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a to c Uredinopsis pteridis on Pteridium esculentum BRIP 60091. (A) Abaxial leaf symptoms; (b, c) Urediniospores. d to f Desmella aneimiae on Nephrolepis hirsutula BRIP 60995. (d) Abaxial leaf symptoms; (e, f) Urediniospores. Scale=10 μm
Source publication
Two species of rust fungi, Uredinopsis pteridis on Pteridium esculentum and Desmella aneimiae on Nephrolepis hirsutula, are reported from Australia. These are the first records of rust fungi on species of fern in Australia and the first reports of the genera Uredinopsis and Desmella in Australia.
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Citations
... & P. Syd. and Puccinia thaliae Dietel were recorded by Sotão et al. (2009) in the Caxiuanã National Forest, but we did not find them in our survey in this area. Desmella anemiae has a worldwide distribution, a partially unknown life cycle, and is very common on seedless tracheophytes, known to occur on plants of six genera belonging to six families of ferns (Faull 1947, McTaggart et al. 2014. Puccinia thaliae, in turn, has been found parasitizing plants of three genera of two botanical families (Maranthaceae and Cannaceae) and is also widely distributed in Brazil . ...
Inventories of Pucciniales in areas of Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and the Amazon forest were carried out to fill the knowledge gap about this order and update the hosts and geographic distribution of the recorded species. After the analysis of 424 samples of plants infected with Pucciniales, we identified 122 species distributed in 37 (anamorphic and teleomorphic) genera parasitizing host plants of 101 genera of 43 botanical families. This study is the first to present results of inventories at national level and gathers information about 15% of the total number of Pucciniales registered in Brazil. The Atlantic Forest had the largest number of species of Pucciniales (63), followed by Cerrado (60) and the Amazon forest (31). The three biomes showed unique mycobiotas. We present new occurrences of species for Brazil, for the regions of the Amazon Forest, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, and for the local areas studied. The results also increase the number of hosts of previously registered rust fungi.
... The type species D. aneimiae parasitizes 45 species in 25 genera and 13 families of Polyodiopsida (= Polypodiophyta) (Farr, D. F., & Rossman, A. Y. Fungal Databases, U.S. National Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/) in Mexico to Argentina (Hennen, Figueiredo, Carvalho Jr., & Hennen, 2005), Hawaii (Ono, 2020), and Australia (McTaggart, Geering, & Shivas, 2014). The genus Puccinia contains thousands of species, of which only P. lygodii is known to infect ferns. ...
... Sequence data of other rust fungi were chosen based on those previously examined for the phylogeny of rust fungi (McTaggart, Geering, & Shivas, 2014;Beenken, 2017;Aime, Bell, & Wilson, 2018;Bubner, Buchheit, Friedrich, Kummer, & Scholler, 2019;Martins Jr., Sakuragui, Hennen, & Carvalho Jr., 2019;Ono et al., 2020;Aime & McTaggart, 2021) and included to infer the taxonomic relationships among other rust fungi (Table 2). In these analyses, Cae- A d v a n c e P u b l i c a t i o n A d v a n c e P u b l i c a t i o n oma torreyae Bonar (AF522183) was chosen as the outgroup (McTaggart, Geering, & Shivas, 2014;Beenken, 2017). ...
... Sequence data of other rust fungi were chosen based on those previously examined for the phylogeny of rust fungi (McTaggart, Geering, & Shivas, 2014;Beenken, 2017;Aime, Bell, & Wilson, 2018;Bubner, Buchheit, Friedrich, Kummer, & Scholler, 2019;Martins Jr., Sakuragui, Hennen, & Carvalho Jr., 2019;Ono et al., 2020;Aime & McTaggart, 2021) and included to infer the taxonomic relationships among other rust fungi (Table 2). In these analyses, Cae- A d v a n c e P u b l i c a t i o n A d v a n c e P u b l i c a t i o n oma torreyae Bonar (AF522183) was chosen as the outgroup (McTaggart, Geering, & Shivas, 2014;Beenken, 2017). ...
The rust fungi (Pucciniales) that infect ferns, early diverging vascular plants, are neither “primitive” nor monophyletic, as once hypothe- sized. The neotropical fern pathogen, Puccinia lygodii (Pucciniaceae), specializes on species of Lygodium. Lygodium is believed to have evolved in a period ca. 211 mya, which is after the evolution of the temperate fern rust fungi that parasitize later diverged ferns. Puccin- ia lygodii is the only rust species in the genus Puccinia known to infect ferns, the majority of which infect flowering plants. In this study we examined multiple new and herbarium specimens of P. lygodii and reconstructed its phylogenetic history with data generated from the 28S nuclear rDNA repeat. Puccinia lygodii is the sister species to another neotropical fern rust, Desmella aneimiae (Pucciniaceae), which also infects early diverged leptosporangiate fern species, and the new combination D. lygodii is made. Interestingly, P. lygodii and D. aneimiae differ primarily in sorus structure, i.e., subepidermal in the former vs. suprastomatal in the latter fungus. Characters such as suprastomatal sori and probasidia that germinate without dormancy are now known to represent a suite of adaptations that have been derived multiple times within Pucciniales, most likely in response to tropical climates.
