose [12,13]. The good reason behind the action is biopolymers such as cellulose, chitin, lignin and hemicellulose were discovered as the most abundant materials [14,15]. ...
Indonesia and Malaysia are prominent suppliers of oil-palm and sugar palm resources within the Southeast Asian region. The substantial starch and fibril components found in these plants hold significant potential for utilization in the industrial market as a viable alternative to polymer-based substrates. To achieve this, a series of adjustments is necessary, encompassing considerations related to physical, mechanical, and even electrical characteristics. Therefore, this research primarily focuses on conducting physical assessments, including parameters such as water absorption rates and thickness swelling. Additionally, it involves examining the morphology of the plants using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Simultaneously, the electrical properties are assessed using a two-point probe method to determine the resistance and conductivity of thin films. Through this research, it was found that, the incorporation of nanocellulose-fibril (NCF) and SnO to the thermoplastic starch biofilms, the improved physical and electrical of biofilms. Among all, biofilms 4SnO/1NCF/TPS showed improved electrical properties compared to other compositions.
... Because it is sustainable, abundant, natural, and biodegradable, starch is regarded as the best matrix. This starch-based biopolymer is also known for its relatively good processability and the lack of ecotoxicity in starchbased biocomposites [4,5]. They've been used for both food and non-food packaging [6][7][8]. ...
As a potential replacement for materials derived from fossil fuels, novel micro cellulose fibers based biocompos-ites have emerged as one of the most promising materials for producing sustainable composites. Cellulose fibers from Paederia Foetida stem was bleached with NaClO 2 , then isolated for 2 hours in an alkaline solution of 5% NaOH to produce micro cellulose fibers. Using casting techniques, different biocomposites were successfully prepared by combining 5% (weight) micro cellulose fibers (CMFPFs) into different matrices, namely Colocasia Esculenta starch (PCE) and poly lactic acid (PLA). Biocomposites were characterized using water absorption tests, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, morphology, Tensile strength, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results showed that incorporating 5% CMFPFs into the PLA (sample BPA/5CM) improved tensile strength, elastic modulus of 54.4 ± 4.38 MPa and 6196 ± 142.87 MPa, respectively, and good water resistance, whereas incorporating 5% CMFPFs into PCE (sample BCE/5CM) produced a small impact on the increase in thermal properties, and tensile strength, and elastic modulus, but a significant impact on the observed water absorption, crystallinity index, and elongation properties. FESEM results on the BCE/5CM biocomposite and BPA/5CM biocomposite revealed even fiber dispersion and strong adhesion in the matrix. These findings point to eco-friendly microfibre-based biocomposites as ideal candidates for natural materials suitable for food packaging materials.
... Arrowroot (starch from tropical plants in the family Maranthaceae) has an important role in the development of biodegradable products and materials. The arrowroot rhizome is the main source of starch and fiber with high amylose content widely used in the food industry (for example, for biscuits, puddings, porridge, etc.) and other areas [12]. This resulting starch has many advantages: versatility, environmental friendliness, non-toxicity, bioaccumulation and blood adaptability [13,14]. ...
Currently, from the sustainable development point of view, edible films are used as potential substitutes for plastics in food packaging, but their properties still have limitations and require further improvement. In this work, novel edible carrageenan films reinforced with starch granules and nanocellulose were developed and investigated for application as a bio-based food packaging system. The nanocellulose was used to improve film mechanical properties. Aloe vera gel was incorporated for antibacterial properties. Glycerol and sesame oil were added as plasticizers into the nanocomposite film to improve flexibility and moisture resistance. The interactions between charged polysaccharide functional groups were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The migration of starch particles on the upper film surface resulting in increased surface roughness was demonstrated by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy methods. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that all films were stable up to 200 °C. The increase in nanocellulose content in films offered improved mechanical properties and surface hydrophilicity (confirmed by measurements of contact angle and mechanical properties). The film with a carrageenan/starch ratio of 1.5:1, 2.5 mL of nanocellulose and 0.5 mL of glycerol was chosen as the optimal. It demonstrated water vapor permeability of 6.4 × 10−10 g/(s m Pa), oil permeability of 2%, water solubility of 42%, and moisture absorption of 29%. This film is promising as a biodegradable edible food packaging material for fruits and vegetables to avoid plastic.
... Sugar palm fibers are utilized in various industries (Sapuan et al., 2018). These fibers are also used to make brushes, brooms, roofing materials, thatching materials, fishing equipment, traditional prayer headgear, and other small commodities (Bachtiar et al., 2008;Tarique et al., 2021). The SPF is safe for humans and the environment as it is a natural source of Arenga Pinnata, which is degradable and will not harm the environment as synthetic fibers do. ...
This research aims to investigate using sugar palm fiber (SPF) and glass fiber (GF) in an epoxy matrix to develop composite materials with improved mechanical, morphological, and flammability properties. The mechanical and flammability properties are examined per ASTM standards, while the morphological study examines the fractured surfaces of the samples. Using the hand lay-up technique, the hybrid composite comprises 15% SPF, 15% GF, and 70% epoxy resin. Three treatments are applied to the SPF: untreated, alkaline treated, and benzoyl chloride treated, which enables research into the effect of fiber treatment on mechanical properties and flammability. The morphological investigation reveals that both treated SPF/GF/EP composites exhibit lower tensile strength than the untreated SPF/GF/EP composite due to inadequate mechanical interlocking at the fiber-matrix interface. However, the alkaline-treated SPF/GF/EP composite demonstrates a 24.8% improvement in flexural strength, a 1.52% increase in impact strength, and a 9.76% enhancement in flammability. Similarly, the benzoyl chloride-treated SPF/GF/EP composite improves flexural strength, impact strength, and flammability by 24.6%, 0.51%, and 5.66%, respectively. These results highlight the potential of fiber treatment to improve composite materials' mechanical and flammability properties.
... Native starch usually exists in a common granule structure with 15-45% crystallinity. Besides that, starch is one of the most important materials used to produce thermoplastic starch with the help of plasticizers as the reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties, physical properties, and thermal properties of the biopolymer (Diyana et al., 2021;Fuqua et al., 2012;Tarique et al., 2021). The starch can be transformed into thermoplastic, TPS, under high temperature and shear (Yoksan et al., 2022). ...
The creation of degradable biocomposites is anticipated to alleviate the challenges of worldwide environmental contamination and resource exhaustion. The study investigates the effect of coconut fiber on the environmental properties and water affinity behavior of thermoplastic starch/beeswax composite. The biocomposites were fabricated by incorporating the coconut husk fiber range from 10 to 50 wt%. The thermoplastic starch contains cassava starch, glycerol, and beeswax. The modification of the mixture became efficient when the mixing was determined to be stronger when used as a high-pace blender to aid the mixing process. The mixture then underwent a hot compression molding method to form the mixture into the desired sample form. We can conclude from the results that samples with high fiber content absorb less water than those with no fiber content. For moisture absorption, when the fiber content increases, the ability of the fiber to moisture absorption is decreased. The thickness swelling results show that the sample shows less swelling as the fiber percentage increases. For the soil burial test, incorporating 50 wt% coconut fiber decreases the weight reduction for 4 weeks. For the water solubility test, the solubility of 50 wt% is the best. Based on the findings, integrating coconut fiber into the modified thermoplastic cassava starch increases the composite properties relative to the non-reinforcement matrix material starch.
