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comparison of vitamins A, E and Zinc in various groups
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In tuberculosis, oxidative stress is a result of tissue inflammation, poor dietary intake of micronutrients due to illness, free radical burst from activated macrophages, and anti-tuberculosis drugs. These free radicals may in turn contribute towards pulmonary inflammation if not neutralized by antioxidants. The total antioxidant status (TAS) of in...
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Context 1
... see whether changes in observed TAS results are associated with changes in antioxidants such as micronutrients, vitamins A, E and zinc were measured in the same plasma samples used in TAS assays. It is evident ( Table 2) that vitamin A is decreased at diagnosis and during the first 2 weeks of antituberculosis chemotherapy in TB patients compared to the control group (P 4 0.018). There was a gradual increase in plasma vitamin A values from diagnosis to week 4 of antituberculosis treatment with a statistically nonsignificant lower plasma vitamin A at week 4 of antituberculosis treatment. ...Context 2
... most significant results were obtained from zinc measurements. Zinc plasma levels were lower throughout the treatment window compared to the community controls (P 5 0.001) ( Table 2). This represents an almost 50% reduction in plasma zinc concentration over the treatment window compared to the controls. ...Context 3
... zinc results also correspond with those obtained by Karyadi et al. (2002), who showed a small fluctuation in plasma zinc between month 0 of treatment and month 2 of treatment (10). Due to insufficient plasma being available, the zinc could not be reliably determined for the Previous TB group (Table 2), although there are strong indications from Karyadi et al. (2000) that the plasma zinc levels would return to control levels. These authors showed that after 6 months of antituberculosis treatment, there was an upward trend in plasma zinc levels. ...Context 4
... drugs are known to promote oxidative stress in organisms and the dramatic drop in plasma zinc (a strong antioxidant) concentration with the onset of antituberculosis treatment is significant, as it was shown that zinc supplementation can enhance the efficacy of TB treatment (10) and antioxidants can enhance the efficacy of antituberculosis drugs (27). Vitamin E, however, showed no significant increase or decrease over the 4 weeks of treatment starting from diagnosis (P 4 0.7) ( Table 2) compared to the community controls. Plit et al. (6) showed a decrease in the plasma vitamin E concentration over a period of drug treatment. ...Citations
... Isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide are reported to cause hepatotoxicity, while ethambutol and streptomycin are not hepatotoxic. Therefore, in our study, we used INH and EMB at their therapeutic doses as controls to compare the effects of the test compounds [36]. ...
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a widespread infectious disease and one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Nevertheless, despite significant advances in the development of new drugs against tuberculosis, many therapies and preventive measures do not lead to the expected favorable health results for various reasons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-acute toxicity and oxidative stress of two selected nitrofuranyl amides with high in vitro antimycobacterial activity. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed on both compounds to elucidate the possibilities for further development of new anti-tuberculosis candidates with improved efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacological parameters. Acute toxicity tests showed that no changes were observed in the skin, coat, eyes, mucous membranes, secretions, and vegetative activity in mice. The histological findings include features consistent with normal histological architecture without being associated with concomitant pathological conditions. The observed oxidative stress markers indicated that the studied compounds disturbed the oxidative balance in the mouse liver. Based on the molecular docking, compound DO-190 showed preferable binding energies compared to DO-209 in three out of four targets, while both compounds showed promising protein–ligand interactions. Thus, both studied compounds displayed promising activity with low toxicity and can be considered for further evaluation and/or lead optimization.
... In a study by Wiid I et al in 2004 it was concluded that in TB pathogenesis and treatment, anti oxidant mechanism is multi-faceted which incorporates anti oxidant enzymes, reactive oxygen species generated as free radicals, micronutrients and dietary nutrients. The lung inflammation which occurs during tuberculosis disease is a vicious cycle of free radical generation. ...
... The lung inflammation which occurs during tuberculosis disease is a vicious cycle of free radical generation. The free radicals produced attack the cell membrane causing tissue damage and wasting disease in pulmonary tuberculosis patients 20 . ...
