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e Dryas octopetala, an ectomycorrhizal circumpolar alpine/arctic subshrub (Knudsen and Lamoure, 1993). Image: Steinsplitter (cc).
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Ectomycorrhiza Host diversity Morphological and physiological adaptation Phenotypic and genotypic plasticity Saprotrophic Secondary metabolites Stress tolerance Tropical lowland rainforest a b s t r a c t Fungi are of pivotal importance for terrestrial ecosystems. They occur globally and show extremely high species diversities. In this review, we c...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... that melanins play some role in fungal antifreeze systems (Onofri et al., 2007), a compound that is well known for its pro- tective, cell wall-strengthening and other protective qualities (Cordero and Casadevall, 2017). Bjorbaekmo et al. (2010) found that a large number of fungal taxa associated with white dryas, a small arctic/alpine shrub (Fig. 4), had melanised hy- phal structures. Apart from physiological adaptations, cold- tolerant mushrooms often have a markedly low water content (Moser, 1993), perhaps due to a higher concentration of anti- freeze compounds like higher alcohols, sugars and ...
Citations
... Some factors are determinant to the compounds that will be detected, both in plants and in mushrooms, mainly with regard to the geographic location of the specimen collection. Climatic stress conditions can directly influence the amount of secondary metabolites produced by mushrooms (Halbwachs and Simmel 2018). ...
Urban expansion, coupled with lack of environmental control, has created major challenges in the relationship humans/environment. One of these challenges is the safe and efficient control of pests in agriculture. New products have been researched for use in controlling phytopathogenic organisms. Thus, this study aimed to produce mushroom basidiomycetes extracts collected in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as a preliminary chemical evaluation of these extracts and the analysis of their antifungal potential against phytopathogens. The extracts produced from basidiomycetes mushrooms, Lactarius deliciosus and Laccaria laccata, collected in their natural environment, were processed to produce 95% aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The composition of phenols and total flavonoids was evaluated, as well as the antifungal potential of these extracts against three species of phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium solani, Monilinia fructicola and Penicillium citrinum. The aqueous extract of L. deliciosus showed the highest amount of total phenols in the study, while the 95% ethanolic extract of L. deliciosus demonstrated the highest rate of total flavonoids. As for antifungal activity, ethanol extracts showed better effects than aqueous extracts against the three phytopathogens evaluated.
... Macrofungi are cosmopolitan species, but they require certain environmental conditions to grow. Each macrofungal species requires a different habitat, different substrates, and different climatic conditions to grow [12]. Naturally, most macrofungal species grow during the wet season, but there are also several species that grow during the dry season [13,14]. ...
The diversity of macrofungal species, especially those that are not edible, receives less attention because people do not realize the importance of their ecological role. This study aimed to reveal the inter-seasonal diversity of macrofungal species in three forest communities in South Sulawesi: Karst forest, Lowland forest, and Pine forest. Field surveys were carried out twice (i.e. in the wet and dry seasons) in 25 units plots measuring 10 m x 10 m which were systematically spread in an area of approximately 1 ha in each forest community. The macrofungi found in each plot were recorded by the species name, photo, and the area of cover that measured using Crown Diameter Method to analyse the area of cover. In total there were found 130 species of macrofungi from 38 families across forest communities both in wet and dry seasons. The highest number of macrofungi species was found in the Lowland Forest (67 species), followed by Karst Forest (65 species), and the lowest was in Pine forest (42 species). Some species are specialists in specific forest communities. Given that most species of macrofungi are monophagous that specialist to an only litter of one tree species, the difference in the diversity of macrofungi among forest communities is likely related to the difference in tree species diversity among forest communities. In addition, microhabitat conditions were found in line with the diversity of macrofungal species inter-seasons and inter-forests.
... There are many areas of the world that remain understudied and are likely to harbor a wealth of new fungal lineages and species. For example, fungal diversity is under-explored in tropical rainforests, deep sea, marine and semi-marine, and extreme ecosystems, i.e., karst caves and polar environments [81][82][83][84][85][86][87]. Moreover, based on pyrosequencing of soil-inhabiting fungi, Tedersoo et al. [88] suggested an abundance of undescribed taxa in Rozellomycota (Cryptomycota), Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. ...
