Figure 6 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Each year, the ultimate goal of emission legislation is to force technology to the point where a practically viable zero emission vehicle becomes a reality. Albeit the direction to reach this target is a formidable challenge, homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a new combustion concept to produce ultra low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sm...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... variation of exhaust gas temperature with respect to load for various premixed fractions of ethanol is shown in Fig. 6. The exhaust gas temperature increased with increase in engine load and it decreased with increase in ethanol fraction. The reason for increase in exhaust gas temperature with load is the increase in in-cylinder temperature with engine load. On the other hand, the decrease in exhaust gas temperature with pre- mixed ratio is the ...
Similar publications
Diesel engines are inevitable parts of our daily life and will be in the future. Expensive after-treatment technologies to fulfil normative legislations about the harmful tail-pipe emissions and fuel price increase in recent years created expectations from researchers for alternative fuel applications on diesel engines. This study investigates hydr...
Fires in open plan compartments have been the subject of much research over the past decade. The impact of exposed CLT on the fire dynamics in such compartments is also receiving a great deal of interest as trends in timber buildings include also open plan buildings. This article presents some initial results from an experimental study which was co...
Citations
... Where:A= weight of empty weighing pan(g); B= weight of weighing pan + wet sample(g) and C= weight of weighing pan + dry sample(g) (2). Crude Protein 3mL of the waste newspaper sample was weighed into the kjeldahl flask, and 10 g of potassium sulphate, 0.7 g mercuric oxide and 20mL concentrated sulphuric acid were added respectively. ...
... Although, longer fermentation time was required to achieve a completion fermentation of the waste newspaper at an ambient temperature, but, it is usually accompanied by lowest yield of bioethanol [22]. (2). Effect of the inoculum size This was assessed by varying the inoculum size between 2 and 10 % while keeping other parameters such as pH, and temperature constant during the fermentation of waste newspaper by yeast isolate for a period of 14 days. ...
Bioethanol is currently being produced in commercial quantity in most countries of the world using edible feedstocks such as maize, sugarcane and wheat. Unfortunately, this contributes up to 85 % of the production cost making bioethanol more expensive than gasoline. The current work, investigates the potential of using waste newspaper as a feedstock and yeast isolate from palm oil polluted soil for bioethanol production. This was carried out by Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation method (SHF) using yeast isolate extracted from palm oil impacted soil. The result of the proximate analysis of the waste newspaper revealed a high carbohydrate content of 80.2 %, the biochemical characteristics of the yeast isolate shows positive to the fermentation of most of the reducing sugars such as lactose, sucrose, galatose and glucose. The pH was varied from 6-8.5 while keeping other parameters constant, the result gave a maximum bioethanol concentration of 0.246 mg/mL and yeast biomass of 0.64 mg/mL using pH 7 after inoculation time of 8 days. The inoculum size was varied between 2 and 10 % at constant pH, and temperature. The result shows that the maximum bioethanol (0.27 mg/mL) and yeast biomass (0.60 mg/mL) were obtained using an inoculum size of 6 % after 8 days of incubation. The yeast isolate (pops 1) using MSM, 25 % waste newspaper and 2 % corn steep liquor gave the highest concentration of bioethanol of 24.2 mg/mL after 14 days of fermentation. Being that the feedstock and yeast source are waste, it is expected that the cost of production of ethanol will be reduced, and the use of the waste newspaper as a feedstock is a valorization and sustainable waste management strategies.
... en, the start button is pressed, and automatically, the program says calibration in progress. When the calibration screen disappears, the program begins to collect data [13]. e probe should therefore be placed on the exhaust pipe and monitored until the values of the exhaust gas leakage stabilize [14]. ...
The research work presents the results of testing using an internal combustion engine ignition/compression using diesel and LPG mixtures without preheating. The energy performance of regulated brake emissions and changes in fuel consumption for a compression ignition engine is investigated in this study. It is assured that the engine's operation is not harmed as a result of the installation of this mix. The engine produces torque and power when it is working according to the design parameters. In tests with these combinations, results with a thermal efficiency of 10% were obtained, which was higher than the 5% obtained in diesel tests. It is used in compression ignition engines to offer a fuel source for the generation of electrical energy.
... However, factors such as the depletion in fossil fuel resources and increasing release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere have augmented the alternative cleaner fuel studies in the world. Among these, biofuels are expected to reduce both dependence on fossil fuels and the accumulation of greenhouse gases as well as other pollutants [1,2]. Besides, these fuels can be produced from various renewable sources [3]. ...
