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average codling moth and lightbrown apple moth trap catch per week in Hawke's Bay apple orchards treated with combination and standard (NoMate® CM or 3NZLR) pheromone dispensers during 2010-11. Values are the mean for four orchards.
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Leafrollers are important pests of apples and infested fruit can result in rejection of export consignments. Leafroller mating disruption using a pheromone blend with activity against three species was examined in 12 Hawke's Bay orchards over two seasons (2009-10 and 2010-11). Pheromone dispensers (600/ha) and a single insecticide were applied to t...
Context in source publication
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... overall average weekly moth catch was similar (codling moth P=0.556, LBAM P=0.469) for plots treated with combination or standard dispensers, although there was some orchard to orchard variation (Figure 1). Average catches varied monthly for both species, but the trends were similar for each type of dispenser (Table 1). Perimeter traps caught more moths than internal traps (codling moth P<0.001, LBAM P=0.003; data not shown). ...Similar publications
Leafrollers are important pests of apples and infested fruit can result in rejection of export consignments. Leafroller mating disruption using a pheromone blend with activity against three species was examined in 12 Hawke's Bay orchards over two seasons (2009-10 and 2010-11). Pheromone dispensers (600/ha) and a single insecticide were applied to t...
Citations
Pest suppression from combinations of tactics is fundamental to pest management and eradication. Interactions may occur among tactical combinations and affect suppression. The best case is synergistic, where suppression from a combination is greater than the sum of effects from single tactics (AB >> A+B). We explored how mating disruption and insecticide interacted at field scale, additively or synergistically. Use of a pheromone delivery formulation (SPLAT™) as either a mating disruption treatment (i.e. a two-component pheromone alone) or as a lure and kill treatment (i.e. the two-component pheromone plus a permethrin insecticide) was compared for efficacy against the lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana. Next, four point-source densities of the SPLAT™ formulations were compared for communication disruption. Finally, the mating disruption and lure and kill treatments were applied with a broadcast insecticide. Population assessment used virgin female traps and synthetic pheromone in replicated 9-ha vineyard plots compared with untreated controls and insecticide-treated plots, to investigate interactions. Lure and kill and mating disruption provided equivalent suppression; no additional benefit accrued from including permethrin with the pheromone suggesting lack of contact. The highest point-source density tested (625/ha) was most effective. The insect growth regulator methoxyfenoxide applied by broadcast application lowered pest prevalence by 70% for the first ten weeks compared to pre-trial. Pheromone addition suppressed the pest further by an estimated 92.5%, for overall suppression of 97.7% from the treatment combination of insecticide plus mating disruption. This was close to that expected for an additive model of interactivity between insecticide and mating disruption (AB = A+B) estimated from plots with single tactics as 98% suppression in a combination. The results indicate the need to examine other tactical combinations to achieve the potential cost-efficiencies of synergistic interactions.
The efficacy of pheromone-based mating disruption for control of the peachtree borer Synanthedon exitiosa (Say) in small-scale peach orchards (<0.1 ha) was evaluated in a total of six blocks at two locations in New Mexico, USA, from 2010 to 2015. In treated orchards, commercial pheromone dispensers were deployed at rates of approximately 500 or 600 per ha. Pheromone-based monitoring traps were installed in each block (treated and untreated), and catches of male moths were recorded throughout each growing season to assess the effectiveness of pheromone treatments and to determine the pest's seasonal flight activity. Levels of larval trunk infestation were assessed twice yearly by inspecting all trees at and below soil level. Infestation levels in an unreplicated block of mature peaches at one site (Los Lunas) declined from 57.5% to 8.4% while under pheromone treatment (2010–2011). Pheromone treatments in this block were discontinued in 2012, and infestation levels subsequently increased to 16.9% by spring 2015. In a replicated study in four other peach blocks at the same site, annual application of pheromones from 2012 to 2014 resulted in a significant difference in larval infestations in treated blocks compared to untreated blocks. In addition, when a single block of infested peaches at a second site (Alcalde) was treated with pheromone dispensers for three consecutive years, trunk infestation levels declined significantly, but were not completely eliminated. These results indicate that mating disruption can help protect even very small orchards from damage by S. exitiosa. However, the technique is likely to be more effective where such orchards are relatively isolated and/or where the surrounding pest pressure is moderate or low.
Biosecurity covers both long-term management of existing pests and the urgent government responses to alien invasive species which have yet to become fully established. Mating disruption, mass trapping and lure and kill systems all have potential to be used in pest management and against new incursions of certain types of organisms, predominantly moths, and beetles. Straight chained lepidopteran sex pheromones have emerged as a source of potential market advantage in pest management, with trapping systems and residue-free multiple species disruption systems being increasingly adopted to reduce insecticide use and meet private standards. Semiochemicals can also offer new surveillance tools in pre-border biosecurity, greatly improving the chances for successful eradication of alien invasive species. However, a rising frequency of incursions of alien invasive species and consequent rise in official eradication programs due to globalization points strongly to the need for further investment in the areas of discovery and development of surveillance and eradication technologies, from a sound knowledge of chemical ecology.
