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University-industry-government relations can be indicated by using advanced search engines on the Internet. This methodology provides us with opportunities to construct time series, compare among nations, distinguish between the use of national languages as against English, map relational patterns, etc. On the occasion of the Third Triple Helix Con...
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... The three participants interact with one another as knowledge is transformed into productivity, thus enhancing the innovation spiral (Etzkowitz et al., 1995;Nu et al., 2009;Tu et al., 2006). Leydesdorff utilized quantitative methods to measure the relationships among the university, industry and government sectors in the fields of networks, academic publications and patents (Leydesdorff et al., 2000;Leydesdorff et al., 2002;. Furthermore, Storper employed a Venn diagram to introduce the "three-in-one" theory, which posits that the relationships among technologies, organizations and regions are overlapping, resulting in a new environment based on relationship density (Storper et al., 1997). ...
In the context of digital transformation, this emerging technologies input creates powerful digital capabilities. Despite of the long distance, The enterprises cooperate more closely through wireless networks in digital space than ever before. Thus the digital technology has fundamentally changed the total performance of Shanghai-based enterprises over the 2016-2020 period. This paper creatively explores the influence mechanism of digital transformation through the mutual information measures on enterprise development We use the helix model to the interactive relationship transformation among location, industry, vertical industrial linkages and cooperative partners for the enterprises which is based on the degree of link among the quadruple variables. It shows transformation of enterprise structure and innovation and performance by measuring the mutual information. As a result, this paper reveals transformation of the total performancewith emerging technologies. In addition, it shows the transformation of industrial and spatial structure in Shanghai by comparing other countries.
... For this, Koehler (1999) defined two measures to study the dynamics of the Web: constancy (the rate of change) and permanence (the probability that pages carry the same Uniform Resources Locator, URL, over time) of Webpages. Leydesdorff and Curran (2000) looked for occurrences and cooccurrences of the triple helix (university-industry-government relationships) in Brazil and the Netherlands, showing similar patterns of growth in the number of Webpages for both countries. The usage of the web is not the same for universities and institutions. ...
The growing digitalization of scientific research practices is reflected in the content that academic and governmental institutions put on their websites, many of which are not optimized so that their contents reach visibility in search results of Google. Through the mapping of search engine results, this article analyzes the visibility of Ibero-American governmental, educational and research institutions in the results of Google in relation to a group of keywords related to the areas of Science, Research and Innovation. By analyzing the results of these pages in the search results in a specific period we can determine that, although few exceptions, the algorithms used by Google increase the visibility of educational and research institutions in Ibero-America (IA) along with those of each country in function of the national search option offered by the search engine. The indicators obtained both for web presence and web visibility indicate that pages that appear more frequently in the first positions in IA countries are not owned by national institutions, but from other countries. Moreover, we have observed that governmental and educational institutions are most visible than research institutions. While previously social networks are not so far popular for this type of institutions, they are recently gaining positions. However, this study is exploratory and a longitudinal research would eliminate fluctuations of web data.
... These allow for searching the database also on dates, albeit using the Julian calendar. The AltaVista Advanced Search Engine is hitherto the only database allowing for searching with calendar dates (Leydesdorff, 2001). 13 For reasons of consistency, the stopword list available at http://www.uspto.gov/patft/help/stopword.htm was used throughout this study as a standard corrective to the inclusion and exclusion of common words. ...
International collaboration in science continues to grow at a remarkable rate, but little agreement exists about dynamics of growth and organization at the discipline level. Some suggest that disciplines differ in their collaborative tendencies, reflecting their epistemic culture. This study examines collaborative patterns in six previously studied specialties to add new data and conduct analyses over time. Our findings show that the global network of collaboration continues to add new nations and new participants; each specialty has added many new nations to its lists of collaborating partners since 1990. We also find that the scope of international collaboration is positively related to impact. Network characteristics for the six specialties are notable in that instead of reflecting underlying culture, they tend towards convergence. This observation suggests that the global level may represent next-order dynamics that feed back to the national and local levels (as subsystems) in a complex, networked hierarchy.