The rapid growth of the world's population and industrial revolution has led to an increase in the need for energy. However, the scarcity of fossil fuels and serious environmental pollution problems have attracted researchers on developing alternative or renewable energy sources. Among these energy sources, biodiesel has been the most popular energy source for decades. Energy crops that are cultivated as oil feedstock such as soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, and camelina for biodiesel production in Turkey. Due to different physicochemical properties of these oilseeds, fuel quality, engine performance characteristics and emission results of biodiesel are the significant criteria that have been changing. Therefore, these criteria were evaluated by using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques for the selection of the most suitable energy crop. For this purpose, AHP has been applied for evaluating the significance of each criterion and ranks of investigated alternatives have been calculated by using TOPSIS. The results identified rapeseed as the most suitable oilseed as an energy crop for cultivation in Turkey whereas cottonseed was an unsuitable choice for biodiesel production. This integrated analysis method here can be utilized by policymakers as a pre-investment tool in developing new business models for the goal of reducing exhaust emissions as well as decreasing dependence on fossil fuels.
... These properties lead it to complete combustion in an engine as compare to conventional diesel [6]. It released fewer pollutants and greenhouse gases into the air and decreases health risks [7]. A biorefinery is a facility that combines tools and materials for converting biomass to generate biomass fuels and other valuable compounds [8]. ...
Biodiesel is considered a suitable substitute and eco-friendly energy source. It is produced from renewable sources. Second-generation feedstocks are gaining attention due to their availability in many parts of the world. The non-edible biomass reduces food competition in the market. The Xanthium spinosum is one of the unexplored non-edible biomass, which contains a high content of linoleic acid in its seeds. In this research, the potential of seed oil for methyl ester production has been analysed. It possesses a higher oil content of 35.30 ± 0.10 wt%. The total lipid and linoleic acid content of the seeds were found to be 35 and 32.11 wt%. The fuel properties of a Xanthium spinosum proved its potentiality as a biodiesel feedstock. To test the potential, the oil was converted into the methyl ester via transesterification with a yield of 93%. The different fuel properties like density, cetane number (CN), flash point, pour point and cloud point were in accordance with internationally recognised biodiesel standards and showed its better quality compared to others accounted biodiesel. As an alternative renewable energy source for biodiesel production, the oil from Xanthium spinosum biomass has the potential to be used as a greener, cleaner and sustainable approach.
... In this pursuit, many fuels, such as biodiesels, methanol, ethanol and waste plastic oils, have gained more significance in alternative fuel research. To achieve the goal of ultralow emissions, low-temperature combustion concepts such as homogeneous charge compression ignition engine (HCCI) are used along with alternative fuels such as ethanol (Avinash and Sasikumar, 2016). However, the inherent problems associated with these fuels are a vital drawback to use them commercially. ...
Purpose
The present work aims at improving the performance of the engine using optimized fuel injection strategies and operating parameters for plastic oil ethanol blends. To optimize and predict the engine injection and operational parameters, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) are used respectively.
Design/methodology/approach
The engine operating parameters such as load, compression ratio, injection timing and the injection pressure are taken as inputs whereas brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and smoke emissions are treated as outputs. The experiments are designed according to the design of experiments, and optimization is carried out to find the optimum operational and injection parameters for plastic oil ethanol blends in the engine.
Findings
Optimum operational parameters of the engine when fuelled with plastic oil and ethanol blends are obtained at 8 kg of load, injection pressure of 257 bar, injection timing of 17° before top dead center and blend of 15%. The engine performance parameters obtained at optimum engine running conditions are BTHE 32.5%, BSFC 0.24 kg/kW.h, CO 0.057%, HC 10 ppm, NO x 324.13 ppm and smoke 79.1%. The values predicted from ANN are found to be more close to experimental values when compared with the values of RSM.
Originality/value
In the present work, a comparative analysis is carried out on the prediction capabilities of ANN and RSM for variable compression ratio engine fuelled with ethanol blends of plastic oil. The error of prediction for ANN is less than 5% for all the responses such as BTHE, BSFC, CO and NO x except for HC emission which is 12.8%.
... In addition, DME is specified by the high latent heat of vaporisation compared to conventional fuel, which will lessen charge temperature at the end of the intake stroke. All these conditions will result in a lower NO x emission level (Avinash and Sasikumar 2016). As shown in Figure 6-a, NO x emission was reduced by 4.80% and 8.0% on average compared with the original engine at full load condition. ...
In this study, the effect of dimethyl ether enriched air (DMEA) on pollutants and performance characteristics a diesel engine was evaluated. The combustion parameters have been evaluated by simulation method. Simulation results show that the in-cylinder pressure increases slightly while the combustion duration is shorter for DMEA-engine compared to the original case. In addition, a comparative test on DMEA-engine was carried out, in which DME was supplied into the intake manifold at a constant concentration to the mass of intake air. The results show that, when operating with DMEA, the brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) reduces slightly at full load condition by 2.20%. While, at a speed of 1600 rpm, the BSEC increases from 2.6% to 7.7% at low load and slides from 3.1% to 5.5% at high load condition. The smoke level reduces moderately when the test engine operating with DMEA by 6.25% on average at full load and 2.0% to 8.2% as load increases at intermediate speed condition. The CO emission reduces 5.28% while NOx and HC emission increase 5.62% and 7.1% on average at full load condition. At the speed of 1600 rpm, CO reduces 5.9% while NOx and HC increase by 7.1% and 27.5% on average.