... The estimate on the age of rust diversification by McTaggart et al. (2016) is compatible with previously published molecular phylogeny of fern rust fungi. Sjamsuridzal et al. (1999) showed, by analyzing 18S rDNA, that fern rust f u n g i , H y a l o p s o r a a n d U r e d i n o p s i s s p e c i e s (Pucciniastraceae), were not basal to a phylogeny that included species in Chaconiaceae, Coleosporiaceae, Cronartiaceae, Phakopsoraceae, Pucciniaceae, and Sphaerophragmiaceae. McTaggart et al. (2014) showed that a tropical fern rust fungus, D. aneimiae, is sister to an inclusive clade of Pucciniaceae. The taxonomic placement of another neotropical fern rust fungus, P. lygodii, on Lygodium was not sure (Faull 1932) until Aime et al. (2018 showed that its phylogenetic position was basal to an advanced Puccinia clade with four cereal rust fungi and a bean rust fungus. ...
A new rust fungus was found on Lygodium flexuosum at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Puccinia lygodii was the only rust fungus currently known on Lygodium spp. (Lygodioideae, Schizaeaceae, Schizaeales) from southern North America through northern South America. The new fungus produced uredinia linearly between veins, causing yellowish streaks, on the abaxial frond surface. The sori were covered with a layer of thin-walled fungal cells beneath the host epidermis and surrounded by thin-walled paraphyses. The sori did not have a distinct central aperture with ostiolar cells but ruptured irregularly to release urediniospores. Urediniospores were obovoid, obovoid-ellipsoid, or pyriform. The wall was thin, colorless, and completely echinulate. Neither amphispores nor teliospores were observed. The sorus and spore morphology indicated the taxonomic affinity of the fungus to the fern rust genera Hyalopsora and Milesina. A molecular phylogenetic analysis using nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequence revealed that the Lygodium rust fungus was grouped in a paraphyletic Milesina clade. From the putative host preference, morphology, and estimated phylogenetic relationships, it was concluded that the fungus was a new species of Milesina.
... Usually, urediniospores are pigmented, but colour differences both between and within species do exist. The urediniospores of the fern rust pathogen are white ( Uredinopsis pteridis McTaggart , et al. 2014), those of the wheat stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis tritici f. sp. ...
Diseases caused by rust fungi represent critical constraints to global plant production. A characteristic feature of rust pathogens is the striking pigments they produce in one or more spore forms, which give them a rusty appearance. Here, we review the literature published to date on the extraction, separation, quantification and characterisation of carotenoid pigments in rust fungi. These pigments are thought to protect rust fungi against UV radiation and oxidative stress, and possibly act as virulence factors. The yellow-orange colour of some rust species is due to carotenoid pigments. Four carotenoids have been found in rust fungi: phytoene, lycopene, γ-carotene and β-carotene, but their relative contributions to biological functions are largely unknown. Different pre-processes and storage of spore materials, as well as different extraction processes, have been applied in a wide range of investigations on rust spore pigments. We find that the value of the current literature on rust carotenoids for taxonomic diagnostics in understanding the evolution of pigment biosynthesis and in assessing their role in pathogenesis is limited. Re-investigation of rust carotenoid composition using modern analytical technologies is therefore critical to further these fields of research. Our review includes detailed guidance on choice of techniques for rust carotenoid experimental analyses.
... The genus Uromyces (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) comprises more than 600 species of rust fungi worldwide, parasitizing monocotyledon and dicotyledon hosts (Kirk et al. 2008;McTaggart et al. 2014). In the case of Brazil, more than 100 species have been documented (Maia et al. 2015;Souza et al. 2015), infecting economically important crops such as common bean (Uromyces appendiculatus and Uromyces fabae), pea (Uromyces pisi) and beets (Uromyces betae; Farr and Rossman 2017). ...
The commonweed Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) grows widely across tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, plants infected by an Uromyces species displayed charac- teristic rust pustules delimited by a necrotic band with a reddish- brown border. Observation of leaf tissues revealed 74% of le- sions encircled by a row of dark brown setose acervuli, present exclusively within the necrotic area. Acervuli were never ob- served in the absence of Uromyces pustules. Isolation from healthy leaf tissues revealed the fungus to be endophytic. Morphological and molecular characterization confirmed Uromyces euphorbiae as the pathogen and revealed both the endophyte and the pustule-associated fungus to be members of the Colletotrichum trucatum complex, representing the first re- cord of this fungus on E. hirta. As understanding of the interac- tion between host plants, endophytes and phytopathogens is cur- rently limited, this systemconstitutes a model for investigation of the physiological processes involved in this endophyte- biotrophic pathogen interaction.