Citation: Wijayawardene, N.N.; Boonyuen, N.; Ranaweera, C.B.; de Zoysa, H.K.S.; Padmathilake, R.E.; Nifla, F.; Dai, D.-Q.; Liu, Y.; Suwannarach, N.; Kumla, J.; et al. OMICS and Other Advanced Technologies in Mycological Applications. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 688. Abstract: Fungi play many roles in different ecosystems. The precise identification of fungi is important in different aspects. Historically, they were identified based on morphological characteristics, but technological advancements such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing now enable more accurate identification and taxonomy, and higher-level classifications. However, some species, referred to as "dark taxa", lack distinct physical features that makes their identification challenging. High-throughput sequencing and metagenomics of environmental samples provide a solution to identifying new lineages of fungi. This paper discusses different approaches to tax-onomy, including PCR amplification and sequencing of rDNA, multi-loci phylogenetic analyses, and the importance of various omics (large-scale molecular) techniques for understanding fungal applications. The use of proteomics, transcriptomics, metatranscriptomics, metabolomics, and in-teractomics provides a comprehensive understanding of fungi. These advanced technologies are critical for expanding the knowledge of the Kingdom of Fungi, including its impact on food safety and security, edible mushrooms foodomics, fungal secondary metabolites, mycotoxin-producing fungi, and biomedical and therapeutic applications, including antifungal drugs and drug resistance, and fungal omics data for novel drug development. The paper also highlights the importance of exploring fungi from extreme environments and understudied areas to identify novel lineages in the fungal dark taxa.
... An explanation for gomphoid species with smaller fruit bodies after the Mesozoic is the need to adapt to aridification, especially during the late Eocene and beyond, when it was generally more arid than before due to global cooling [73][74][75]. Water supply is crucial for fungal growth [76], as mentioned by Halbwachs et al. [20]; many macrofungi experience considerable dwarfing in dry years. However, the decrease in fruit body size was not followed by stasis or acceleration; rather, fruit body size enlarged through the Quaternary ( Figure 3F,J). ...
Although functional ecology is a well-established field, our understanding of the evolutionary and ecological significance of the reproductive traits in macrofungi is still limited. Here, we reconstructed a phylogeny tree of gomphoid fungi in the narrower sense, including the species of the genera Gomphus and Turbinellus and used it to uncover the evolution of reproductive traits. Our analyses indicated that fungal fruit bodies and spores did not enlarge at a steady rate over time. Early gomphoid fungi essentially maintained their fruit body size, spore size and spore shape through the Mesozoic. In the Cenozoic, gomphoid fungi acquired significantly larger and more spherical spores by simultaneously expanding in length and width, with the fruit body size first decreasing and then enlarging. We argue that these trade-offs were driven by the effect of biological extinction and the dramatic climate changes of the Cenozoic. Gomphoid fungi initially increased in spore size and fruit body number as extinction survivors filled vacant niches. Both fruit bodies and spores eventually became larger as ecosystems saturated and competition intensified. One new species of Gomphus and nine new species of Turbinellus are described.
... To date, most studies on mycological resources have been conducted in monospecific stands of conifers in the northern hemisphere, especially the genus Pinus sp. Therefore, it seems necessary to expand the range of conifer species to be studied, and incorporate mycological studies in mixed forests and hardwood stands (in Spain, for example: Daza et al., 2007;Goicoechea et al., 2009;Bastida et al., 2019); in addition, it is necessary to address other forest ecosystems and biomes, such as those located in tropical or subtropical regions, or those in the Southern Hemisphere (Dejene et al., 2017;Halbwachs and Simmel, 2018;Salgado-Salomón et al., 2018). Moreover, in the new global context of climate change, adaptive responses of fungal communities under different climate and forest management scenarios should be assessed (in Spain, e.g. ...