... It is evident from literature that alcohols as the oxygenate fuels can efficiently be used in DFD engines [4,[27][28][29]. Among alcohols, ethanol has become quite popular as it can be produced from biological feedstocks [30][31][32]. ...
Dual fuel diesel (DFD) engines have been gaining popularity due to the flexibility of using both bio and fossil liquid and gaseous fuels. Further, the efficient combustion in DFD mode with bio liquid and gaseous fuel can greatly reduce the greenhouse gas emissions as well as the dependency on fossil diesel. In recent times, a host of investigation has been done in normal dual fuel diesel (nDFD) mode with pure diesel and biogas. However, the engines with ethanol blended with diesel and intake charge (biogas-air mixture) with preheating have not been studied. In the present study, 5% ethanol blended with diesel (E5) and biogas with preheating are used in dual fuel engine (DFD-E5) to find their performance and emission characteristics. In order to have a direct comparison of performances, an engine with pure diesel (E0) and biogas with preheating is also tested in dual fuel mode (DFD-E0). In all the cases, the effect of total equivalence ratio on engine overall performance has also been investigated. In DFD-E5 mode, and at the maximum torque of 21.78 N·m, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increases by 2.98% as compared to nDFD mode. At the same torque, there is no trace of carbon monoxide (CO), whereas there is a reduction of hydrocarbon (HC) emission by 62.22% with respect to pure diesel (PD) mode. The nitrogen of oxides (NOx) is found to decrease in DFD modes in contrast to PD mode.
Using numerical analysis and the ANSYS Forte 19.2 package, this study investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of dual-fuel operation using ethanol as a partial substitute for diesel in a direct injection compression ignition engine. The study discovered that adding ethanol to diesel engines reduces peak cylinder pressure and temperature due to its evaporative cooling qualities, with a maximum error of only 2.5%, exhibiting remarkable alignment between simulation and experimental data. The experiment was conducted on a modified single cylinder direct injection CI engine with an ethanol port injector controlled purely by Arduino software. The tests were carried out with different Ethanol substitutions at varied engine loads (0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). The study looked at the performance and emissions of a DI CI engine with ethanol substitutes of 10%, 20%, and 30%, with E10 outperforming and E30 outperforming, but caution is urged due to increased energy degradation. E10 and E20 ethanol replacements dramatically cut CO, HC, and NO emissions in diesel engines, improving environmental performance with modest changes.
This article aims to study the impact of camphor oil premixing with intake air on compression ignition (CI) engine characteristics powered with jatropha oil and cottonseed oil. The experiment is conducted on the direct injection compression engine attached to the premixing setup. The investigation reveals that premixing of camphor oil with cottonseed oil and jatropha oil escalates the thermal brake efficiency to 35.02% and 33.62% and brings down the brake‐specific energy consumption to 10.27 and 10.70 kJ kWh⁻¹. At all loading conditions, the premixing of camphor oil and the rise of camphor oil in premixing proportions increase the volumetric efficiency and cut the exhaust gas temperature. 20% premixing of camphor oil with cottonseed oil and jatropha oil drops the smoke opacity emissions by 22.23% and 11.86% and NO emission by 23.27% and 14.59%, respectively, at full load conditions. Further, it shows a 27.60% and 21.14% hike in CO emissions and a 31.34% and 31.87% hike in HC emissions at full load conditions. The in‐cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and mean gas temperature increase with increasing the energy share of camphor oil in premixing. Overall, the premixing of camphor oil shows better CI engine attributes except HC and CO emissions.
An old generation diesel engine running on dual-fuel dimethyl ether (DME) and diesel was tested for pollution reduction and performance enhancement. DME was pre-mixed with intake air using a single-port gaseous fuel injection system to replace 5% (DME5) and 10% (DME10) diesel. Study results show that the fuel economy improves when the engine operates with dual fuel. The brake-specific energy consumption reduces by 2.5% and 3.0% at full load condition and 4.5% and 5.1% at a medium speed of 1600 rpm on average for DME5 and DME10 compared to pure diesel case. The in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and vibration rate were evaluated to determine DME's effect on engine combustion. The impact of DME was noticeable as exhaust pollutants enhanced remarkably for NOx and smoke components. When the engine was fueled with DME5 and DME10, the specific particulate matter fell dramatically by 32.90% and 50.23%, NOx declined moderately by 8.66% and 20.39%.
