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Surma River is polluted day by day by human activities, poor structured sewerage and drainage system, discharging industrial and household wastes. The charas (natural channels) are responsible for surface runoff conveyance from its urban catchments to the receiving Surma River. Water samples have been collected from a part of Surma River along diff...
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Context 1
... for DS in terms of drinking water is 1,000 mg/l the maximum we get in the dry season is 219 mg/l and in the monsoon season it is 205 mg/l as stated in Table 1. So in this respect we can conclude that the Surma river water is acceptable from the drinking water perspective (Table 2). Following The mean values (dry-24.6 ...
Citations
... Nowadays, 80% of all produced wastewater is simply dumped into natural water bodies, which negatively impacts the ecosystem (IWA, 2018). Apart from the non-point sources of overland flow, lowincome houses and slum areas dump sewage straight into the channel (Alam et al., 2007). The deterioration of the water quality has been accelerated due to rapid urbanization and the slow development of sewer systems (Kamarudin et al., 2020). ...
The absence of a sewer system and inadequate wastewater treatment plants results in a discharge of untreated wastewater to the urban drainage channels and pollutes receiving waters. Field visits were carried out to observe water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in an urban drainage system (Kolshet drain) in Thane City, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India. Dye-tracing studies using rhodamine WT dye were used for computing the velocity, discharge, and dispersion coefficient of the drain. The data analysis shows that the BOD and COD values in the drain are higher than the permissible limits (30 mg L⁻¹ for BOD and 250 mg L⁻¹ for COD), which is not suitable for disposal to any receiving water body. Also, the DO was less than the permissible limit of a minimum of 3 mg L⁻¹ (for the survival of aquatic life). It is seen that the higher BOD load significantly reduced the DO throughout the drain. The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP 8.32, 2019) developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has been used for the simulation of the DO and BOD in the drainage channel. The model simulates an appropriate estimate of the expected variation of DO and BOD at points of interest. The modeling for the Kolshet drain is expected to enable better estimates of the wastewater parameters and the pollution transport in the drain for planning purposes.
... In 2020, Bodrud-Doza et al. identified a higher Fe concentration in Dhaka and demonstrated that the quality of subsurface water is influenced by anthropogenic activities, rock-water interaction, and ion-exchange (Bodrud-Doza et al. 2020). Surma river basin in the Sylhet region witnesses a significant concentration of iron during the monsoon (Alam et al. 2007). A hydrogeochemical analysis done by Ahmed et al. revealed that silicate weathering, defined by an active cation exchange mechanism, and carbonate weathering increase element concentrations in the groundwater of Sylhet (Ahmed et al. 2019a(Ahmed et al. , 2019b. ...
This study investigates groundwater contamination by arsenic and iron and its health implications within the Sylhet district in Bangladesh. Utilizing geographic information system (GIS) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods, hazard maps have been developed to evaluate contamination risk across various upazilas. The findings show significant arsenic and iron pollution, particularly in the northwestern part of the district. In about 50% of the area, especially in Jaintiapur, Zakiganj, Companiganj, and Kanaighat where arsenic levels surpass 0.05 mg/L which is the standard limit of Bangladesh. Iron levels peak at 13.83 mg/L, severely impacting 45% of the region, especially in Gowainghat, northeastern Jaintiapur, Zakigonj, and Golabganj. The study employs USEPA health risk assessment methods to calculate the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for both elements via oral and dermal exposure. Results indicate that children face greater noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than adults, with oral HI showing significant risk in Balagonj and Bishwanath. Dermal adsorption pathways exhibit comparatively lower risks. Cancer risk assessments demonstrate high carcinogenic risks from oral arsenic intake in all areas. This comprehensive analysis highlights the urgent need for effective groundwater management and policy interventions in the Sylhet district to mitigate these health risks and ensure safe drinking water.
... DO is related to the Uncorrected Proof survival of aquatic organisms and ecological water balance (Jin et al., 2022). The lower DO limit of marine microorganisms and drinking water is 4 and 6 mg/L, respectively (Alam et al., 2007). Although DO supersaturation is not associated with contaminated water, low DO is related to dirty water, which can cause the water to take on an unpleasant and black odor (Li et al., 2016). ...
