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The design of a PV-hydrogen gas turbine hybrid power plant is proposed to generate 100 MW electrical load. This electrical power is supplied directly from PV solar panels, and in the case of shortage or lack of solar radiation, it is supplied by a gas turbine power plant working on hydrogen fuel which is produced through using electrolysis of water...
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... Hydrogen GTs can be integrated into various energy systems to generate power. (Ebaid et al., 2015) conducted a study focusing on a novel energy system configuration comprising photovoltaic (PV) cells, an electrolyzer, a storage tank, and a hydrogen GT. The research explored two distinct scenarios: case (a) considered a worst-case scenario with minimal sunshine hours and solar radiation annually, while case (b) represented average sunshine hours and solar radiation throughout the year. ...
Hydrogen (H2) is an energy carrier that offers both some of the benefits of fossil fuels and is clean with a low carbon footprint. Production of H2 from the water electrolysis using renewable energy is called green hydrogen and is the preferred pathway for future H2 production. In order to decarbonize the energy sector, green hydrogen must be adapted to existing systems using different technologies. Fuel cells, gas turbines (GTs), and combined heat and power (CHP) systems are the primary applications for hydrogen in power generation. CHP systems are highly efficient and can be employed in buildings, industrial facilities, and district energy systems to provide electrical and thermal energy. Heat pumps integrated with fuel cells are another example of energy-efficient technology. Mixing hydrogen in a specific volumetric ratio improves the resource utilization of the present natural gas heating systems. This chapter focuses on green hydrogen practices in electrical and thermal energy generation applications.
... Applicable methods for hydrogen production[28] Schematic of a PV-hydrogen hybrid system[34] ...
Due to stricter carbon capture rules, a rise in demand for green energy, and attaining zero carbon
emissions to attain the Paris Agreement in 2015 as well as the limited source of natural gas, the
share of renewable energy sources like wind and solar is fast rising in our society. But also due
to their erratic and fluctuating nature, dependable storage is required, in addition to extremely
effective power cycles that can transform stored energy back into usable energy. In a hydrogenfueled power cycle, hydrogen can be created while energy levels are high, stored as a gas or
liquid, and then converted back to energy when energy levels are low. Hydrogen is a promising
energy carrier. To compete with fossil fuels and achieve a high round-trip efficiency from energy
to hydrogen to energy, the power cycle must be extremely efficient.
In this study, Aspen HYSYS (an oil and gas process simulator) has been used to simulate and
assess a hydrogen-fueled power cycle comparable to a Joule-Brayton cycle (gas cycle) in a LM-
6000 gas turbine with five direct incidences of burning, the volume percentages of hydrogen
(H2) in each example are 0%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 100% in cases where the fuel is a mixture of
natural gas and hydrogen fed by high-temperature electrolysis and the heat supply is 50 MW to
GT. The project's objectives are to investigate the thermodynamics of the hydrogen cycle's
essential parts and assess the cycle's efficiency, emissions, and economics. With NG-H2 mixture
and excess air values ranging from 1 to 3, TIT = 1450 °C is reached at excess air values λ of 2.5
for NG-H2 mixture and 2.8 for 100% hydrogen fuel. While using hydrogen fuel instead of
natural gas, CO2 emissions were reduced from 10194kg/h to 0 kg/h, and efficiency increased
from 39.4% to 40.2. Speaking of efficiency improvement forced us to implement CCGT at TIT =
1450°C to increase the GT efficiency powered by hydrogen to 48.6%, where the temperature
inlet the steam turbine is to 530°C. However, an assumption CCGTP to increase the efficiency by
using the heat to heat the pumped water instead of going to condenser. Improve the efficiency by
adding additional heat exchanger to increase the water pumped temperature, the efficiency
become 49.43%. In this model, the separation is carried out under constant volume, pressure, and
temperature. The hydrogen produced by high temperature electrolysis is fed by heated water and
hydrogen at 750°C and 1 atm. Water to hydrogen ion feed system ratio is 9:1. The process
requires 59 MW of heating, but a novel method is being used to reduce the electricity needed by
adding a heat exchanger to heat the combination of H2O/H2 by the high temperature ofvi
hydrogen produced by HTE before it is sent to the CCGTP. Where the source of electricity is
renewable (solar PV and wind turbine) the study showed that adding H2 to natural gas up to 20%
could result in a reduction in the amount of oxygen produced per hour, from 21167 to 20102 kg.
