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The areas exposed to pyroclastic flow invasion in case of explosive eruptions at Ischia island (Italy) have been evaluated, together with the related volcanic hazard and risk. Ischia island lacks a central vent so, for the evaluation of volcanic hazard, it is necessary to forecast where a future explosive event might occur. At this purpose, we have...
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... input data for the exposed value map are given by the urbanized areas, as reported in the 1998 Technical Map of Napoli Province in scale 1:5000, and the resident population in 1998 (census ISTAT, 2001). These data were used to define population density (Table 2). This parameter mainly differs from the classical ratio between resident population and municipality area because gives an additional information on the density of buildings present on the territory. ...
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... At Ischia, forty-seven eruptions have occurred during the last 10 ky, generating PDC deposits, mainly composed of ash surges [54]. The PDC deposits of Ischia were mainly deposited in the eastern portion of the island, and the corresponding hazards have been discussed by Alberico et al. [55], who constructed maps of the frequency of the PDC invasion. ...
Marine geohazards in the Bay of Naples, an eruptive region during the late Quaternary, have been assessed based on both morpho-bathymetric and seismic data. Previously identified areas of high marine hazard with slide potential (northern Ischia slope, Naples canyons, and Sorrento Peninsula–Capri slope) have been confirmed and integrated through the seismo-stratigraphic analysis of selected seismic sections. We evaluated the occurrence of important fossil submarine landslides in the stratigraphic record. Several kinds of submarine landslides have been individuated through morpho-bathymetric and seismic interpretation, including creeping, debris avalanches, and debris flows, among others, often controlled by volcanic eruptions. Submarine landslides of Naples Bay
are primary geohazards in the marine and coastal areas, which has been ascertained with significant volcanic and tsunami hazards involving the gulf. Despite previous studies on these topics, much work is still needed to compile a systematic database of the submarine landslides of the Bay of Naples, representing a future step of this research.
... The topic of structural control of monogenetic volcanoes in volcanic fields has been frequently used as a guideline to analyze and better understand volcano distribution and location (e.g., Alberico et al., 2008;Barde-Cabusson et al., 2014;Haag et al., 2019;Rivalta et al., 2019). Similarly, the chronology of monogenetic volcanoes in volcanic fields, as well as their eruption periodicity, are topics of great interest for the evaluation of the associated volcanic hazard (e.g., Yucca Mountain in the United States, Connor et al., 2000;Higashi-Izu Monogenetic Volcano Groups, Japan, Martin et al., 2003;La Garrotxa in Spain, Barde-Cabusson et al., 2014;Puna Plateau, Argentina, Haag et al., 2019). ...
... Finally, more qualitative approaches were used to map the opening of new vents at Ischia volcano. The produced maps (Alberico et al. 2008;Sbrana and Toccaceli 2011) identify the areas affected by a possible vent opening combining some geological, geochemical and geophysical indicators. ...
Despite their protracted periods of inactivity, long-dormant volcanoes may be highly hazardous, as their reactivation can be characterized by violent explosive eruptions. An example of such volcanoes is the Colli Albani caldera, onto which deposits Rome Capital City is built, Italy. Its last volcanic activity was characterized by voluminous maar-forming phreatomagmatic eruptions dated between 36 and 25ka, but the volcano has produced several maar lake overflows during the Holocene till historical times. Presently, Colli Albani is affected by recurrent seismic events, anomalous heat flow, ground uplifts, hydrothermal circulation and gas emissions. For these reasons, the Italian Civil Protection has recently listed Colli Albani among the ten active volcanoes of Italy, but products for the evaluation of its volcanic hazards lacking. This work presents the first study on vent opening susceptibility mapping at Colli Albani. We explore the potential of an available geological dataset for building, through geographic information system analysis, an index that classifies areas at different vents opening susceptibility (low, moderate and high). Such result highlights as a solid geological mapping is a prerequisite for the volcanic hazard assessment, especially in remote or poorly studied long-dormant volcanoes such as caldera systems where the location of new vents could occur in different volcano sectors.