The River Chief System (RCS) is an institutional innovation launched to prevent and control water pollution. Its implementation has attracted much attention because it is a government-led effort to solve China's complex water problems. This study analyzed the characteristics and trends of four water quality (WQ) parameters, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), which were determined weekly from samples collected at 150 WQ monitoring stations in the Chinese rivers and lakes. The minimum WQ index (WQImin), Mann–Kendall test, wavelet analysis, and ArcGIS software were applied to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation of WQ before and after the implementation of the RCS, taking the main second-order basins and lakes in China as the research unit. The results demonstrated that CODMn and NH3-N were the main factors exceeding WQ. After the performance of the RCS, the WQ of each sub-basin and lake was improved, basically reaching the Class Ⅲ standard threshold; the WQImin values of sub-basins and lakes were above the ‘very bad’ level, where the proportion of ‘good’ was 68.09%, an increase of 52.38%. The spatial distribution of the trend coefficient of WQImin showed an upward trend, with the maximum trend coefficient being 4.99/a.
... It is noteworthy that discharges can come from various sources, including liquid effluents of domestic, residual, and agricultural origin (Alam et al., 2007;Bouaroudj et al., 2019;Kambole, 2003;Rezak et al., 2023;Sposito et al., 2019). ...
The present study aims to assess the impact of human activities on the water quality of the Hammam Boughrara dam. It also highlights the crucial importance of sustainable management of water resources in the face of persistent challenges related to various forms of pollution. The study is based on an exhaustive database covering a period spread over 16 years, with monthly measurements of organic pollution indicator parameters, namely BOD5, COD, NO2-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${NO}_{2}^{-}$$\end{document},NO3-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${NO}_{3}^{-}$$\end{document}, PO43-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${PO}_{4}^{3-}$$\end{document}, NH4+\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${NH}_{4}^{+}$$\end{document}, Organic Matter (OM), TDS, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH. The box plots showed an asymmetric distribution of almost all the parameters, with significant seasonal variations in the interquartile (IQR) range. The IQR ranges for NH4+\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${NH}_{4}^{+}$$\end{document} extends from 0.575 mg/l (summer) to 4.445 mg/l (spring), and for PO43-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${PO}_{4}^{3-}$$\end{document} from 1.3075 mg/l (autumn) to 1.8625 mg/l (spring). This led to the use of the Spearman method for the analysis of correlations between different parameters. The seasonal study of the five categories of water quality, according to the Organic Pollution Index (OPI), revealed considerable organic pollution. At the 1% significance level, the seasonal correlation between OPI and NH4+\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${NH}_{4}^{+}$$\end{document} varies between -0.71 and -0.85, while that with PO43-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${PO}_{4}^{3-}$$\end{document} fluctuates between -0.69 and -0.86. During the period analyzed, the COD/BOD Ratio (CBR) reveals two dominant categories with seasonal variations, i.e. the Moderately Biodegradable Effluents (MBE), with 96 cases, reaching 29 in autumn and 20 in spring. The Difficult to Biodegrade or Non-Biodegradable Effluents (DBE or NBE) category records 94 cases, with a maximum frequency of 26 in winter and minimum of 21 in autumn. These results therefore show the persistence of organic pollution, which had an impact on water quality over the four seasons and throughout the period studied. The results indicate persistent organic pollution affecting water quality. Therefore, prompt actions and sustainable strategies are deemed necessary to mitigate these harmful impacts and to ensure the sustainability of the water resource.
... It can also disrupt and unsettle the ecological balance, which could lead to serious public health problems (Kükrer and Mutlu 2019). It is noteworthy that discharges can come from various sources, including liquid effluents of domestic, residual, and agricultural origin (Kambole 2003;Alam et al. 2007;Bouaroudj et al. 2019;Sposito et al. 2019;Rezak et al. 2023). ...