The highest value of WNET steam cycle in when the mixture is 20% of hydrogen 4.3 MW in case
of CCGT and 4.8 MW of CCGTP. An economic analysis demonstrated the OPEX cost (fuel,
water, and power supplied) of each scenario, demonstrating that using complete hydrogen as a
fuel is significantly less expensive than using natural gas by 58.09 USD/MWh in the case of
electricity supplied by wind turbines and by 24.95 USD/MWh solar PV, respectively.
... Since the project has a time horizon of 22 years, a payback period of 13 years is targeted in the economic analysis. This is a value that is also mentioned in other projects involving hydrogen production and RES [141] [142]. ...
Today, climate change is regarded as a global challenge that demands immediate and sustained action. Tackling this major issue requires a multipronged approach that involves reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, increasing energy efficiency, and promoting the use of Renewable Energy Sources, such as wind and solar power. Nonetheless, these energy sources entail problems linked to their high volatility and intermittency, meaning they cannot meet steady energy demand.
One of the available options with the potential to help to overcome this problem is hydrogen, an energy carrier that is also the most abundant element in the entire Universe. However, its main production methods, based on fossil fuels, are not yet aligned with the long-term energetic and environmental goals. But, in the particular case of green hydrogen, obtained from the electrolysis of water using power from Renewable Energy Sources, its production and usage do not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, making it an option to assist in the ongoing energy transition. It can be used to store energy for long periods of time, replace fossil fuels in mobility and heating sectors, and serve as a clean raw material for many industrial processes.
Therefore, the European Union and many of its member states, including Portugal, have been setting strategies to promote the production, commercialization, and use of green hydrogen. But, the creation of a successful hydrogen ecosystem ultimately falls upon its economic viability.
In this context, this work is centred on studying and simulating the operation of a Hydrogen Power Plant producing hydrogen for power generation and for supplying several customers. Two main models and analyses are carried out separately.
In the first analysis, the Hydrogen Power Plant strategically participates in an energy market, where it buys and sells electricity while producing and selling hydrogen for multiple customers. This is modelled using an optimization problem whose objective is to maximize profits. This study includes the specification of the technical and economical characteristics of the main components of this power plant. Multiple simulations considering its participation in the Iberian Electricity Market are performed under these conditions. The results, related to hydrogen prices and several financial indicators, are computed and presented. An important conclusion from this analysis is that electrolytic grey hydrogen is the most economical option today, with a Levelised Cost Of Hydrogen ranging from 4.72 €/kg to 6.88 €/kg. Regarding the production of green hydrogen, two main scenarios are simulated. The first one leads to a Levelised Cost Of Hydrogen between 10.6 €/kg and 21.7 €/kg, and between 7.57 €/kg and 7.59 €/kg, on the second one.
In the second analysis, the Hydrogen Power Plant is installed in a distribution grid, where it integrates a Virtual Power Plant. It is used an optimization problem to model the operation of the grid and Distributed Energy Resources, but with the objective to minimize grid operating cost. Multiple simulations are carried out under different operating scenarios, where it is assumed a high prevalence of Renewable Energy Sources. Results show that the usage of hydrogen as an Energy Storage Solution has a positive effect on grid operation. This effect was more notable during Spring and Summer, but it is still considerable in the remaining seasons. With the addition of the Hydrogen Power Plant, it was possible to reduce grid operation costs, receive additional revenue from hydrogen commercialization and decrease dependence on external resources, including non-renewable energy sources.