Background: The association between TB, oxidative stress and dietary supplements is multidirectional. The inflammation associated pathology in tuberculosis leads to the development of the free radical generation. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was selected for the study. This study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad. A total of 75 subjects will be enrolled from department of respiratory medicine from Santosh hospital, Ghaziabad and were divided into 3 groups as 75 healthy individuals of either sex as controls, 75 newly diagnosed patients of pulmonary tuberculosis and 75 patients after 6 months from starting treatment. Patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and on anti tubercular treatment (after 6 months) belonging to age group of 18 years and above from either sex were included in this study. The data was collected from July 2020–June 2021. Results: A total of 225 patients were recruited for the study from the department of respiratory medicine. Newly diagnosed cases have significantly increased levels of MDA with values estimated as 4.59 nmol/ml as compared to the healthy subjects with value as 1.82 nmol/ml. Anti oxidant markers i.e. Serum calcium, total antioxidant capacity, Vitamin D and zinc levels were decreased with the TB patients and were raised after 6 months of ATT. Conclusion: Tuberculosis is an important health problem requiring early diagnosis for timely initiation of the therapy and control of disease transmission (RNTCP Guideline 2010). Although the available data suggest that the TB epidemic may be on the decline, the absolute number of new cases is still the highest. Anti tubercular therapy proves to be beneficial in reducing the oxidative stress and hence, the tubercular burden.
... These findings were recapitulated in a murine study that showed that antioxidant vitamin treatment reduced TNF and NFκB activation in AMs (defined morphologically from BAL cells) [91]. It is notable that antioxidant levels decrease in blood plasma during active TB disease and increase with treatment [92]. Furthermore, there is suggestive evidence that vitamin C supplementation (along with vitamin A and β-carotene) may reduce the risk of TB in current smokers [93]. ...
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is a key risk factor for both active and latent tuberculosis (TB). It is associated with delayed diagnosis, more severe disease progression, unfavourable treatment outcomes and relapse after treatment. Critically, CS exposure is common in heavily populated areas with a high burden of TB, such as China, India and the Russian Federation. It is therefore prudent to evaluate interventions for TB while taking into account the immunological impacts of CS exposure. This review is a mechanistic examination of how CS exposure impairs innate barrier defences, as well as alveolar macrophage, neutrophil, dendritic cell and T-cell functions, in the context of TB infection and disease.
... This could be attributed to improvement of the total antioxidant status of the body by early supplementation of NAC, which is a potent anti-oxidant, along with TB treatment that improves the disease status leading to improvement of nutrition and overall QOL. 13 Another secondary outcome measure was QOL assessment by SF-36 scores. After 4 weeks of NAC treatment, there was significant improvement in all the domains of health except general health domain, whereas with placebo, only social domain showed significant improvement at 4 weeks. ...
Background
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious adverse effect caused by first-line anti-TB (ATT) drugs, limiting the TB-treatment. The tissue inflammation induced by free radical burst and poor dietary intake in TB induces oxidative stress, which was proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible for ATT induced DILI. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exerts a hepato-protective effect by enhancing the cellular antioxidant defense mechanism. There are few studies evaluating the effect of NAC on ATT induced DILI in Indian-population.
Methods
This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Thirty-eight newly diagnosed TB patients on first-line ATT with normal liver function test (LFT) were recruited and randomized to receive either NAC 600 mg tablet or placebo twice daily for 4 weeks and followed-up for next 4 weeks. LFT [AST, ALT, ALP and Total bilirubin] was assessed at baseline, 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Oxidative-stress biomarkers [Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Glutathione (GSH)] and quality of life (QOL) by SF-36 questionnaire were assessed at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) were monitored at every visit. Compliance was assessed by pill-count method.
Results
Baseline characteristics were homogenous among both the groups. In the NAC group, there was significant reduction in ALT (p < 0.01), ALP (p < 0.01), total bilirubin (p < 0.001) at 4 weeks compared to baseline. AST, MDA and NO showed a reduction of 19%, 21.6% and 5.5% respectively from baseline and GSH at showed an increase of 2.6% from baseline at 4 weeks in the NAC group, however these were not statistically significant. These effects in LFT and oxidative biomarkers persisted even at the end of 8 weeks.
Significant improvement from baseline in QOL was observed in both the groups (p <0.05). Between group analysis showed, significant reduction in ALT (p < 0.05) and AST (p < 0.05) in NAC group at 4 weeks, whereas bilirubin, MDA, NO and GSH showed improvement at 4 weeks compared to placebo in NAC group, however it was not statistically significant. This improvement in the LFT and oxidative biomarkers continued even at the end of 8 weeks. Itching and rashes were the most common ADRs, with similar incidence in both the groups. Compliance to treatment was good in both the groups.