... Triple Helix studies could thus benefit from link analysis techniques to achieve a better understanding of the relationship between different institutions (Khan and Park 2011), offering alternatives to strictly coded and commercially available indicators like coauthorship publications. The application of web metrics to THR has, however, been scarce to date (Leydesdorff and Curran 2000) and applied to excessively aggregated entities with few exceptions (Stuart and Thelwall 2006; Garcia-Santiago and Moya-Anegón 2009). Heimeriks and Van den Besselaar (2006) advise of the need to disaggregate data obtained through link analyses from complex institutions -such as universities -since link patterns depend on scientific fields, so the analysis of lowerlevel, disaggregated institutions might offer more detailed information. ...
Link analysis is highly effective in detecting relationships between different institutions, relationships that are stronger the greater their geographical proximity. We therefore decided to apply an interlinking analysis to a set of geographically dispersed research entities and to compare the results with the co-authorship patterns between these institutions in order to determine how, and if, these two techniques might reveal complementary insights. We set out to study the specific sector of public health in Spain, a country with a high degree of regional autonomy. We recorded all Spanish health entities (and their corresponding URLs) that belong to, and were hyperlinked from, the national government or any of the regional governments, gathering a total of 263 URLs. After considering their suitability for web metric analysis, interlinking scores between all valid URLs were obtained. In addition, the number of co-authored articles by each pair of institutions and the total scientific output per institution were retrieved from Scopus. Both interlinking and co-authorship methods detect the existence of strength subnets of geographically distributed nodes (especially the Catalan entities) as well as their high connectivity with the main national network nodes (subnet of nodes distributed according to dependence on national government, in this case Spain). However, the resulting interlinking pattern shows a low but significant correlation (r = 0.5) with scientific co-authorship patterns. The existence of institutions that are strongly interlinked but with limited scientific collaboration (and vice versa) reveals that links within this network are not accurately reflecting existing scientific collaborations, due to inconsistent web content development.
... There were two different reactions to the emergence of webometrics: enthusiasm and scepticism. The enthusiastic perspective described the range of studies that might be possible with webometrics and concentrated on its potential applications and strengths (Björneborn, & Ingwersen, 2001;Borgman, & Furner, 2002;Cronin, 2001;Leydesdorff, & Curran, 2000); the critical perspective instead emphasized the problems inherent in web data and focused on the limitations that webometric methods would necessarily face (Björneborn, & Ingwersen, 2001;Egghe, 2000;van Raan, 2001). Drawing from both strands, webometrics emerged as an empirical field that sought to identify limitations with web data, to develop methods to circumvent these limitations, and to evaluate webometric methods through comparisons with related offline sources of evidence (e.g., comparing counts of hyperlinks to journal websites with counts of citations to the associated journals), when possible (Bar-Ilan, 1999;Rousseau, 1999;Smith, 1999). ...
... For example, the first attempt examined the feasibility of webometrics with regards to exploring virtual social structures and measuring academia-government-industry dynamics (Boudourides, et al., 1999). Later, Leydesdorff and Curran (2000) investigated institutional communication between industry, university and academia. The authors used word cooccurrences and hypertext links to conclude that the relationship between the university and the other two sectors is stronger at international level while national economies promote stronger industry-government linkages. ...
This thesis analyses UK SPs with an informetric approach to study (1) the
role of public science and HEIs in research and development (R&D) networks
associated with SPs, and (2) the web-based patterns that reflect the
configuration of R&D support infrastructures associated with SPs.
... A similar design was also used for studies at the internet. The internet also contains documents and one can count occurrences and co-occurrences of words like "university," "industry," or "government" (Khan & Park, 2011;Leydesdorff & Curran, 2000;Park et al., 2005;Skoric, 2013). (until 1987), the increases in synergy in TH relations were initially slow. ...