... Bonadonna et al. 2018), the integration of hazard and vulnerability assessments for a comprehensive evaluation of risk remains elusive. Pioneering works in quantitative risk assessment include the analyses of Spence et al. (2005), Biass et al. (2012Biass et al. ( , 2016aBiass et al. ( , 2016bBiass et al. ( , 2017, Scaini et al. (2014) and Thompson et al. (2016) for tephra fallout, Alberico et al. (2008) for pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), Bonne et al. (2008) and Favalli et al. (2009) for lava flows, and Lavigne (2000), Leung et al. (2003), and Mead and Magill (2017) for lahars. In addition, some examples of multi-hazard risk assessment also exist (e.g. ...
Risk assessments in volcanic contexts are complicated by the multi-hazard nature of both unrest and eruption phases, which frequently occur over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. As an attempt to capture the multi-dimensional and dynamic nature of volcanic risk, we developed an integrAteD VolcanIc risk asSEssment (ADVISE) model that focuses on two temporal dimensions that authorities have to address in a volcanic context: short-term emergency management and long-term risk management. The output of risk assessment in the ADVISE model is expressed in terms of potential physical, functional, and systemic damage, determined by combining the available information on hazard, exposed systems and vulnerability. The ADVISE model permits qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative risk assessment depending on the final objective and on the available information. The proposed approach has evolved over a decade of study on the volcanic island of Vulcano (Italy), where recent signs of unrest combined with uncontrolled urban development and significant seasonal variations of exposed population result in highly dynamic volcanic risk. For the sake of illustration of all the steps of the ADVISE model, we focus here on the risk assessment of the transport system in relation to the tephra fallout associated with a long-lasting Vulcanian cycle.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13617-021-00108-5.
... (f) The discovery of Holocene volcanic vents on the northern coast of Ischia offshore Punta della Scrofa and Ischia Porto (Fig. 9) has implications for volcanic risk assessment. Notably these two areas correspond to the seawards extension of two onshore zones with the highest vents openings as reported by Alberico et al. (2008). ...
The correlation between onshore and offshore of the volcanic features in a complex volcanic field area is a difficult
task, however, it is a fundamental step in order to better understand the geological evolution of such a complex
area and for an assessment of geologic hazards.
Ischia is a well exposed and densely populated volcanic field located in the Campania volcanic province of Italy. In
order to improve our understanding of the recent volcanic history of Ischia Island, high-resolution seismic reflection
profiles were used to identify volcanic and sedimentary features in the northern offshore.
The volcano stratigraphy interpretation permitted us to recognize seismic units with a reflection-free/chaotic facies.
These latter units have been associated with volcanic deposits and correlated to the main volcanic units outcropping
on the northern coast of Ischia Island. They are limited in extent and interlayered with eight seismic
units with continuous reflectors corresponding to clastic sedimentary units that were deposited during intereruptive
phases. The main result of this work is the documentation of volcanic activity during the Holocene in
the area offshore between Castello d'Ischia, Ischia Porto (mainly effusive products) and Punta della Scrofa
(mainly shallow lava domes and dykes). The key volcanic units were mapped and 3D geological models were reconstructed.
The reconstruction of the stratigraphic framework offshore a volcanic coast provides a pathway to
the investigation of the stratigraphic relationships between inter-eruptive sedimentary deposits and volcanic
units, and permits the assessment of a wide and continuous chronostratigraphic framework in a complex area.
Furthermore, the onshore-offshore correlation of the main Holocene volcanic units allows us to better estimate
their areal distribution, a critical factor in the hazard evaluation of a coastal volcanic area. The application of seismic
volcano stratigraphy illustrates the remarkable possibilities that the study of submarine volcanic fields offers.
... (f) The discovery of Holocene volcanic vents on the northern coast of Ischia offshore Punta della Scrofa and Ischia Porto (Fig. 9) has implications for volcanic risk assessment. Notably these two areas correspond to the seawards extension of two onshore zones with the highest vents openings as reported by Alberico et al. (2008). ...
The correlation between onshore and offshore of the volcanic features in a complex volcanic field area is a difficult task, however, it is a fundamental step in order to better understand the geological evolution of such a complex area and for an assessment of geologic hazards.
Ischia is a well exposed and densely populated volcanic field located in the Campania volcanic province of Italy. In order to improve our understanding of the recent volcanic history of Ischia Island, high-resolution seismic reflection profiles were used to identify volcanic and sedimentary features in the northern offshore.