An important contribution of this work to the state of the art is the development and implementation of two mathematical models for the operation of Hydrogen Power Plants, either operating alone or integrated with several Distributed Energy Resources in a distribution grid.
... Because the project has a time horizon of 22 years, a payback period of 13 years is expected in the economic analysis, a value that is cited in other works involving hydrogen production and RES [30,31]. Regarding the different services/customers that the H 2 PP can provide, the following are detailed. ...
Hydrogen is regarded as a flexible energy carrier with multiple applications across several sectors. For instance, it can be used in industrial processes, transports, heating, and electrical power generation. Green hydrogen, produced from renewable sources, can have a crucial role in the pathway towards global decarbonization. However, the success of green hydrogen production ultimately depends on its economic sustainability. In this context, this work evaluates the economic performance of a hydrogen power plant participating in the electricity market and supplying multiple hydrogen consumers. The analysis includes technical and economical details of the main components of the hydrogen power plant. Its operation is simulated using six different scenarios, which admit the production of either grey or green hydrogen. The scenarios used for the analysis include data from the Iberian electricity market for the Portuguese hub. An important conclusion is that the combination of multiple services in a hydrogen power plant has a positive effect on its economic performance. However, as of today, consumers who would wish to acquire green hydrogen would have to be willing to pay higher prices to compensate for the shorter periods of operation of hydrogen power plants and for their intrinsic losses. Nonetheless, an increase in green hydrogen demand based on a greater environmental awareness can lead to the need to not only build more of these facilities, but also to integrate more services into them. This could promote the investment in hydrogen-related technologies and result in changes in capital and operating costs of key components of these plants, which are necessary to bring down production costs.
... In this regard, the thermo-economic analysis of a hybrid power plant, combined photovoltaic (PV) and gas turbines, revealed that taking into account the worst-case scenario and the typical scenario, the average electricity price produced by these two scenarios are respectively 12 and 16 $ = kWh . Besides, the capital return period for these scenarios was 13 and 15 years, respectively (Ebaid, Hammad, and Alghamdi 2015). Sheikh et al. ...
In the present study, the energy, exergy, environmental, and economic (4-E) analyses of Rajai’s combined cycle power plant with applying environmentally friendly technologies have been performed. To this end, three scenarios have been considered: (1) without auxiliary systems; (2) with modified guide vane system; (3) integrated guide vane system and inlet air fogging. The angle was increased from 84 ∘ to 86 ∘ to modify the guide vane opening angle of the compressor. Besides, inlet air fogging is used to reduce the compressor’s inlet temperature. The results show that the highest exergy destruction (\~34%) occurred in the combustion chamber. The corresponding values for HRSG and gas turbine are 21% and 26%, respectively. With a modified guide vane system, scenario 2, the cycle’s first law efficiency is enhanced by 0.56% compared to scenario 1. In addition, in scenario 3, the second law efficiency increased by 0.67%, and the exergy destruction decreased by 0.85%. By using the proposed system, an increased income of hi.85 per megawatt-hour was gained. Regarding the CO2 emission and fuel consumption, a reduction of 1.65% and 1150m3/h was observed.
... turbines with flue gas recirculation [31]. The GTs that use hydrogen-containing fuels can be integrated Figure 5. Schematic of PV-hydrogen hybrid system [53]. ...
... The effect of working parameters on the exergy efficiency can be affected by the configuration of the system Ebaid et al. [53] Hydrogen The performance of a hybrid system, composed of hydrogen GT and solar PV was dependent on the design assumptions Cen et al. [54] Biomass and hydrogen Using hydrogen post-firing in the designed hybrid system leads to carbon dioxide emission reduction compared to natural gas. In another work [50], exergy analysis was performed on a GT using natural gas-hydrogen fuel in different ratios of hydrogen. ...