The present study aims to assess the impact of human activities on the water quality of Hammam Boughrara Dam, while highlighting the importance of seasonal variations of the organic pollution indicator parameters. The COD/BOD 5 Ratio (CBR) values, over the period mentioned above, revealed the dominance of two categories, namely Moderately Biodegradable Effluent (MBE) and Difficult to Biodegrade Effluents (DBE) or Non-Biodegradable Effluents (NBE), with significant seasonal variations. The MBE category showed a maximum frequency in autumn (29 occurrences) and a minimum frequency in spring (20 occurrences), while the DBE or NBE category had a maximum frequency of 26 during winter and a minimum frequency of 21 during the autumn season. The analysis of Organic Pollution Index ( OPI) revealed that the water of the dam under study is strongly impacted by organic pollution, with significant seasonal variations. This is confirmed by the predominance of the Organic Pollution (OP) category, with a maximum frequency in autumn and summer seasons (25 occurrences) and minimum in spring (21 occurrences), as well as by the Very Strong Organic Pollution (VSOP) category, with a maximum frequency in winter (23 occurrences) and minimum in summer (11 occurrences). The box-plot graphs showed positive skew, while others exhibited a negative one, with significant seasonal variations in the InterQuartile Range (IQR). It should also be mentioned that the correlation of the Organic Pollution Index (OPI) with the concentrations of NH₄⁺ and PO₄³⁻ ions is higher than that of the OPI with BOD 5 and NO₂⁻. However, it must be recognized that the correlation between the OPI and BOD 5 as well as NO₂⁻ remains significant at 1% threshold level. Moreover, the correlation coefficients showed significant seasonal variations. It is worth noting that the OPI showed a positive correlation with the dam’s water volume, during all four seasons, with correlation coefficients varying significantly for each season. On the other hand, the OPI exhibited negative correlation with COD, TDS and \({NO}_{3}^{-}\) concentrations in some seasons. In addition, positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of \({NH}_{4}^{+}\)and \({PO}_{4}^{3-}\) ions, as well as between the concentrations of \({NH}_{4}^{+}\) and \({NO}_{2}^{-}\) ions, throughout the four seasons.
... E. coli is a type of fecal coliform bacteria commonly found in the intestines of animals and humans and the presence of it in water is a strong indication of recent sewage or animal waste contamination. 30 In our HCO, faecal E. coli was isolated once which was immediately taken care of. However, out of 5 cases of SSI, one had E.coli infection with same susceptibility pattern with that of isolate in water. ...
Quality of water supplyin heath-care organisation (HCO) is often not taken seriously in
many low to middle income countries (LMIC). Waterborne pathogens may come in contact with
patients in various ways in HCOs which includes showering, bathing, drinking or in contact
withimproperly cleaned medical devices. Hand colonization is another important source of
transmission of health-care associated infections (HAIs), specially the Surgical site infections
(SSI). Contaminated water system maycontribute to HAIs by various pathogens like coliforms
and other opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, Acinetobacter
spp. etc. Stringent implementation of water surveillance (WS) program along with immediate
corrective action against the root cause of contamination should be mandatory in each HCO.
Keywords: heathcare organisation (HCO), healthcare associated infections (HAIs), Surgical
site infections (SSI), water surveillance (WS), coliforms, Pseudomonas spp.
... Currently, community waste and metro pollutants are either directly or indirectly dumped into the Surma River. Wastewater discharge has resulted in water quality deterioration over time in the Surma River (Alam et al., 2007). Pollutants discharged from the water body may be ingested by fish through their food and water and may then accumulate in large concentrations in various tissues (Mohammed, 2009). ...