Conclusion
Significant improvement in liver function parameters is suggestive of hepatoprotective effect of NAC. This observed effect at 4 weeks was found to be persistent at 8 weeks, which signifies prolonged hepato-protective effect of NAC. Long duration studies with large sample size are required for further confirmation of hepato-protective action of NAC.
... It had also been inferred in the same paper that the TAS had increased in the same individuals with A-TB drug treatment. 13 The extracellular release of SOD in the vicinity of the organism enables them to neutralize toxic superoxide before they might reach the outer wall of the mycobacteria. 14 Nevertheless, M. tuberculosis stations itself within mature macrophages which are deficient in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity unlike the phagocytes; and thus prevents the formation of highly toxic ROS, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) within mature macrophages, and thus host system is unable to kill pathogenic intracellular M. tuberculosis within macrophages. ...
Aim and background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretes extracellularly abundant amount of two proteins superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutamine synthetase (GS) having no leader sequences. The pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis is contributed by the secretion of iron-cofactored SOD which scavenges reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) by dismutation reaction and also blocks activation of NF-kB and mononuclear cell apoptosis. The obligatory aerobe catalase-positive M. tuberculosis also secretes selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) catalyzing reduction of peroxides produced by dismutation reaction at the expense of reduced glutathione. In this study, the author has computed the statistical ratio of serum SOD and whole blood GPx level and mulled to use that as a diagnostic marker for tuberculosis (TB) and to monitor the effectiveness of drug therapy.
Materials and methods: The participants were divided into three groups: Normal control; 2-Lung disease control and 3-TB patients (3A-pulmonary and 3B-extrapulmonary). The serum SOD and whole blood GPx activity were measured spectrophotometrically for all participants initially. Both of these parameters were assayed again after 1 month’s usual additional treatment for groups II and III.
Results: The ratio as calculated in TB patients is >9 and 8 times, respectively, than those of normal and lung disease control subjects. With anti-TB drug therapy for 1 month, there was a significant decrease in the ratio.
Conclusion: The higher magnitude of the ratio might be well utilized to diagnose TB, the serial measurement of the said ratio during the course of A-TB drug treatment might confer effectiveness of drug therapy and diagnose drug-resistant cases.
... Mugusi et al. [22] observed a highly significant improvement in levels of vitamin A in HIV-negative tuberculosis patients at two months from treatment [22]. Few studies have shown that low vitamin A levels return to normal after ATT even in the absence of vitamin A supplementation [10,22,23]. Specifically, it is difficult to know whether the vitamin A deficiency led to TB, or whether TB led to the vitamin A deficiency. ...
(1) Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the world’s top infectious killers, in fact every year 10 million people fall ill with TB and 1.5 million people die from TB. Vitamins have an important role in vital functions, due to their anti-oxidant, pro-oxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and to metabolic functions. The aim of this review is to discuss and summarize the evidence and still open questions regarding vitamin supplementation as a prophylactic measure in those who are at high risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and active TB; (2) Methods: We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and WHO websites starting from March 1950 to September 2021, in order to identify articles discussing the role of Vitamins A, B, C, D and E and Tuberculosis; (3) Results: Supplementation with multiple micronutrients (including zinc) rather than vitamin A alone may be more beneficial in TB. The WHO recommend Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) when high-dose isoniazid is administered. High concentrations of vitamin C sterilize drug-susceptible, MDR and extensively drug-resistant MTB cultures and prevent the emergence of drug persisters; Vitamin D suppresses the replication of mycobacterium in vitro while VE showed a promising role in TB management as a result of its connection with oxidative balance; (4) Conclusions: Our review suggests and encourages the use of vitamins in TB patients. In fact, their use may improve outcomes by helping both nutritionally and by interacting directly and/or indirectly with MTB. Several and more comprehensive trials are needed to reinforce these suggestions.
... However, some recent reports suggested that inhibition of over inflammation is also helpful in TB protection (Ivanyi and Zumla 2013;Soh et al. 2017). Therefore, different anti-inflammatory drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NASID) and antioxidant molecules were also tried with the conventional anti-TB regimen and found to be helpful (Wiid et al. 2004;Singh et al. 2012;Vilaplana et al. 2013), and even then vitamin D as antioxidant has already included in drug-resistant TB therapy regiment (Selvaraj et al. 2015;Jolliffe et al. 2019). It is already known that voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1Á3 which is usually present more in effector memory cells can cause inflammation or different chronic inflammatory diseases. ...