The volcano stratigraphy interpretation permitted us to recognize seismic units with a reflection-free/chaotic facies. These latter units have been associated with volcanic deposits and correlated to the main volcanic units outcropping on the northern coast of Ischia Island. They are limited in extent and interlayered with eight seismic units with continuous reflectors corresponding to clastic sedimentary units that were deposited during inter-eruptive phases. The main result of this work is the documentation of volcanic activity during the Holocene in the area offshore between Castello d'Ischia, Ischia Porto (mainly effusive products) and Punta della Scrofa (mainly shallow lava domes and dykes). The key volcanic units were mapped and 3D geological models were reconstructed. The reconstruction of the stratigraphic framework offshore a volcanic coast provides a pathway to the investigation of the stratigraphic relationships between inter-eruptive sedimentary deposits and volcanic units, and permits the assessment of a wide and continuous chronostratigraphic framework in a complex area. Furthermore, the onshore-offshore correlation of the main Holocene volcanic units allows us to better estimate their areal distribution, a critical factor in the hazard evaluation of a coastal volcanic area. The application of seismic volcano stratigraphy illustrates the remarkable possibilities that the study of submarine volcanic fields offers.
... Simulations of PDCs were performed with the energy cone model (Malin and Sheridan, 1982), which provides a fast and conservative approach to assessing the maximum potential extent of these volcanic products (e.g. Alberico et al., 2002Alberico et al., , 2008Felpeto et al., 2007;Toyos et al., 2007). The maximum potential extent of a PDC is directly related to the VEI of the eruption and the topography around the vent. ...
... The maximum potential extent of a PDC is directly related to the VEI of the eruption and the topography around the vent. A higher VEI implies that the PDC can reach larger distances (Alberico et al., 2008). ...
... Input parameters used in the simulations were collapseequivalent heights of 300 and 500 m (for VEI 4 sub-Plinian and VEI 5 Plinian scenarios, respectively) and a constant collapse-equivalent angle of 6 • , in agreement with previous studies (e.g. Alberico et al., 2002Alberico et al., , 2008Alberico et al., , 2011Cole et al., 2008). Both simulations were preformed assuming a source area equal to the floor of the caldera, where each 50 m cell had an equal probability of generating PDCs. ...
The Azores are an active volcanic region that offers
exceptional conditions for nature-based tourism, one of the main axes of
economic growth in the archipelago. A future volcanic eruption may have
long-term consequences to this economic sector. Therefore, it is fundamental
to assess its vulnerability to volcanic hazards in order to try to mitigate
the associated risk. This study proposes a new approach to assessing the
economic impact of explosive eruptions on the tourism sector. We considered
two eruptive scenarios for Fogo volcano (São Miguel Island), the most
probable (Volcanic Explosivity Index, VEI, 4 sub-Plinian eruption) and the worst-case (VEI 5 Plinian
eruption), both producing tephra fallout and pyroclastic density currents.
The results of numerical simulations were overlaid with tourism-related
buildings and infrastructure of Vila Franca do Campo municipality to
identify the elements at risk. The loss present value method was used to
estimate the benefits generated by the accommodation units over 30 years for
different economic scenarios. The assessment of the economic impact using
2018 indicators reveals that in a near-total-destruction scenario, the
economic loss is approximately EUR 145 million (considering a 2 %
discount rate). This approach can also be applied to other volcanic regions,
geologic hazards and economic sectors.
... The main eruption is that of the Green Tuff of Mt. Epomeo, which occurred about 55 thousand years ago [1] and generated a large caldera. This depression was filled by pyroclastic flows generated by the Green Tuff eruption, which produced a huge volume of trachytic ignimbrites. ...
... This depression was filled by pyroclastic flows generated by the Green Tuff eruption, which produced a huge volume of trachytic ignimbrites. Ischia is characterized by a deep magmatic chamber with poorly evolved magma, connected to shallow and evolved magmatic bodies that fed the recent activity [1]. ...
