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e Microscopic structures of Heterobasidion amyloideum (holotype). A: Basidiospores. B: A section of hymenium. C: Hyphae from trama. D: Hyphae from context.
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Two new species of Heterobasidion, H. amyloideum and H. tibeticum, are described and illustrated from eastern Himalayas. Both species are closely related to the Heterobasidion insulare complex in morphology, but they differ in presence of cystidia and amyloid skeletal hyphae in the context. Phylogenetically, the combined RPB1 and RPB2 sequence data...
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Citations
... Wood-rotting fungi are an extensively studied group of Basidiomycota (Núñez & Ryvarden, 2001;Dai, 2012;Ryvarden & Melo, 2014;Dai et al., 2015;Wu et al., 2020;Cao et al., 2021;Luo, Chen, & Zhao, 2022;Qu, Wang, & Zhao, 2022); however, the diversity of wood-rotting fungi in East Asia is remains poorly understood, especially in subtropical and tropical regions. Recently, many described taxa in this ecological group were recorded from these areas (Dai, 2012;Chen, Korhonen, Li, & Dai, 2014;Bian & Dai, 2015;Cui et al., 2019;Shen et al., 2019;Zhu, Song, Zhou, Si, & Cui, 2019;Sugawara et al., 2022), and our newly described taxon increases the number of corticioid fungal species in East Asia. ...
Wood-rotting fungi are important components of woody plant ecosystems and play an active role in the decomposition and turnover of nutrients from wood, and are among the major groups of Basidiomycota. In this study, a new species of wood-rotting fungus, Sistotrema yunnanense, was proposed based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. It is characterized by resupinate basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system having generative hyphae with clamp connections, suburniform to urniform basidia, and short-cylindrical to oblong ellipsoid basidiospores (4.5-6.5 × 3-4 µm). Phylogenetic analyses performed using the large subunit nuc rDNA indicated that S. yunnanense was nested within the genus Sistotrema s.l. of the family Hydnaceae, within the order Cantharellales.
... Several fragments of genes have been described for detection of species of Heterobasidion (Fabritius and Karjalainen, 1993;Johannesson and Stenlid, 2003;Linzer et al., 2008;Chen et al., 2014, Chen, 2015Shamoun et al., 2019;Pellicciaro et al., 2021;Yuan et al., 2021). Although the use of PCR techniques is more successful as a method of detection, it still requires specialized equipment and highly trained personnel, and it is difficult and time-consuming to implement the technique in remote areas and ports. ...
Heterobasidion annosum is one of the most aggressive pathogens of Pinus forests in Europe, causing considerable economic losses. To detect H. annosum for disease diagnosis and control, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction with a primer set designed from the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) DNA sequences of H. annosum. In our study, this LAMP assay was found to be capable of efficiently amplifying the target gene within 60 min at 63°C. In specificity tests, H. annosum was positively detected, and other species were negative. The detection limit of this assay was found to be 100 pg·μL⁻¹, and the assay was also successfully tested for use with basidiospore suspensions and wood samples. This study provides a rapid method for diagnosing root and butt rot caused by H. annosum, which will be of use in port surveillance of logs imported from Europe.
... In geographical distribution, Trullella species are a rarely studied group of Basidiomycota (Dai 2012;Miettinen & Ryvarden 2016), and one species, Trullella duracina, was recorded in China (Dai 2012). However, the diversity of wood-rotting fungi is still not well known, especially in East Asian areas, many recently described taxa of wood-rotting fungi were from these areas (Dai 2012;Li & Cui 2013;Chen et al. 2014;Bian & Dai 2015;Han & Cui 2015;Song et al. 2016;Cui et al. 2019;Shen et al. 2019;Zhu et al. 2019). In the present study, T. yunnanensis, is from East Asia, too. ...