Water pollution poses a global hazard to aquatic biota and ecological sustainability, causing a hazard to aquatic organisms such as fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of toxic chemical contaminants on histopathological biomarkers in the liver and kidney of olive barb (Puntius sarana) collected from the Surma River in comparison to a control group of fish. The histological bio-monitoring assessment involved the sampling of thirty (30) table-sized fish collected from the four-sampling sites (i. Kajir Bazar, ii. Keane Bridge, iii. Shahjalal Bridge and iv. Burhanuddin Majar) of the Surma River on a monthly basis during the period of September 2019 to February 2020. Twenty (20) table-sized fish of the same species were reared in the Fish Disease Diagnosis and Pharmacology Laboratory, which has a controlled water quality system. In the present study, the river temperature was found to range from 19.7±1.57°C to 30.00±1.29°C. Dissolved oxygen of the surface water was observed to range from 4.15±0.31 to 4.82±0.67 ppm. The pH was found to range from 7.42±0.33 to 6.50±0.12. We observed several pathological changes viz., haemorrhage, lipid droplet, hypertrophy
and hyperplasia, erythrocyte infiltration into blood sinusoid, pyknosis and hepatocyte degeneration in the liver tissues of P. sarana. The histopathological analysis of the kidney showed tubular degeneration of the distal tubule, tubular degeneration of the proximal tubule, melanomacrophage centre, glomerular shrinkage, vacuolisation, necrosis and haemorrhage. The evidence of pathological alterations in the liver and kidney of olive barb P. sarana appeared to be a useful biomarker to assess the
impact of the toxicity of water pollution in the Surma River.
... Currently, community waste and metro pollutants are either directly or indirectly dumped into the Surma River. Wastewater discharge has resulted in water quality deterioration over time in the Surma River (Alam et al., 2007). Pollutants discharged from the water body may be ingested by fish through their food and water and may then accumulate in large concentrations in various tissues (Mohammed, 2009). ...
... The most important parameter to access water quality is DO as trophic status, as well as the biological activities of an aquatic ecosystem, depending on DO (Granier et al., 1999). To ensure healthy aquatic life, the value of DO should range from 4 to 6 mg/l (Alam et al., 2007). The annual average DO concentrations observed at each station were above the prescribed standard (6 mg/L) (CPCB, 2019). ...
that the general mean WQI value was 81.9, and seasonal average WQI values ranges from 79.44 to 84.55. The water quality showed seasonal variance, with lowest values in summer, succeeded by autumn and winter, and highest in spring. Moreover, the results from stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that the WQI min significantly correlates with six water quality parameters (ammonia, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, turbidity, and nitrate) in Dal Lake. The WQI min model predicted the water quality of the Dal Lake with a coefficient of determination (R 2) value of 0.96, root mean square error (RMSE) value of 4.1, and percentage error (PE) of 5.3%. The developed WQI min model can be applied as a cost-effective and efficacious approach to determine the water quality of fresh surface water bodies.
... The Surma River is a significant river of northeastern Bangladesh, and the mean discharge of this river was estimated as 542.06 m 3 /s (Islam and Sikder 2016). About eight million people are dependent on Surma River basin for irrigation and fishing (Alam et al. 2007). High dependence on the river system is producing large volume of waste materials which are falling into the river (Pandit et al. 2021). ...
... This wastewater has contaminated the aquatic environment which is posing a serious threat to the biotic communities. A number of studies revealed that the water quality was deteriorated in the Surma River basin (Alam et al. 2007;Begum and Hasan 2019). However, no studies examine the spatial variability of water quality of Surma River. ...
Surma River of Bangladesh is a representative of sub-tropical river system which is complex, dynamic and interacting socio-ecological system. Though land-based activities control the water quality of this river system, no studies have been conducted on the role of land-use patterns on water quality and biotic communities. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the impacts of water quality on the plankton community dynamics of Surma River basin. In addition, the study also examined the impacts of land-use patterns on water quality of river. Land-use patterns were identified by analyzing Landsat-8 imageries of the United State Geological Survey. Data on biotic and abiotic variables were collected from 15 sampling stations during dry season. Unsupervised and supervised classification techniques were used to identify the land-use patterns. Weighted arithmetic method was used to develop water quality index of river system. This study found four types of land-use patterns around Surma River basin (i.e., built-up area, barren land, river, vegetation and agriculture). Water quality index indicates that water quality is good in the rural area, while bad in the urban areas. Our study found that land-use pattern is a good predictor of water quality (R² = 0.97) of Surma River basin. Our study also found that high plankton species diversity coincides with the good water quality of the river. This study will serve as tool for the management of Surma River basin of Bangladesh.