... Hydrogen GTs can be integrated with other energy systems for power generation [52]. In a study by Ebaid et al. [53], a new configuration composed of PV cell, electrolyzer, storage tank and hydrogen GT was proposed and investigated as shown in Figure 5. Two cases were considered for the design of this system: in case (a), known as a worst-case scenario, it was corresponded to the minimum sunshine hours and solar radiation during the year, while case (b) considers the average sunshine hours and solar radiation during the year. Based on their assumptions, a profit of 25% from the total initial cost and the generated electricity price for cases (a) and (b) were 0.12$/kWh and 0.16$/kWh, respectively. ...
The concerns regarding the consumption of traditional fuels such as oil and coal have driven the proposals for several cleaner alternatives in recent years. Hydrogen energy is one of the most attractive alternatives for the currently used fossil fuels with several superiorities, such as zero-emission and high energy content. Hydrogen has numerous advantages compared to conventional fuels, and as such, has been employed in gas turbines in recent years. The main benefit of using hydrogen in power generation with the gas turbine is the considerably lower emission of greenhouse gases. The performance of the gas turbines using hydrogen as a fuel is influenced by several factors, including the performance of the components, the operating and ambient conditions, etc. These factors have been investigated by several scholars and scientists in this field. In this article, studies on hydrogen-fired gas turbines are reviewed and their results are discussed. Furthermore, some recommendations are proposed for the upcoming works in this field.
... They have reported that in a PEM water electrolysis system without separate post-electrolysis compression, the real hydrogen generation will be maximized by controlling the stack hydrogen exit pressure as close to the storage pressure as possible. Ebaid et al. [15] have designed a PV-hydrogen gas turbine hybrid power station to generate 100 MW electrical loads. It is reported that the cost of the electricity produced is 12 cent/kWh for average case scenario and 16 cent/kWh for the worst case scenario. ...
Hydrogen utilization as an energy carrier is expected to increase in the future. However, it must be manufactured using various energy sources because of it does not exist in nature as a gas. Renewable energy sources such as solar are the best option for clean and sustainable hydrogen production. Soğuksu photovoltaic (PV) solar power plant is an important investment for northwest of Turkey with 7 MW peak capacity. In hereby, hydrogen production capacity of the solar power plant is evaluated. Daily, monthly and annual electricity generation results of Soğuksu PV solar power plant were recorded according to actual operating conditions in the data library of the power plant. These values have been used here to investigate hydrogen production from Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. Results show that the maximum mass flow of hydrogen production is 0.0625 kgs-1 H2 at peak load. Also, total annual electricity generation of the power plant is 10.7 GWh that result in an annual hydrogen production of 344 tons.
... In 2014, Yilmaz and Kanoglu [5] investigated hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis where the required power for PEM was produced by geothermal energy. In 2015, Ebaid et al. [13] thermoeconomically analyzed the coupling of photovoltaic cells with a hydrogen gas turbine hybrid power plant. In 2016, an integrated system with wind turbines and solar photovoltaic arrays was proposed by Khalid et al. [14] for production power and hydrogen. ...
... Therefore, the values of Ẇ grid and ṁ H2 increase (see, Eqs. (12) and (24)) and the values of C w and C H2 decrease (Eqs. (13) and (25)) by increasing of Col r . For example, Ẇ grid increases from 28,822 to 37829 kW (31.2% increasing) and C w decreases from 6.81 cents/kWh to 6.80 cents/kWh (0.15% decreasing) when Col r increases from 320 to 420. ...
One of the most important methods for hydrogen production is proton exchange membrane electrolysis because of its low environmental impact and easy maintenance. In the present work, a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer system for hydrogen production is established where the required power is generated by a steam Rankine cycle. Solar energy is used for producing steam using parabolic trough solar collectors. The effect of active parameters such as inlet temperature and pressure of steam turbine, efficiencies of turbine and pump, the mass flow rate and outlet temperature of parabolic trough solar collectors, the number of solar collectors in rows, the electric current density, and proton exchange membrane temperature are investigated on the amount of hydrogen production, the net produced power, the cost of produced electricity, the produced hydrogen cost and net profit of the products. The results discovered that the average cost of electricity and the levelized cost of hydrogen per kg H2 decrease by increasing the steam turbine's inlet pressure and temperature. The cost of hydrogen is almost 6 $/kg at 8 MPa inlet pressure of a steam turbine. The profit increases with increasing the values of mass flow rate while the average cost of electricity and the levelized cost of hydrogen per kilogram of H2 decrease when mass flow rate increases. The value of profit increases 43.1% when the outlet temperature of oil in the receiver increases from 313 °C to 333°C .