... Donk (1971) was the first to discuss a possible relationship between taxa such as those mentioned above and other groups possessing a system of gloeoplerous hyphae (gloeocystidia) and amyloid basidiospores. Some examples of phylogenetic studies of species complexes in resupinate Russulales are found in Aleurodiscus (Wu et al. 2001;Tian et al. 2018), Dentipellis (Zhou and Dai 2013), Echinodontium , Gloeodontia (Telleria et al. 2008), and Heterobasidion (Dai and Korhonen 2009;Chen et al. 2014). ...
Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology. Biodiversity undertakings, for instance, require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable. However, a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi. Here, we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota, the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms, rusts, smuts, and jelly fungi. In general, best practice is to delimitate species, publish new taxa, and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible, that is, by applying a so-called unifying (or integrative) conceptual framework. However, the types of data used vary considerably from group to group. For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota, and for each provide: (i) a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition, (ii) species concepts and methods for species delimitation, and (iii) community recommendations and conclusions.
... Wood-rotting fungi is an extensively studied group of Basidiomycota (Núñez & Ryvarden, 2001;Bernicchia & Gorjón, 2010;Dai 2012;Ryvarden & Melo, 2014;Dai et al., 2015), but the Chinese wood-rotting fungus diversity is still not well known, especially in subtropics and tropics, many recently described taxa of this ecological group were from these areas (Dai, 2012;Chen, Korhonen, Li & Dai, 2014;Bian & Dai, 2015;Cui et al., 2019;Shen et al., 2019;Zhu, Song, Zhou, Si & Cui, 2019). Two new species in the present study are from subtropics, too. ...
Two new species, Hyphoderma fissuratum and H. mopanshanense spp. nov., are proposed based on morphological and molecular evidences. Hyphoderma fissuratum is characterized by resupinate basidiomata with cracking hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, IKI–, CB–, and cylindrical, colorless, thin-walled, smooth basidiospores measuring (8.5–10.3 × 3–4 µm). Hyphoderma mopanshanense is characterized by an annual growth habit, slight gray to cream hymenial surface, and fusiform, thick-walled cystidia apically encrusted with crystal. Sequences of ITS and LSU nrRNA gene regions of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods. These phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of ITS and nLSU sequences showed that two Hyphoderma new species formed a well supported monophyletic lineage distinct from other related species and then H. fissuratum grouped with H. medioburiense and H. roseocremeum. Hyphoderma mopanshanense grouped with H. setigerum.
... and Y. C. Dai, H. orientale Tokuda, T. Hatt. and Y. C. Dai (Tokuda et al., 2009), H. amyloideum Y. C. Dai, Jia J. Chen and Korhonen, H. tibeticum Y. C. Dai, Jia J. Chen and Korhonen (Chen et al., 2014) and H. amyloideopsis Saba, C. L. Zhao, Khalid and Pfister (Zhao et al., 2017). In addition, H. araucariae P. K. Buchanan from Australia and adjacent regions (Buchanan, 1988) was confirmed to be a member of the H. insulare species complex (Chen et al., 2015). ...
... Earlier phylogenetic analyses on the H. annosum complex used sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of the nuclear genes, and manganese peroxidase genes, and laccase genes (Maijala et al., 2003;Asiegbu et al., 2004). Later, several attempts were made to resolve the taxonomy of the H. annosum complex or H. insulare complex using multilocus phylogenetic approaches (Johannesson and Stenlid, 2003;Ota et al., 2006;Linzer et al., 2008;Chen et al., 2014). Recently, five species in the H. annosum species complex and eight species in H. insulare species complex were also recognized and confirmed by multilocus phylogenetic approaches, and divided into three groups based on five nuclear genes and two mitochondrial genes, i.e., ITS, the large nuclear ribosomal RNA subunit (nrLSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6), and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA (mtSSU) (Chen et al., 2015). ...
... The Rapid Plant Genome kit based on acetyl trimethylammonium bromide extraction (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used to extract genomic DNA from dried fungal specimens and cultures, according to the manufacturer's instructions with some modifications (Chen et al., 2014). The PCR primers for all genes are listed in Table 2. ...