... Consensus sequences were compared against GenBank's database using Mega BLAST. Based on the BLASTn results, sequences were selected for the greatest similarity, and data from recent phylogenetic studies focused on Pucciniaceae (Bruns et al. 1992, Maier et al. 2003, Chung et al. 2004, Aime 2006, Matheny et al. 2006, Henricot et al. 2007, Maier et al. 2007, Yun et al. 2010, Deadman et al. 2011, Zuluaga et al. 2011, Busby et al. 2012, McTaggart 2014, Padamse and McKenzie 2014, Liu et al. 2015. After selection, the sequences were downloaded in FASTA format and aligned by the multiple sequence alignment program MUSCLE® (Edgar 2004), built in MEGA v. 6 software (Tamura et al. 2011). ...
The common weed Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) grows widely across tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, plants infected by an Uromyces species displayed characteristic rust pustules delimited by a necrotic band with a reddish-brown border. Observation of leaf tissues revealed 74% of lesions encircled by a row of dark brown setose acervuli, present exclusively within the necrotic area. Acervuli were never observed in the absence of Uromyces pustules. Isolation from healthy leaf tissues revealed the fungus to be endophytic. Morphological and molecular characterization confirmed Uromyces euphorbiae as the pathogen and revealed both the endophyte and the pustule-associated fungus to be members of the Colletotrichum trucatum complex, representing the first record of this fungus on E. hirta. As understanding of the interaction between host plants, endophytes and phytopathogens is currently limited, this system constitutes a model for investigation of the physiological processes involved in this endophyte-biotrophic pathogen interaction.
... Consensus sequences were compared against GenBank's database using Mega BLAST. Based on the BLASTn results, sequences were selected for the greatest similarity, and data from recent phylogenetic studies focused on Pucciniaceae (Bruns et al. 1992, Maier et al. 2003, Chung et al. 2004, Aime 2006, Matheny et al. 2006, Henricot et al. 2007, Maier et al. 2007, Yun et al. 2010, Deadman et al. 2011, Zuluaga et al. 2011, Busby et al. 2012, McTaggart 2014, Padamse and McKenzie 2014, Liu et al. 2015). After selection, the sequences were downloaded in FASTA format and aligned by the multiple sequence alignment program MUSCLE® (Edgar 2004), built in MEGA v. 6 software (Tamura et al. 2011). ...
The sexual morph of Aecidium goyazense collected in the Brazilian Cerrado was morphologically characterized by light microscopy and SEM, and shown to be a species of Uromyces, for which the name Uromyces hawksworthii nom. nov. is introduced, and designated as its
epitype. This is the second Uromyces species known to infect the tropical genus Phthirusa (Loranthaceae). DNA sequences were generated from the ITS and 28S rRNA (LSU) regions of DNA recovered from aeciospores as well as teliospores. This fungus is compared with other Uromyces
species known from Loranthaceae.
A new species of rust fungi Nyssopsora toonae discovered on living leaves of Toona sinensis (≡ Cedrela sinensis) from Uttarakhand, India, is described and illustrated. N. cedrelae is also reported on the same host plant, but differs from N. toonae which has a wide range of cells (1-4) and diverse teliospores shapes. Such features are not reported in any other species of the Nyssopsora. In a phylogenetic analyses based on partial 28S large subunit (LSU), 18S smaller subunit (SSU), cytochrome c-oxidase subunit 3 (CO3) and complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data, all the Nyssopsora spp. along with N. toonae clustered together and form a separate and independent monophyletic lineage sister to Pucciniaceae in Pucciniales. The new family Nyssopsoraceae is introduced to accommodate this lineage based on the phylogenetic evidence and morphological differences from other known families. Nyssopsoraceae is characterised by its teliospores borne singly on a pedicel, with simple or branched projections all over the surface, composed of 1-4 cells (mostly 3-celled), and diverse shape. The teliospores spherical to subspherical (1-celled), dumbbell (2-celled), linearly arranged to triquetrous (3-celled), or T-shaped to tetrahedron (4-celled). A comparison of the morphological features, host plants and geographical distribution of all validly accepted species of Nyssopsora is provided.
Cryptomycina pteridis (Ascomycota, class Sordariomycetes) is a highly host-specific fungus, infecting only a native, fern Pteridium aquilinum. This endophyte is usually overlooked, although it is easy to recognise due to its characteristic symptoms on bracken fern fronds, especially advanced narrowing and shrivelling of pinnae and pinnules. Infested plants have pinnae and pinnules curling upwards, and dark stromata along the veins on the undersides of pinnules. The fungus is an obligate systemic endophyte, which disturbs fern growth. The paper presents some old and new records of C. pteridis in Poland.