Triple-Helix arrangements of bi- and trilateral relations can be considered
as adaptive eco-systems. During the last decade, we have further developed a
Triple-Helix indicator of synergy as reduction of uncertainty in niches that
can be shaped among three or more distributions. Reduction of uncertainty can
be generated in correlations among distributions of relations, but this
(next-order) effect can be counterbalanced by uncertainty generated in the
relations. We first explain the indicator, and then review possible results
when this indicator is applied to (i) co-author networks of academic,
industrial, and governmental authors and (ii) synergies in the distributions of
firms over geographical addresses, technological classes, and industrial-size
classes for a number of nations. Co-variation is then considered as a measure
of relationship. The balance between globalizing and localizing dynamics can be
quantified. Too much synergy locally can also be considered as lock-in.
Tendencies are different for the globalizing knowledge dynamics versus locally
retaining wealth from knowledge in industrial innovations.
... AltaVista was selected because its advanced search facility allows results to be limited to a certain time period. This search matches the last modified date of web pages, which is sometimes the creation date of a web page and sometimes the date that it was last changed (Leydesdorff & Curran, 2000). The dates returned therefore have to be treated with caution, and note also that many older pages will have been deleted from the web and hence will not appear in the results. ...
Lexical combinations of at least two roots around "carbon" as the hub, such as "carbon finance" or "carbon footprint," have recently become ubiquitous in English-speaking science, politics, and mass media. They are part of a new language evolving around the issue of climate change that can reveal how it is framed by various stakeholders. In this article, the authors study the role of these "carbon compounds" as tools of communication in different online discourses on climate change mitigation. By combining a quantitative analysis of their occurrences with a qualitative analysis of the contexts in which the compounds were used, the authors identify three clusters of compounds focused on finance, lifestyle, and attitudes and elucidate the communicative purposes to which they were put between the 1990s and the early 21st century. This approach may open up new ways of analyzing the framings of climate change mitigation initiatives in the public sphere.
... The Archive avoids the need for a delay between formulating a question about change in the Web over time and the collection of sufficient data to investigate it. Currently, this kind of research takes months or years to collect the data (Koehler, 1999;McMillan, 2001;Rousseau, 1999) or uses commercial search engine date parameters (Leydesdorff & Curran, 2000;Leydesdorff, 2001;Uberti, 2003), which only yield pages that have not changed since the period specified. Third, the Web is of immense historical significance and historians will wish to study periods in its growth. ...
... The existing national and linguistic biases in scholarly communication make this additional factor relatively unimportant. For longitudinal or historical studies of a type that are international in character or specifically compare countries (e.g., Leydesdorff & Curran, 2000) the bias provides a real obstacle. The problem is great enough to rule out both types of retrospective comparative studies based upon the archive unless methods are found to avoid the bias. ...
The Internet Archive, an important initiative that maintains a record of the evolving Web, has the promise of being a key resource for historians and those who study the Web itself. The archive's goal is to index the whole Web without making any judgments about which pages are worth saving. The potential importance of the archive for longitudinal and historical Web research leads to the need to evaluate its coverage. This article focuses upon whether there is an international bias in its coverage. The results show that there are indeed large national differences in the archive's coverage of the Web. A subsequent statistical analysis found differing national average site ages and hyperlink structures to be plausible explanations for this uneven coverage. Although the bias is unintentional, researchers using the archive in the future need to be aware of this problem.
... The joint collaboration university-industry-government is the weakest due to the effect of the double Boolean operator AND. [11,12,14,16] Globally, relations between the three spheres depend on the political and economic conditions and also on the international environment. ...
The West African countries′ scientific publications data are downloaded from Web of Science. Analyses focus on university-industry-government collaboration. We compute data on each sector′s production and collaboration among them. Particularly, the industrial production is extracted; the network, it induces is built and its structure analyzed with social network analysis methods and techniques, using Pajek. Results show that the university is the biggest information producer, followed by government; the number of industrial publications is meaningless; even some countries have no industrial output. Consequently, collaboration between the university and government is more visible. Collaboration between the three Triple Helix spheres occurred only in Nigeria. The mutual information between university, industry, and government is weak, illustrating the low level of knowledge flow between innovation actors in the region. These results could explain the negligible share of the developing countries in general and African and West African countries particularly to the World economy, and also the low level of development the region.