Heterobasidion species are amongst the most intensively studied polypores because several species are aggressive white rot pathogens of managed coniferous forests mainly in Europe and North America. In the present study, both morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses were carried out on Heterobasidion samples from Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Three new taxa were found, i.e., H. armandii, H. subinsulare, and H. subparviporum are from Asia and are described as new species. H. ecrustosum is treated as a synonym of H. insulare. So far, six taxa in the H. annosum species complex are recognized. Heterobasidion abietinum, H. annosum,
and H. parviporum occur in Europe, H. irregulare, and H. occidentale in North America, and H. subparviporum in East Asia. The North American H. irregulare was introduced to Italy during the Second World War. Species in the H. annosum complex are pathogens
of coniferous trees, except H. subparviporum that seems to be a saprotroph. Ten species are found in the H. insulare species complex, all of them are saprotrophs. The pathogenic species are distributed in Europe and North America; the Asian countries should consider the European and North American species as entry plant quarantine
fungi. Parallelly, European countries should consider the American H. occidentale and H. irregulare as entry plant quarantine fungi although the latter species is already in Italy, while North America should treat H. abietinum, H. annosum s.s., and H. parviporum as entry plant quarantine fungi. Eight Heterobasidion species found in the Himalayas suggest that the ancestral Heterobasidion species may have occurred in Asia.
... and Y. C. Dai, H. orientale Tokuda, T. Hatt. and Y. C. Dai (Tokuda et al., 2009), H. amyloideum Y. C. Dai, Jia J. Chen and Korhonen, H. tibeticum Y. C. Dai, Jia J. Chen and Korhonen (Chen et al., 2014) and H. amyloideopsis Saba, C. L. Zhao, Khalid and Pfister (Zhao et al., 2017). In addition, H. araucariae P. K. Buchanan from Australia and adjacent regions (Buchanan, 1988) was confirmed to be a member of the H. insulare species complex (Chen et al., 2015). ...
... Earlier phylogenetic analyses on the H. annosum complex used sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of the nuclear genes, and manganese peroxidase genes, and laccase genes (Maijala et al., 2003;Asiegbu et al., 2004). Later, several attempts were made to resolve the taxonomy of the H. annosum complex or H. insulare complex using multilocus phylogenetic approaches (Johannesson and Stenlid, 2003;Ota et al., 2006;Linzer et al., 2008;Chen et al., 2014). Recently, five species in the H. annosum species complex and eight species in H. insulare species complex were also recognized and confirmed by multilocus phylogenetic approaches, and divided into three groups based on five nuclear genes and two mitochondrial genes, i.e., ITS, the large nuclear ribosomal RNA subunit (nrLSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6), and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA (mtSSU) (Chen et al., 2015). ...
... The Rapid Plant Genome kit based on acetyl trimethylammonium bromide extraction (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used to extract genomic DNA from dried fungal specimens and cultures, according to the manufacturer's instructions with some modifications (Chen et al., 2014). The PCR primers for all genes are listed in Table 2. ...
Heterobasidion species are amongst the most intensively studied polypores because several species are aggressive white rot pathogens of managed coniferous forests mainly in Europe and North America. In the present study, both morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses were carried out on Heterobasidion samples from Asia, Oceania, Europe and North America. Three new taxa were found, i.e., H. armandii , H. subinsulare , and H. subparviporum are from Asia and are described as new species. H. ecrustosum is treated as a synonym of H. insulare . So far, six taxa in the H. annosum species complex are recognized. Heterobasidion abietinum , H. annosum , and H. parviporum occur in Europe, H. irregulare , and H. occidentale in North America, and H. subparviporum in East Asia. The North American H. irregulare was introduced to Italy during the Second World War. Species in the H. annosum complex are pathogens of coniferous trees, except H. subparviporum that seems to be a saprotroph. Ten species are found in the H. insulare species complex, all of them are saprotrophs. The pathogenic species are distributed in Europe and North America; the Asian countries should consider the European and North American species as entry plant quarantine fungi. Parallelly, European countries should consider the American H. occidentale and H. irregulare as entry plant quarantine fungi although the latter species is already in Italy, while North America should treat H. abietinum , H. annosum s.s., and H. parviporum as entry plant quarantine fungi. Eight Heterobasidion species found in the Himalayas suggest that the ancestral Heterobasidion species may have occurred in Asia.