Mycological resources have attracted considerable interest from the public recently. In this context, forest mycological management of wild mushrooms has emerged a research field and is developing rapidly with the objective to sustainably use and conserve mushrooms in multifunctional forests. Although the term ‘mycosilviculture’ was coined relatively recently, forest management of mycological resources and fungal silviculture began already in the 1980s. This study reviews the literature on the forest management of wild mycological resources with emphasis on studies in Spanish Mediterranean forests. The review covers some of the most important aspects of management, such as the diagnosis of mycological resources through inventory and sampling protocols, predictive models of mushroom yield, stand variables and mycosilvicultural practices that affect mushroom yield and fungal diversity. Finally, the potential of mycorrhizal applications for mycosilviculture is briefly discussed. Most of these studies have been based on carpophore inventories, and few have analyzed soil and air fungal biomass. The Mediterranean climate determines mushroom yields; so far, mushroom yields models have been developed mainly for Boletus gr. edulis and Lactarius gr. deliciosus species and for pine forest ecosystems. In the future, it will be necessary to adjust these models to new climatic conditions, and to investigate the complex interactions between different yield and/or fungal diversity factors, adjust the scale of study and fungus-host specificity. So far, few studies have been carried out on mycosilviculture in Mediterranean forests, addressing the effect of thinning and clearcutting on fungal communities; moreover, experiences of mycological management of shrublands, prescribed burning, management of woody debris or selective planting of mycorrhizal seedlings in forests are scarce. The need to study other Mediterranean forest ecosystems is pointed out.
... Heat stress have been shown to darken the color of ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber borchii and weaken its survival ability on host roots (Leonardi et al. 2017). During fruiting, excessive temperature may cause a longer stipe and a thinner, smaller cap (Foulongne-Oriol et al. 2014;Halbwachs and Simmel 2018). Some reddish spinules may appear on the top of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies under heat stress ). ...
Temperature is one of the key factors that affects the growth and development of macrofungi. Heat stress not only negatively affects the morphology and growth rate of macrofungi, but also destroys cell structures and influences cell metabolism. Due to loosed structure of cell walls and increased membrane fluidity, which caused by heat stress, the outflow of intracellular nutrients makes macrofungi more vulnerable to invasion by pathogens. Macrofungi accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca²⁺, and nitric oxide (NO) when heat-stressed, which transmit and amplify the heat stimulation signal through intracellular signal transduction pathways. Through regulation of some transcription factors including heat response factors (HSFs), POZCP26 and MYB, macrofungi respond to heat stress by different mechanisms. In this paper, we present mechanisms used by macrofungi to adapt and survive under heat stress conditions, including antioxidant defense systems that eliminate the excess ROS, increase in trehalose levels that prevent enzymes and proteins deformation, and stabilize cell structures and heat shock proteins (HSPs) that repair damaged proteins and synthesis of auxins, which increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. All of these help macrofungi resist and adapt to heat stress.
Key points
• The effects of heat stress on macrofungal growth and development were described.
• The respond mechanisms to heat stress in macrofungi were summarized.
• The further research directions of heat stress in macrofungi were discussed.
... These microorganisms reproduce sexually by the joining of hyphae, however other reproductive forms can also be observed, and for this reason they are considered sexually promiscuous. Mushrooms contain a wide variety of shapes, colors, and sizes, and can also be found in various habitats (Halbwachs & Simmel, 2018). ...
Background
The global crisis caused by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, better known as COVID-19, brought the need to improve the population's immunity. The foods rich in polysaccharides with immunomodulation properties are among the most highly rated to be used as immune response modulators. Thus, the use of polysaccharides obtained from food offers an innovative strategy to prevent serious side effects of viral infections.
Scope and approach
This review revisits the current studies on the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2, its characteristics, target cell interactions, and the possibility of using polysaccharides from functional foods as activators of the immune response. Several natural foods are explored for the possibility of being used to obtain polysaccharides with immunomodulatory potential. And finally, we address expectations for the use of polysaccharides in the development of potential therapies and vaccines.
Key findings and conclusions
The negative consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic across the world are unprecedented, thousands of lives lost, increasing inequalities, and incalculable economic losses. On the other hand, great scientific advances have been made regarding the understanding of the disease and forms of treatment. Polysaccharides, due to their characteristics, have the potential to be used as potential drugs with the ability to modulate the immune response. In addition, they can be used safely, as they have no toxic effects, are biocompatible and biodegradable. Finally, these biopolymers can still be used in the development of new therapies and vaccines.