Tuberculosis (TB), is one of the deadliest infectious‐diseases of human‐civilization. Approximately one‐third of global‐population is latently‐infected with the TB‐pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). The discovery of anti‐TB antibiotics leads to decline in death‐rate of TB. However, the evolution of antibiotic‐resistant, M.tb‐strain, and the resurgence of different immune compromised diseases re‐escalated the death‐rate of TB. WHO has already cautioned about the chances of pandemic‐situation in TB endemic countries unless the discovery of new antitubercular drugs, i.e., the need of the hour. Analysing the pathogenesis of TB it was found that M.tb evades the host by altering the balance of immune‐response and affects either by killing the cells or by creating inflammation. In the pre‐antibiotic era, traditional medicines were only therapeutic measures for different infectious‐diseases including tuberculosis. The ancient‐literatures of India or ample Indian traditional knowledge and ethnomedicinal‐practices are evidence for the treatment of TB using different indigenous plants. However, in the light of modern scientific approach, anti‐TB effects of those plants and their bioactive‐molecules were not established thoroughly. In this review, focus has been given on five bioactive‐molecules of different traditionally used Indian ethnomedicinal plants for treatment of TB or TB‐like symptom. These compounds are also validated with proper identification and their mode of action with modern scientific approaches. The effectiveness of these molecules for sensitive or drug‐resistant TB‐pathogen in clinical or preclinical studies were also evaluated. Thus, our specific aim is to highlight such scientifically validated bioactive compounds having anti‐mycobacterial and immuno‐modulatory activity for future use as medicine or adjunct‐therapeutic molecule for TB management.
... It is commonly a disease of the lung where it forms a localized infection after inhalation. Worldwide, TB is responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths every year, [6] with an estimated rate of 13.7 million prevalent cases in 2007 (206 per 100,000 populations) [7]. Therefore, despite recent progress, TB remains a global public health challenge [7]. ...
... Worldwide, TB is responsible for more than 1.5 million deaths every year, [6] with an estimated rate of 13.7 million prevalent cases in 2007 (206 per 100,000 populations) [7]. Therefore, despite recent progress, TB remains a global public health challenge [7]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects 1:3 persons worldwide and kills more people each year than any other bacterial pathogen [8]. ...
Background: Tuberculosis is a global health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis is essential for early disease management. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that gradually attacks the immune system and the immune system is our body’s natural defence against illness. Co-infection of TB and HIV is when someone has both HIV and TB infections. This study determined the TB/HIV Co-infection among IDP’s. Methodology: A total of 130 sputum samples from suspected tuberculosis patients were examined from August 2020 to September 2020. Result: Fifty-nine patients 59(45.4%) were males and seventy-one 71 patients (54.6%) were females. Seventeen patients (13.07%) had tuberculosis. Ten (10) cases of the TB patients were found to be co-infected with HIV. The CD4+ cell count of the TB/HIV co-infected patients falls below 250 cells/mm3 compared to the mono-infected patients who had CD4+ above 250 cells/mm3. Conclusion: This study showed that TB/HIV coinfection was associated with age group 21-40 years was high.
... In TB, oxidative stress may result in tissue inflammation due to anti-TB drugs 16 . The synthesised compounds have shown promising anti-TB activity and have the potential to develop as lead compounds. ...
Molecular hybridisation of four bioactive fragments piperazine, substituted-benzofuran, amino acids, and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide as single molecular architecture was designed. A series of new hybrids were synthesised and subjected to evaluation for their inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. 4d–f and 4o found to exhibit MIC as 1.56 µg/mL, equally active as ethambutol whereas 4a, 4c, 4j displayed MIC 0.78 µg/mL were superior to ethambutol. Tested compounds demonstrated an excellent safety profile with very low toxicity, good selectivity index, and antioxidant properties. All the newly synthesised compounds were thoroughly characterised by analytical methods. The result was further supported by molecular modelling studies on the crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl reductase.
... The marginal anti-TB activity and zero correlation between anti-TB and phenolic content possibly suggest that the antioxidant activities of the phenolics may be countered by some other secondary metabolites that may be present in the extract. Wiid et al. (2004), proposed that the total antioxidant status of TB patients should be measured for more effective disease control because diets low in antioxidants may render individuals susceptible to tuberculosis. This is because pulmonary tuberculosis has been found in patients with an increased level of free radicals. ...