... Heterobasidion could be considered both necrotrophs and saprotrophs; though some species in the H. insulare species complex (e.g. H. austral, H. araucariae) are mainly saprotrophs (Niemelä and Korhonen 1998;Dai and Korhonen 2009;Chen et al. 2014). In contrast to Europe, the pathogenicity of H. annosum sensu lato in China and Japan is uncertain; the complex seems to occur mostly on dead trees, and no symptoms of tree decline are usually visible near infected trees. ...
... H. australe related to the H. insulare species complex was also described from China by Dai and Korhonen (2009). Chen et al. (2014) described two further Heterobasidion species (H. amyloideum and H. tibeticum) from the eastern Himalayas based on phylogenetic evidence. ...
... The protein coding largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb1) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2) genes were used by Chen et al. (2014) and were suitable to differentiate Heterobasidion species in the H. insulare species complex. The variability of these markers was confirmed by Chen et al. (2015a) and Zhao et al. (2017) who, among other previously mentioned markers, both used the nuclear large ribosomal subunit (nrLSU) and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences to their studies (Fig. 18). ...
This is a continuation of a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi and fungus-like organisms. This paper focuses on one family: Erysiphaceae and 24 phytopathogenic genera: Armillaria, Barriopsis, Cercospora, Cladosporium, Clinoconidium, Colletotrichum, Cylindrocladiella, Dothidotthia,, Fomitopsis, Ganoderma, Golovinomyces, Heterobasidium, Meliola, Mucor, Neoerysiphe, Nothophoma, Phellinus, Phytophthora, Pseudoseptoria, Pythium, Rhizopus, Stemphylium, Thyrostroma and Wojnowiciella. Each genus is provided with a taxonomic background, distribution, hosts, disease symptoms, and updated backbone trees. Species confirmed with pathogenicity studies are denoted when data are available. Six of the genera are updated from previous entries as many new species have been described.
... In particular, DNA sequence data reveal the diversity within previously recognized morphotaxa with distinct geographic or pathologic traits, e.g., Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. [27], Heterobasidion spp. [28,29], Letiporus spp. [30][31][32] and Phellinus spp [33,34]. ...
Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. is commonly found in Mediterranean region, but rarely in Western, Central or Eastern Europe. It is a parasitic basidiomycetous fungus causing stem decay—especially in urban trees. A collection of nine fungal specimens from Slovakia (Central Europe), morphologically identified as G. resinaceum, was recently studied on the basis of sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Analyses showed that the collections clustered into two separate groups. In this study—for the first time—the sequences of other molecular markers, namely partial translation elongation factor (tef1-α) region and partial 25S large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (25S LSU rRNA), as well as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS) were obtained and used to evaluate the genetic variability of G. resinaceum. All these analyses confirm the existence of two previously unrecognized genotypes within the morphospecies.
... Wood-rotting fungi is an extensively studied group of Basidiomycota (Núñez & Ryvarden, 2001;Bernicchia & Gorjón, 2010;Dai 2012;Ryvarden & Melo, 2014;Dai et al., 2015), but the Chinese wood-rotting fungus diversity is still not well known, especially in subtropics and tropics, many recently described taxa of this ecological group were from these areas (Dai, 2012;Chen, Korhonen, Li & Dai, 2014;Bian & Dai, 2015;Cui et al., 2019;Shen et al., 2019;Zhu, Song, Zhou, Si & Cui, 2019). Two new species in the present study are from subtropics, too. ...
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