... It is worth mentioning that the process of evolution from the type of bipolar to tetrapolar reproduction is linked to relevant changes in the production of polysaccharides by fungi. The evolution of the type of mating forced changes in the entire glycobiology of fungi, leading to considerable changes in the biology, biochemistry, and lifestyle of these organisms (Halbwachs & Simmel, 2018). ...
... All of these activities require solid, resistant, and modelable support, capable of adapting to the conditions imposed. The presence of polysaccharides in hyphae helps to improve mechanical strength and thus protect cells from external weathering (Halbwachs & Simmel, 2018). ...
The article summarizes the roles of polysaccharides in the biology of fungi and their relationship in the development of new technologies. The comparative approach between the evolution of fungi and the chemistry of glycobiology elucidated relevant aspects about the role of polysaccharides in fungi. Also, based on the knowledge of fungal glycobiology, it was possible to address the development of new technologies, such as the production of new anti-tumor drugs, vaccines, biomaterials, and applications in the field of robotics. We conclude that polysaccharides activate pathways of apoptosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory substances, and macrophage, inducing anticancer activity. Also, the activation of the immune system, which opens the way for the production of vaccines. The development of biomaterials and parts for robotics is a promising and little-explored field. Finally, the article is multidisciplinary, with a different and integrated approach to the role of nature in the sustainable development of new technologies.
... Fungi in these groups show competitive advantage over presence of other fungal groups through development of tolerance to extremes of temperature, drought, UV radiation and by production of rock-mineralizing enzymes (Treseder and Lennon 2015). Recently, two contrasting ecozones representing mushroom adaptability were reviewed by Halbwachs and Simmel (2018). According to these authors, fungi under such extreme environments are exposed to permafrost, frost churning and repeated freeze-thaw cycle conditions that are harmful to fungal mycelium. ...
All major biomes on earth contain a multitude of microorganisms; of this, a considerable proportion is shared by fungi in terms of abundance, genetic diversity, biomass and total biospheric DNA. In various ecosystems, fungi exist as pathogens, mutualists and decomposers and are of considerable ecological value as they influence nearly every component of the ecosystem services, viz. protection against pathogens, homeostatic balance, decomposition and other functions. Fungi are, however, functionally redundant in some ecosystems and endemic to certain bioregions. Next-generation sequencing has now uncovered unculturable fungal forms that has transformed our understanding towards their role in unexplored environments; cataloguing their diversity and study of their biogeographical patterns at local and global scale have become simpler. The data generated through advanced molecular approaches have introduced the concept of ‘mycobiome’ which was largely overlooked or considered as an integral yet small component of the ‘microbiome’ until now. In this chapter, we report new information that reveals various deterministic factors that shape fungal communities and their probable role in maintaining human, soil and plant health. Finally, we also discuss how the view of mycobiome has taken an independent shape and has more recently helped understand interkingdom interactions.
Food authenticity and traceability and climate change are key scientific issues that must be addressed in response to the food crisis in 2050. Lanmaoa asiatica mushroom is an expensive and nutritious fungi-based diets resource, it is necessary to identify its geographical origin and explore the impact of the climate on it. Thus, the purpose of this study is to establish a fast and accurate geographical traceability model based on L. asiatica mushrooms chemical information collected by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology, and screen out key climate variables by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm. Based on the NIRS information of L. asiatica mushrooms, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) images were generated and a residual neural network (ResNet) image recognition model was established to identify the geographical origin of L. asiatica mushrooms. The accuracy of training set and test set of ResNet model is 100%, and the loss value is 0.052, which indicates that the model is effective. In addition, the CARS algorithm was used to select the feature variables from 105 climate variables. Four important variables (February, March, and April precipitation and January minimum temperature) related to NIRS difference of L. asiatica mushroom were obtained by CARS algorithm. The results can provide a fast and accurate method for food authenticity and traceability research, and provide an innovative idea for screening key climate factors.