... However, both studies only considered a natural gas-based operation of gas turbines. In contrast, Ebaid et al. conducted a model-based analysis of the operation of a 100MW el photovoltaic and hydrogen-fired gas turbine power plant [26]. Similarly, Colbertaldo et al. analyzed the potential of employing hydrogen-fired combined cycle power plants to balance electricity grids with a high share of RPG [27]. ...
... The optimized operational management based on DP aims to produce the same amount of CO 2 -neutral hydrogen as the RB operational management. 26 Consequently, the final state constraint of the considered optimal control problem corresponds to the maximum allowable pressure of the storage vessels. To comply with this final state constraint, the optimized operational management foresees the displayed operation of the electrolyzer between 2 p.m. and 5 p.m. and between 8 p.m. and 12 a. ...
... However, Fig. 8 also highlights that the utilized potential for optimization mainly derives from the fact that the operating time of the electrolyzer is limited by the available hydrogen storage capacity. As 6. RB unit commitment during exemplary period B. 26 As mentioned in Sec. 5.1, the exemplary period A corresponds to a weekend day. ...
Hydrogen-based energy storage has the potential to compensate for the volatility of renewable power generation in energy systems with a high renewable penetration. The operation of these storage facilities can be optimized using automated energy management systems. This work presents a Reinforcement Learning-based energy management approach in the context of CO2-neutral hydrogen production and storage for an industrial combined heat and power application. The economic performance of the presented approach is compared to a rule-based energy management strategy as a lower benchmark and a Dynamic Programming-based unit commitment as an upper benchmark. The comparative analysis highlights both the potential benefits and drawbacks of the implemented Reinforcement Learning approach. The simulation results indicate a promising potential of Reinforcement Learning-based algorithms for hydrogen production planning, outperforming the lower benchmark. Furthermore, a novel approach in the scientific literature demonstrates that including energy and price forecasts in the Reinforcement Learning observation space significantly improves optimization results and allows the algorithm to take variable prices into account. An unresolved challenge, however, is balancing multiple conflicting objectives in a setting with few degrees of freedom. As a result, no parameterization of the reward function could be found that fully satisfied all predefined targets, highlighting one of the major challenges for Reinforcement Learning -based energy management algorithms to overcome.
... Hydrogen is the most abundant element and an environmentally benign energy carrier and is considered a promising material for energy storage [6]. The specific energy of hydrogen is 143 MJ, which is higher than any common fuel by weight and around three times larger than liquid hydrocarbon fuels [7]. ...
Power generation and its storage using solar energy and hydrogen energy systems is a promising approach to overcome serious challenges associated with fossil fuel-based power plants. In this study, an exergoeconomic model is developed to analyze a direct steam solar tower-hydrogen gas turbine power plant under different operating conditions. An on-grid solar power plant integrated with a hydrogen storage system composed of an electrolyser, hydrogen gas turbine and fuel cell is considered. When solar energy is not available, electrical power is generated by the gas turbine and the fuel cell utilizing the hydrogen produced by the electrolyser. The effects of different working parameters on the cycle performance during charging and discharging processes are investigated using thermodynamic analysis. The results indicate that increasing the solar irradiation by 36%, leads to 13% increase in the exergy efficiency of the cycle. Moreover, the mass flow rate of the heat transfer fluid in solar system has a considerable effect on the exergy cost of output power. Solar tower has the highest exergy destruction and capital investment cost. The highest exergoeconomic factor for the integrated cycle is 60.94%. The steam turbine and PEM electrolyser have the highest share of exergoeconomic factor i.e., 80.4% and 50%, respectively.