This work aimed to study geochemical data, composed of major and trace elements describing volcanic rocks collected from the Campanian active volcanoes of Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia Island. The data were analyzed through the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) unsupervised neural net. SOM is able to group the input data into clusters according to their intrinsic similarities without using any information derived from previous geochemical-petrological considerations. The net was trained on a dataset of 276 geochemical patterns of which 96 belonged to Ischia, 94 to Vesuvius and 86 to Campi Flegrei volcanoes. Two investigations were carried out. The first one aimed to cluster geochemical data mainly characterizing the type of volcanic rocks of the three volcanic areas. The SOM clustering well grouped the oldest volcanic products of Ischia, Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei identifying a similar behaviour for the rocks emplaced in the oldest activity periods (>19 ka), and showing their different evolution over time. In the second test, devoted to inferring information on the magmatic source, the ratios of significant trace elements and K2O/Na2O have been used as input data. The SOM results highlighted a high degree of affinity between the geochemical element ratios of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei that were separated from the products of Ischia. This result was also evidenced through isotope ratios by using traditional two-dimensional diagrams.
... The ranking into the same number of classes makes the indicators fully comparable [52,53] and allows to define the indices as aggregation of indicators, for the single disaster risk management phases, according to the simple formulae reported in Fig. 2. Moreover, when the indicator is featured only by the presence/absence, it is summed to the other indicators at the end of the whole calculation. ...
A procedure to operationalize the environmental component of urban resilience in areas increasingly exposed to
hazardous events, often intensified by climate changes, is here proposed. The procedure was implemented in a
Geographic Information System framework named “Resilience and Disaster Risk Management” that manages
spatial and non-spatial data through the implementation of workflows aimed at streamlining and standardizing
all the steps. Indices and indicators are used to semi-quantitatively assess the environmental driver that, along
with economic, social and institutional component, governs the direction of the urban system. The indicators/
indices were here investigated and mapped at the census district scale. The procedure was tested at Ischia Island
(Southern Italy) exposed to volcanic, seismic, landslide, flood and coastal erosion hazards. The spatial variability
of environmental resilience is shown into 13 maps that discretize the island into high, medium and low resilience
classes. They resulted valid tools to prepare the urban system to possible future hazardous events during the
mitigation phase of disaster-risk management (long term) but also to illustrate the capacity of a system to
respond/withstand and react in the response and recovery phases (short term). The mapping procedure can be
applied to larger areas at risk keeping the censual districts as the minimum territorial reference units or using
municipal, regional or national administrative units. The expected integration of resilience assessment in territorial
planning (e.g. Regional Territorial Plan, Provincial Territorial Plan, and Municipality Territorial Plan)
could greatly benefit from the outcomes of the present research for overcoming sectoral approaches in territorial
management.
... Simulations of PDCs were performed with the energy cone model (Malin and Sheridan, 1982), which provides a fast and conservative approach to assess the maximum potential extent of these volcanic products (e.g. Alberico et al., 2002Alberico et al., , 2008. 185 ...
... If the energy cone is higher than the surrounding topography, the area may be inundated by the current. Otherwise, the PDC may encounter a 190 topographic obstacle that blocks its propagation (Alberico et al., 2008). ...
... The maximum potential extent of a PDC is directly related to the VEI of the eruption and the topography around the vent. A higher VEI implies that the PDC can reach larger distances (Alberico et al., 2008). Input parameters used in the simulations were collapse equivalent heights of 300 and 500 m (for VEI 4 sub-Plinian and VEI 5 Plinian scenarios, respectively) and a constant collapse equivalent angle of 6°, in agreement with previous studies (e.g. ...
The Azores is an active volcanic region that offers exceptional conditions for nature-based tourism, one of the main axes of economic growth in this region. A future volcanic eruption in the archipelago may have long-term consequences to this economic sector. Therefore, it is fundamental to assess its vulnerability to volcanic hazards in order to try to mitigate the associated risk. This study proposes a new approach to assess the economic impact of explosive eruptions on the tourism sector. We considered two eruptive scenarios for Fogo volcano (São Miguel Island), the most probable (VEI 4 sub-Plinian eruption) and the worst-case (VEI 5 Plinian eruption), both producing tephra fallout and PDCs. The results of numerical simulations were overlaid with tourism-related buildings and infrastructure of Vila Franca do Campo municipality to identify the elements at risk. The Loss Present Value method was used to estimate the benefits generated by the accommodation units over 30 years for different economic scenarios. The assessment of the economic impact using 2018 indicators reveals that in a near total destruction scenario the economic loss is approximately 145 million euros. Such approach can also be adopted to other volcanic regions, other geologic hazards and other economic sectors.
